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Idi Amin

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Field Marshal
Idi Amin
Amin in 1975
3rd President of Uganda
In office
25 January 1971 – 11 April 1979
Vice PresidentMustafa Adrisi
Pele Ga GagweMilton Obote
Morago Ga GagweYusuf Lule
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweAwon'go Idi Amin Dada
(1928-05-30)30 Motsheganong 1928[1]
Nakasero Hill, Kampala, Uganda
O Tlhokafetse16 Phatwe 2003(2003-08-16) (aged 75)
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
PolokeloRuwais Cemetery
Mo/BakapeloAt least 6, including:
    Malyamu
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1966; div. 1974)​
      ​
      ​
      (m. 1966; div. 1974)​
        Nora
        ​
        ​
        (m. 1967; div. 1974)​
          Madina
          ​
          ​
          (m. 1972, died)​
            ​
            (m. 1975)​
            Bana43 (claimed)[2]
            Ba lolapaTempolete:Cslist
            Tshaeno
            Military service
            Allegiance
            Service/branch
            Dingwaga tsa tiro1946–1979
            Rank
            CommandsCommander-in-Chief of the Uganda Army
            Battles/wars

            Idi Amin Dada Oumee (/ˈiːdi ɑːˈmiːn, ˈɪdi -/ C, UK gape /- æˈmiːn/; Motsheganong a le masome mararo 1928 – Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ka 2003) e ne e le modiredi wa sesole wa Uganda le lepolotiki yo o neng a nna tautona wa boraro wa Uganda go tloga ka 1971 go fitlha a menolwa ka 1979. O ne a busa e le mmusaesi wa sesole mme o tsewa e le mongwe wa babusaesi ba ba setlhogo go gaisa mo ditsong tsa lefatshe la segompieno.[3]

            Amin o tshotswe ke rre wa Kakwa le mme wa Lugbara. Ka 1946, o ne a tsenela sesole sa King’s African Rifles (KAR) sa Sesole sa Bokolone sa Borithane e le raseapei. O ne a tlhatlogela kwa maemong a go nna lieutenant, a tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa Borithane kgatlhanong le marabele a Somalia mme morago ga moo Dikhuduego tsa Mau Mau kwa Kenya. Uganda e ne ya bona boipuso go tswa mo United Kingdom ka 1962, mme Amin o ne a nna mo sesoleng, a tlhatlogela kwa maemong a go nna motlatsamolaodi wa sesole ka 1964 mme a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi dingwaga di le pedi moragonyana. O ne a lemoga gore tautona wa Uganda e bong Milton Obote o ne a rulaganyetsa go mo tshwara ka ntlha ya go dirisa madi a sesole ka tsela e e sa siamang, ka jalo o ne a simolola go menola puso kwa Uganda ka 1971 mme a ipolela gore ke ene tautona.

            Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa puso, Amin o ne a tlogela go nna mmusi yo o emang Bophirima nokeng yo o neng a itumelela tshegetso e kgolo go tswa kwa Iseraele go ya go engwa nokeng ke Muammar Gaddafi wa Libya, Mobutu Sese Seko wa Zaire, Soviet Union, le Jeremane Botlhaba.[4][5][6] Ka 1972, Amin o ne a leleka batho ba Asia, bontsi jwa bone e ne e le Baindia ba Uganda, mme seo sa dira gore India e kgaosetse dikamano tsa botsalano le puso ya gagwe.[7] Ka 1975, Amin o ne a tsaya bodulasetulo jwa Mokgatlho wa Kutlwano ya Aforika (OAU), mokgatlho wa dipuso tse di farologaneng o o diretsweng go rotloetsa kutlwano magareng ga mafatshe a Aforika[8] (maemo a a dikologang ngwaga le ngwaga). Uganda e ne e le leloko la Khuduthamaga ya Lekgotla la Ditshaba ya Ditshwanelo tsa Batho go tloga ka 1977 go fitlha ka 1979.[9] United Kingdom e ne ya kgaosetsa dikamano tsa botsalano le Uganda ka 1977, mme Amin o ne a bolela gore o fentse Maborithane mme a oketsa ka CBE mo seretong sa gagwe sa Mofenyi wa Mmusomogolo wa Borithane.[10]

