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Itsholelo ya Botswana

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Economy of Botswana
CurrencyPula (BWP, P)
21 April - 32 March
Trade organisations
AU, AfCFTA (signed), SADC, SACU, WTO
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 2,397,240 (2021)[3]
GDP
  • Increase $16.90 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)[4]
  • Increase $43.907 billion (PPP, 2019 est.)[5]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 14.5% (2018) 3.0% (2019e)
  • −5.4% (2020e) 6.8% (2021e)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Decrease $7,859 (nominal, 2019 est.)[4]
  • Increase $18,558 (PPP, 2019 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
2.1% (2020 est.)[5]
Population below poverty line
53.3 high (2015)[9]
Labour force
  • Increase 1,107,235 (2019)[12]
  • 55.7% employment rate (2013)[13]
Unemployment17.7% (Tempolete:As of)[7]
Main industries
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; beef processing; textiles
Decrease 87th (easy, 2020)[14]
External
ExportsDecrease $5.934 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Export goods
diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, beef, textiles
Main export partners
ImportsDecrease $5.005 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Import goods
foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Decrease $5.319 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
  • Increase Abroad: $1.973 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Decrease $2.146 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Positive decrease $2.187 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Public finances
Positive decrease 21.7% of GDP (2017 est.)[6][15]
−1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[6]
Revenues5.305 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Expenses5.478 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Economic aid$73 million (Tempolete:As of)
Foreign reserves
Increase $7.491 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[6]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Botswana o na le itsholelo e e tlhabologang e e tsewang e le ya lotseno lo lo kwa godimo go ya kwa bogareng. Kgolo ya tiro ya lekalana le e seng la puso e ne e le palogare ya bokana ka karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ka ngwaga mo dingwageng tsa ntlha di le masome a mararo tsa boipuso jwa lefatshe. Morago ga paka ya go ema hela go sa irege sepe kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe, itsholelo ya Botswana e ne ya kwadisa maemo a a nonofileng a kgolo, ka kgolo ya Palo yotlhe ya dithoro le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng e e neng ya feta dintlha tsa karolo ya borataro go ya kwa bosupeng mo lekgolong. Kgolo ya itsholelo fa e sale ka bofelo jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e ntse e lekana le itsholelo dingwe tse dikgolo tsa lefatshekgolo le le naleng di karolo tsa mafatshe Asia.[17] Puso e ntse e tshegetsa lefetiso la tekanyetsokabo ka tlhomamo mme e na le dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa kananyo ya madi a mafatshe a sele.[18]

Kgolo ya itsholelo ya Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a a mabapi le yone, e agilwe mo motheong wa meepo ya diteemane, melawana e e botlhale ya matlole, le molawana o o kelotlhoko wa dinaga di sele.[19] Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Botswana e ikaegile thata ka go epa diteemane. Meepo ya diteemane e na le seabe mo karolong ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya lotseno lwa puso bogolosegolo ka tirisanommogo e mo go yone matlhakore ka bobedi a naleng seabe sa karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong le De Beers mo komponeng ya Diteemane ya Debswana.[20] Diteemane tse di dirwang mo lefelong la diteko di dirile gore go nne le phokotsego e e bonalang ya tlhokego ya lefatshe ka bophara ya ditaemane tse di epilweng go simolola mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi . Phokotso e e bakilweng ke boleng jwaditaemane tse di romelwang kwa ntle e ne ya dira gore Letlole la madi la boditshabtshaba le bonele ko pele gore lefatshe la Botswana le tla nna le tlhaelo ya matlole ya karolo ya lesome le bongwe mo lekgolong, mme lephata la matlole la Botswana le bonele pele kgolo e e sa siamang ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano .[21] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi , Botswana e beilwe jaaka lefatshe la boraro le le naleng bonweenwee jo bo ko tlase mo Aforika mo Tshupaneng ya Dikakanyo tsa Bonweenwee ke lekgotla la boditšhabatšhaba la go tlhokomela bonweenwee la Transparency International. E na le lotseno lwa bone lo lo kwa godimo lwa bosetšhaba ka tlhogo mo maatleng a go reka mo Aforika le kwa godimo ga palogare ya lefatshe.[22]

Mekgatlho ya babereki e emetse palo e potlana ya babereki mo itsholelong ya Botswana. Ka kakaretso ke mekgatlho ya badiri e e rulagantsweng ka tsela e e sa gagamalang "ya mo ntlong", le fa Mokgatlho wa Badiri wa Botswana (BFTU) o tiisa seabe sa one jaaka setheo se le sengwe fela sa bosetšhaba sa mekgatlho ya badiri mo lefatsheng.[23][24] Go ikaega ga Botswana ka meepo go feta selekanyo le seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshwaetsego ya mogare wa HIV/AIDS (mogolo mongwe le mongwe mo go ba le batlhano diteko tsa gagwe tsa madi di netefatsa gore o nale mogare) le letlhoko la ditiro di ka tshosetsa katlego ya yona ya isago.[25][26] Botswana e nnile naga ya ntlha e e nang le morwalo o mogolo go newa setlankana sa go fitlhelela phitlhelelo e e botlhokwa mo tseleng ya go fedisa phetiso ya mogare wa HIV go tswa mo go mme go ya kwa leseeng ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo (WHO).[27]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Temothuo e sa ntse e tlamela ka matshelo a le karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba kwa magaeng mme e tlamela fela ka bokana jwa karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya ditlhokego tsa dijo mme e ne e arabela karolo ya lesome ntlha ya borobabobedi mo lekgolong fela ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng go tloga kangwaga wa 2016.[28][29] Temothuo ya go itshidisa le ba lelwapa le go rua dikgomo ke tsone tse dintsi.[29] Lekalana le le tshwerwe ke pula e e sa tlhomamang le mebu e e bokoa.[29] Meepo ya diteemane le bojanala le tsone di botlhokwa mo itsholelong.[29] Dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fitlhelwa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa mme lekalana la meepo le ne la gola go tswa mo karolong ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ya ko karolong a masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.[29]