            Fa puso ya ga Amin e ntse e tswelela go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, go ne ga nna le dikhuduego tse di oketsegileng kgatlhanong le pogiso ya gagwe ya merafe mengwe le baganetsi ba sepolotiki, mmogo le boemo jo bo bokoa thata jwa boditshabatshaba jwa Uganda ka ntlha ya tshegetso ya ga Amin ya batlhasedi ba PFLP-EO le RZ ka 1976, e e neng ya isa kwa Operation Entebbe ya Israel. Morago ga moo o ne a leka go gapa Kgaolo ya Kagera kwa Tanzania ka 1978. Tautona wa Tanzania e bong Julius Nyerere o ne a laela masole a gagwe gore a tlhasele Uganda go tsibogela seo. Sesole sa Tanzania le masole a marabele a ne a gapa Kampala ka katlego ka 1979 mme a ntsha Amin mo pusong. Amin o ne a ya lejwa, la ntlha kwa Libya, morago kwa Iraq, mme kwa bofelong kwa Saudi Arabia, kwa a neng a nna teng go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 2003.[11]

            Puso ya ga Amin e ne e tlhomololwa ke go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho mo go neng go aname go akaretsa le kgatelelo ya sepolotiki le dipolao tse di sa atlholweng mmogo le go tsaya letlhakore, tshenyetsosetshaba le go sa laole itsholelo sentle. Baeladilotlhoko ba boditshabatshaba le ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba fopholetsa gore batho ba ba fa gare ga dikete tse lekgolo[12] le dikete tse makgolo matlhano ba ne ba bolawa ka fa tlase ga puso ya gagwe.[10]

            Botshelo jwa pele

            [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

            Mo e ka nnang dipolelo tsotlhe tsa botshelo jwa ga Amin jwa bogologolo di a ikganetsa, ka gonne ga a ka a kwala buka ya botshelo jwa gagwe e bile ga a ise a ke a letlelele pego e e kwadilweng ya botshelo jwa gagwe.[13][14] Direkoto tsa puso ya Borithane di beile ngwaga wa botsalo jwa ga Amin e le 1925; le fa go ntse jalo, ga go na direkoto dipe tse di neng tsa bolokwa tsa batho ba lefatshe la Uganda ka nako eo.[13][10] Mo potsolotsong ya 1972 le Judith Hare, Amin o neela lefelo la gagwe la botsalo jaaka motse wa Koboko le dingwaga tsa gagwe jaaka masome mane le borataro, se se neng se tla baya ngwaga wa gagwe wa botsalo e le 1926. Mo bukeng e e gatisitsweng ka 1977 ke Little, Brown le Company mme e e kwadilweng ke mogakolodi wa Moborithane kwa Uganda a dirisa leina la maaka la David Gwyn, Amin o tsholetswe kwa Buganda mme dingwaga tsa gagwe di neetswe e le masome mane le boferabobedi, a baya ngwaga wa gagwe wa matsalo ka 1928. Buka ya ka ga gagwe e e akaretsang thata ya ga Amin e tswa mo lelwapeng la gagwe e e ikaegileng ka ngwao ya molomo, e e nang le taolo e e rileng mme dintlha tsa yone kwa bofelong ga di ka ke tsa netefadiwa. Tlwaelo ya lelwapa le balaodi ba Saudi kwa Jeddah ba baya letsatsi la gagwe la matsalo jaaka lesome Dhu al-Hijja sekete, makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le borataro mo khalentareng ya BoIslam (Motsheganong a le masome mararo 1928 mo Khalentareng ya ga Gregory).[13][1]

            Bongwana jwa pele le lelwapa

            [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

            Go ya ka lelwapa la ga Amin, ngwao ya molomo ya Uganda, le setankana sa gagwe sa loso sa Saudi, Idi Amin Dada Oumee o ne a tsholwa ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo ka 1928 ka nako ya bone makuku kwa lefelong la tiro la ga rraagwe, kwa Mapodising a Shimoni kwa Thabeng ya Nakasero, kwa Kampala. [1][15][16][17] O ne a newa leina Idi morago ga botsalo jwa gagwe ka letsatsi la boikhutso la MaMuslim la Eid al-Adha. [15][1] Go ya ka Fred Guweddeko, mmatlisisi kwa Yunibesithing ya Makerere, leina la ga Amin la botsalo e ne e le Idi Awo-Ango Angoo.[17] Go na le go sa dumalane ka bokao jwa leina "Dada", ka bangwe ba nganga gore le kaya "morwadiarre" kgotsa "effeminate" ka Seswahili, fela bontsi jwa metswedi e dumalana gore "Dada" e ne e le moratshwana mo teng ga morafe wa Kakwa o o neng wa lemogwa mo dikokomaneng di le lesome le boraro.[14][13][15]

            E ne e le morwa wa boraro wa ga Amin Dada Nyabira Tomuresu (1889–1976), wa morafe wa Kakwa, le mosadi wa gagwe wa bobedi, Aisha Chumaru Aate (1904–1970), wa Lugbara.[17][13] Rraagwe o ne a kolobediwa jaaka Mokatoliki wa Roma mme a tsholwa ka leina Andreas Nyabira Tomuresu. Go ya ka mmegadikgang wa Borithane David Martin, Nyabira o feditse bontsi jwa botshelo jwa gagwe kwa Sudan Borwa.[13] O sokologetse mo BoIslam ka 1910 morago ga go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka moletsi wa dipina ke sesole sa bokolone sa Borithane ka fa tlase ga ga malomaagwe, moeteledipele wa morafe wa Kakwa Sultan Ali Kenyi Dada jaaka lesole la ngwana la dingwaga di le thataro mme a newa leina la Amin Dada.[17][15][13] O ne a tsenelela Sepodisi sa Tshireletso kwa Kampala sa Sepodisi sa Nsambia ka 1913.[13]

            Nyabira o ne a tsenngwa ka dikgoka mo sesoleng sa Kgosi ya Borithane sa African Rifles (KAR) ka 1914 kwa a neng a lwa teng mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha ka nako ya letsholo la Aforika Botlhaba kwa Tanganyika pele a gololwa ka tlotlo ka 1921 mme a newa setsha kwa Kgaolong ya Arua. Ka one ngwaga oo, o ne a tsenelela Sepodisi sa Protectorate kwa Lefelong la Sepodisi la Nsambia pele ga a fudusediwa kwa Lefelong la Sepodisi la Shimoni ka 1928, kwa Amin a tsholetsweng teng go ya ka lelapa la gagwe. O ne a fudusediwa kwa Kololo Police Barracks mme a rola tiro mo sepodising ka 1931 mme a bereka kwa Ofising ya Molaodi wa Kgaolo ya Baagi kwa Kgaolong ya Arua.[13]

            Mmaagwe, Aisha Aate, o ne a tsholwa ke mme wa Kakwa le rre wa Lugbara. Ka dipego tsotlhe, Aate e ne e le ngaka ya setso, ngaka ya ditlhare, le mmelegisi.[17] Dingwaga di le lesome pele ga botsalo jwa ga Amin, Aate o ne a nna leloko la mokgatlho wa Allah Water (o gape o bidiwang Yakani), o e neng e le phuthego ya kalafi e nngwe e e neng e le kgatlhanong le bokolone e e neng e le mo "metsing a Yakan" a a neng a tsentswe sejalo sa daffodil sa psychedelic se se bidiwang Kamiojo mo lefelong leo, se se tlhalosiwang jaaka "LSD ya Aforika Bogare". Mokgatlho ono o ne wa gatelelwa ke balaodi ba bokolone ba Borithane, ba ba neng ba o atlhotse jaaka botsuolodi.[18][19] Le fa e tlhalosiwa thata jaaka setlhopha sa bodumedi, lelwapa la ga Amin le bolela gore Aate e ne e le moperesiti wa mosadi mo "Yakanye Order" e ba neng ba e tlhalosa jaaka mokgatlho wa sephiri wa Aforika, o Idi Amin le ene e neng e le leloko la one, o o neng o dirisa metsi a a boitshepo le maatla a mangwe a masaitsiweng go dira ntwa.[13]

            Go ya ka lelwapa la gaabo Amin, Aate o ne a fodisitse Irene Drusilla Namaganda, yo ka nako eo e neng e le Kgosigadi ya Buganda e bile e le mosadi wa ga Daudi Cwa II wa Buganda, bothata jwa gagwe jwa go sa tshole. Seabe sa ga Aate sa maemo a a kwa godimo mo mokgatlhong wa Allah Water go bolelwa fa se ne sa dira gore lelwapa la segosi la Buganda le kgatlhegele mme kgolagano ya gagwe e go bolelwang gore o na le yone le lelwapa e ne ya dira gore go nne le magatwe a gore rraagwe Amin wa madi ke Daudi Chwa II.[13][16] Magatwe a go begwa a ne a anamisiwa ke mosadi yo mogolo wa ga Nyabira yo o neng a se na bana, yo o neng a sa rate Aate yo o neng a tshotse bana ba le babedi.[13]

            Go ya ka lelwapa la ga Amin, Idi Amin o ne a newa sereto sa Awon'go (lit. 'modumo'), go buiwa ka magatwe a a neng a buiwa ka ga rraagwe yo go tweng ke ene. Idi go begwa a ne a tlhophiwa go dira ‘tlhatlhobo ya botsadi’ a sa ntse a le lesea ke bagolwane ba morafe, e e neng e akaretsa go mo tlogela malatsi a le mane kwa sekgweng gaufi le Thaba ya Liru kwa Koboko kwa ba neng ba boela teng go fitlhela Amin a sa ntse a tshela. Bagolwane ba ne ba re kgakgamatso eno e e lebegang e dirilwe ke Nakan, noga e e boitshepo e e nang le ditlhogo di le supa mo bodumeding jwa setso jwa Kakwa.[13] Morwarraagwe le morwadiarraagwe ba ne ba tlhokafala ka 1932, fa Idi a ne a le dingwaga di le nne.[17]

            Batsadi ba ga Amin ba ne ba tlhalana fa a le dingwaga di le nne, mme bontsi jwa dipego di akantsha gore o ne a fudugela kwa lelwapeng la ga mmaagwe ka 1944 kwa toropong ya temothuo ya kwa magaeng ya Mawale Parish, Kgaolo ya Luweero, kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Uganda.[20][17] Tlhalo ya batsadi ba gagwe go begwa e bakilwe ke magatwe a a neng a nna teng mabapi le botsadi jwa ga Idi, a a neng a galefisa mmaagwe.[16] Le fa go ntse jalo, ba lelwapa la gagwe ba gatelela gore o ne a fuduga le rraagwe go ya ka ngwao ya MaMoslem kwa Tanganyika Parish, Kgaolo ya Arua, fa mmaagwe ene a ne a tswelela go dira tiro ya go alafa kwa Buganda.[13]

            Bosimane le thuto

            [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

            Fa a ne a nna le bamasika a ga mmaagwe, go begwa fa Amin a ne a dira jaaka molemimorui wa dipodi go tloga ka dingwaga di robabedi go ya go di le lesome.[17] Ka 1938, o ne a fudugela kwa legaeng la ga Sheikh Ahmed Hussein kwa toropong e e gaufi ya Semuto mme a simolola go tshwara Quran ka tlhogo ka go e bala go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi.[17] Ka 1940, Amin o ne a fudugela kwa Bombo mme a nna le malomaagwe wa kwa ga bommaagwe, Yusuf Tanaboo.[17] O ne a leka go ikwadisetsa sekolo se se botlana mme a ganwa, seo go begwa se bakilwe ke boswa jwa ga rraagwe Amin jwa Nubia.[17]

            Ka one ngwaga oo, Amin o ne a gobala fa a ne a tsaya karolo mo dikhuduegong tsa Nubia kgatlhanong le tlhaolele kwa Yunibesithing ya Makerere kwa Wandegeya.[17] O ne a kwadisiwa kwa madrasa ya Garaya kwa Bombo mme a tswelela go tshwara Quran ka tlhogo ka fa tlase ga Mohammed Al Rajab go fitlha ka 1944, mme go begwa gore o ne a gapa tlotla mo go buiseng ka 1943.[17] Amin o ne a kwadisiwa ke sesole sa bokolone mmogo le baithuti ba bangwe ba le lesome le botlhano pele ga a gololwa ka ntlha ya go bo a le kwa tlase ga dingwaga.[17]

            Ka 1945, o ne a fudugela kwa Pharisheng ya Kiyindi kwa Pharisheng ya Bwaise mme a dira ditiro tse di farologaneng tse di tshesanyane, seo se ne se akaretsa tiro ya go nna motlhokomedi wa kgoro le mothusa motlhokomedi wa kgoro kwa Hoteleng ya Grand Imperial kwa Kampala.[17]

            Ditlhobolo tsa ga Kgosi tsa Aforika

            [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

            Amin o ne a tsenela Ditlhobolo tsa Aforika tsa Kgosi (KAR) ka 1946 e le mothusa-moapei, fa ka nako e e tshwanang a ne a amogela katiso ya sesole go fitlha ka 1947.[10][21] Mo botshelong jwa gagwe jwa moragonyana o ne a bolela ka maaka gore o ne a direla mo Letsholong la Burma la Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi.[10][22][23] O ne a fudusediwa kwa Kenya go ya go direla masole a a tsamayang ka dinao e le lesole la maemo a kwa tlase ka 1947, mme a direla mo mophatong wa masole a a tsamayang ka dinao wa bo masome mabedi le motso wa KAR kwa Gilgil, Kenya Colony go fitlha ka 1949. Mo ngwageng oo, setlhopha sa gagwe se ne sa romelwa kwa bokone jwa Kenya go lwantsha marabele a Somalia. Ka 1952, setlhopha sa gagwe sa masole se ne sa romelwa go lwantsha marabele a Mau Mau kwa Kenya. O ne a tlhatlhosiwa go nna koporale ka one ngwaga oo, morago ga moo a nna sajene ka 1953.[17]

            Ka 1959, Amin o ne a dirwa Effendi wa Setlhopha sa bobedi (Warrant Officer),[24] maemo a a kwa godimo a a ka kgonegang a lesole le lentsho mo KAR. Amin o ne a boela kwa Uganda ka one ngwaga oo mme a amogela thomo ya tirelo e khutshwane jaaka molefothenente ka Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ka 1961, a nna mongwe wa batho ba babedi ba ntlha ba Uganda go nna badiredi ba ba tlhomilweng.[24] O ne a abelwa go thibela go utsuwa ga dikgomo fa gare ga Ba-Karamojong ba Uganda le Ba-Turkana ba ba tsamayang ba tsamaya ba kwa Kenya.[17] Go ya ka mmatlisisi Holger Bernt Hansen, pono ya ga Amin, maitsholo le maano a puisano a ne a tlhotlhelediwa thata ke maitemogelo a gagwe mo sesoleng sa bokolone. Seo se ne se akaretsa mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele jo bo tlhamaletseng le jo bo dirang ka diatla jo bo neng bo tla feleletsa bo dirile gore a ratwe ke dikarolo dingwe tsa setshaba sa Uganda.[25]

            Go tlhatloga mo sesoleng sa Uganda

            [fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

            Ka 1962, morago ga gore Uganda e tseye boipuso mo United Kingdom, Amin o ne a tlhatlhosiwa go nna mokapotene mme morago ga moo, ka 1963, a nna moeteledipele. O ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mothusa Molaodi wa Sesole ka 1964 mme, ngwaga o o latelang, go nna Molaodi wa Sesole.[17] Ka 1970, o ne a tlhatlhosiwa go nna molaodi wa masole otlhe a a nang le dibetsa.[26]

            Amin e ne e le motabogi ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo Sesoleng sa Borithane le sa Uganda. Ka boleele jwa 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) le go agiwa ka maatla, e ne e le mmampodi wa mabole a bokete jo bo botlhofo wa Uganda go tloga ka 1951 go ya go 1960, mmogo le mothuthi. Amin gape e ne e le motshamiki yo o boitshegang wa rugby,[27][28] le fa modiredi mongwe a ne a bua jaana ka ene: Idi Amin ke mofuta o o kgatlhang le motshameki yo o siameng (wa rugby), mme o batla a le lerapo go tswa mo molaleng go ya kwa godimo, mme o tlhoka dilo di tlhalosiwa ka mafoko a tlhaka e le nngwe.[28][29] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, o ne a tshamekela Nile RFC.[30]

            Go na le tlhamane e e boelediwang gangwe le gape ya kwa ditoropong ya gore o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moemedi wa setlhopha sa rugby sa Aforika Botlhaba mo motshamekong wa bone wa loeto lwa 1955 kgatlhanong le British Lions.[28][30] Amin, le fa go ntse jalo, ga a tlhagelele mo setshwantshong sa setlhopha kgotsa mo lenaaneng la semmuso la setlhopha.[31]

            Amin (fa gare-kafa molemeng) jaaka mookamedi wa badiri ka nako ya ketelo ya ga Tonakgolo ya Iseraele Levi Eshkol (fa gare) ka 1966

            Ka 1965, Tonakgolo Milton Obote le Amin ba ne ba amega mo tumalanong ya go tsenya lonaka lwa tlou le gauta ka bokukuntshwane kwa Uganda go tswa kwa Rephaboliking ya Temokerasi ya Congo. Tumalano eno, jaaka moragonyana e ne ya latofadiwa ke Mojenerale Nicholas Olenga, yo o neng a dirisana le moeteledipele wa pele wa Congo e bong Patrice Lumumba, e ne e le karolo ya thulaganyo ya go thusa masole a a neng a le kgatlhanong le puso ya Congo go gweba ka ditlou le gauta go bona dibetsa tse Amin a neng a di tsenya mo sephiring. Ka 1966, Palamente ya Uganda e ne ya batla gore go dirwe dipatlisiso. Obote o ne a gapeletsa molaomotheo o mosha o o neng o fedisa botautona jwa moletlo jo bo neng bo tshwerwe ke Kabaka (Kgosi) Mutesa II wa Buganda mme a ipolela gore ke tautona wa khuduthamaga. O ne a tlhatlosa Amin go nna mokolonele le molaodi wa masole. Amin o ne a etelela pele tlhaselo ya ntlo ya segosi ya ga Kabaka mme a pateletsa Mutesa go ya lejwa kwa United Kingdom, kwa a neng a nna teng go fitlha a swa ka 1969.[32][33]

            Amin o ne a simolola go thapa maloko a Ba-Kakwa, Ba-Lugbara, Ba-Sudan Borwa le merafe e mengwe e e tswang kwa lefelong la West Nile le le bapileng le Sudan Borwa. Batho ba Sudan Borwa ba ne ba ntse ba nna kwa Uganda fa e sa le mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga, ka gonne ba ne ba tswa kwa Sudan Borwa go tla go direla sesole sa bokolone. Merafe e mentsi ya Baaforika e e kwa bokone jwa Uganda e nna kwa Uganda le kwa Sudan Borwa; ditatofatso di a tswelela tsa gore sesole sa ga Amin se ne se na le masole a Sudan Borwa.[34]

            1. 1 2 3 4 Leopold, Mark (2021). Idi Amin: The Story of Africa's Icon of Evil. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15439-9. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
            2. ↑ Nakajubi, Gloria (15 July 2015). "Ugandan dictator Idi Amin's widow Sarah Kyolaba dies in the UK aged 59". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ugandan-dictator-idi-amins-widow-sarah-kyolaba-dies-in-the-uk-aged-59-10322083.html.
            3. ↑ Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Biography of Idi Amin, Brutal Dictator of Uganda". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
            4. ↑ Roland Anthony Oliver, Anthony Atmore (1967). "Africa Since 1800". The Geographical Journal. 133 (2): 272. Bibcode:1967GeogJ.133Q.230M. doi:10.2307/1793302. ISSN 0016-7398 JSTOR 1793302.
            5. ↑ Dale C. Tatum. Who influenced whom?. p. 177.
            6. ↑ Gareth M. Winrow. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141.
            7. ↑ Subramanian, Archana (6 August 2015). "Asian expulsion". The Hindu.
            8. ↑ "Idi Amin: A Byword for Brutality". News24. 21 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
            9. ↑ Gershowitz, Suzanne (20 March 2007). "The Last King of Scotland, Idi Amin, and the United Nations". Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
            10. 1 2 3 4 5 Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). "Idi Amin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
            11. ↑ "Dictator Idi Amin dies". 16 August 2003. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
            12. ↑ Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 56 (3): 529–543. doi:10.2307/20039917. JSTOR 20039917. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2018. The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power.
            13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Leopold, Mark (2021). Idi Amin: The Story of Africa's Icon of Evil. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15439-9.
            14. 1 2 O'Kadameri, Billie (1 September 2003). "Separate fact from fiction in Amin stories". The Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
            15. 1 2 3 4 de Montesquiou, Jean-Louis (2022). "Amin avant Amin". Amin Dada. Paris: Perrin. pp. 27–35. doi:10.3917/perri.monte.2022.01. ISBN 9782262074739.
            16. 1 2 3 Mutaizibwa, Emmanuel (9 April 2019). IDI AMIN: A Polarizing Legacy (Television production). NTV Uganda.
            17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Guweddeko, Fred (12 June 2007). "Rejected then taken in by dad; a timeline". The Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007.
            18. ↑ Middleton, John (1963). "The Yakan or Allah Water Cult Among the Lugbara". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 93 (1): 80–108. doi:10.2307/2844335. ISSN 0307-3114. JSTOR 2844335.
            19. ↑ Hansen, Holger Bernt (1991). "Pre-Colonial Immigrants and Colonial Servants. The Nubians in Uganda Revisited". African Affairs. 90 (361): 559–580. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098469. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 722844.
            20. ↑ Hansen 2013, p. 85.
            21. ↑ "Idi Amin". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.
            22. ↑ General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait. Le Figaro Films. 1974. ISBN 0-7800-2507-5.
            23. ↑ Bay, Austin (20 August 2003). "Why Didn't Amin Rot and Die in Jail?". Strategy Page. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            24. 1 2 "No. 42461". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 September 1961. p. 6682.
            25. ↑ Hansen 1977, p. 94.
            26. ↑ "General Idi Amin overthrows Ugandan government". British Council. 2 February 1971. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            27. ↑ Bridgland, Fred (16 August 2003). "Idi Amin". Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            28. 1 2 3 Cain, Nick and Growden, Greg: "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), p. 294 (pub: John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England) ISBN 978-0470035375.
            29. ↑ Johnston, Ian (17 August 2003). "Death of a despot, buffoon and killer". Scotsmanb. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            30. 1 2 Cotton, p. 111
            31. ↑ Campbell, M. and Cohen, E.J. (1960) Rugby Football in East Africa, 1909–1959. Published by the Rugby Football Union of East Africa
            32. ↑ "Country Studies: Uganda: Independence: The Early Years". Federal Research Division. United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            33. ↑ "Idi Amin Dada Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
            34. ↑ Nantulya, Paul (2001). "Exclusion, Identity and Armed Conflict: A Historical Survey of the Politics of Confrontation in Uganda with Specific Reference to the Independence Era" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006.
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