Monna yo o palameng tonki o disa dipodi mo nokeng e e omileng

Kgolo ya itsholelo e ne ya fokotsega ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano go fitlha ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi mme ya fetoga go nna e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe ka ntlha ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo, ya ngotlega ka karolo ya botlhano ntlha pedi mo lekgolong.[30] Se se ne sa gakadiwa ke kwelotlase e kgolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mo lekalaneng la madirelo, le le neng la ngotlega ka karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong,[31] Kwelotlase e e tseneletseng ya itsholelo ya Botswana e ne e farologana le bontsi jwa ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng tsa itemogela kgolo e e tswelelang mo pakeng eno.[32]

Mokgwa wa itsholelo e kgolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditshupo tsa konokono

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tafole ya lenaneo e e latelang e supa ditshupo tsa konokono tsa itsholelo ka ngwaga wa1980 go ya kwa ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro. Koketsego ya ditlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong e supiwa ka botala jwa tlhaga.[33]

Kgwebo ka go reka le go rekisa dithoto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantso sa mafaratlhatlha sa diterena tsa Botswana
Tsela mo Gaborone

Botswana o kgabaganngwa ke tsela ya dikoloi e e kgabaganyang Aforika - Tselakgolo ya Cairo-Cape Town le tsela ya dipalangwa ya go kgabaganya Kalahari. Botswana ke karolo ya Kopano ya Melelwane ya Borwa jwa Aforika (SACU) le mafatshe a Aforika Borwa, Lesotho, Eswatini, le Namibia. Banka ya Lefatshe lotlhe e bega gore ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (ngwaga wa bošeng jaana o tshedimosetso ya Banka ya Lefatshe lotlhe e leng teng), SACU e ne e na le palogare e e bokete ya seelo sa dituediso tse di tlwaelegileng tsa kwa ntle sa karolo ya boraro ntlha ya borataro mo lekgolong. Go ya ka Lephata la Kgwebo la lefatshe la U.S., "go na le dikgoreletsi di le mmalwa fela tsa dituediso kgotsa tse e seng tsa dituediso tsa go gweba le Botswana, kwa ntle ga dithibelo tsa go fiwa di tetla tsa ditiro dingwe tsa kgwebo, tse di beetsweng di kompone tsa [Botswana] fela." Go ikaegilwe ka mokgwa o o tlhabolotsweng wa ntlha ya kgwebisano, maduo a melawana ya kgwebisano ya Botswana ga a fetoge.[34]

Thomelo ya kwa ntle e kgolo ya lefatshe la Botswana ke ditaemane.[35] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone ke lefatshe la thomelo ya kwa ntle ya bobedi mo lefatsheng ya ditaemane.[36] Ka ntlha ya go ikaega thata ga lefatshe la Botswana ka diteemane, tlhokego e e maatla ya lefatshe ka bophara e botlhokwa mo boitekanelong jwa itsholelo.[37] Thomelo kwa ntle ya teemane e tlamela itsholelo ya lefatshe la Botswana ka tlamelo e e nonofileng ya madi a boditšhaba mme di neetse motheo wa tlhabololo ya madirelo le go tlhotlheletsa ditokafatso mo mafaratlhatlheng a lefatshe la Botswana.[38] Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa di na le seabe se segolo mo itsholelong ya Botswana, go na le matshwenyego a gore meepo ya diteemane ga e tlhoke badiri ba le bantsi go ka tlamela ka tiro e e lekaneng ya badiri ba Botswana, mme go sa tshwane mo go ne go umakilwe jaaka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa godimo sa letlhoko la ditiro mo lefatsheng.[39][40]

Meepo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setlhogo sa konokono: Meepo mo Botswana

Dikompone tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa meepo, Debswana (tse di bopilweng ke puso le De Beers ya Aforika Borwa ka tirisanommogo e e lekanang) le Bamangwato Concessions, Ltd. (BCL, le yone e na le seabe se segolo sa tekatekano ya puso) di dira mo lefatsheng.[19] BCL e ne ya bewa mo tshekatshekong ya nakwana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro , morago ga dingwaga tsa ditiro tse di dirang ditatlhegelo, mme e ne ya bewa mo tshekatshekong ya bofelo ke Kgotlatshekelokgolo ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa.[41]

Ditaemane le majana a mangwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Moepo wa teemane wa Jwaneng ke wa bobedi mo lefatsheng la gompieno[42]

Go tloga ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, lefatshe le le nnile nngwe ya mafatshe a a tlhagisang ditaemane tsa maje a a tlhokegang thata mo lefatsheng.[19][43] Meepo e megolo ya teemane e le borobabobedi e butswe fa e sale Botswana e bona boipuso.[44] Babatli ba De Beers ba ribolotse di teemane kwa bokone jwa Botswana mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1970.[19] Moepo wa ntlha o ne wa simolola go dira kwa lefelong la Orapa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi , mme wa latelwa ke moepo o monnye kwa lefelong la Letlhakane.[19] Se se fetogileng moepo o le mongwe o o humileng go gaisa wa di teemane mo lefatsheng o ne wa bulwa kwa lefelong la Jwaneng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi.[19] Moepo o ne wa bonwa fa metlhwa e e neng di batla metsi e ne e tlisa ditlhaka tsa teemane mo godimo ga metsi.[45] Botswana e tlhagisitse palo yotlhe ya di karate di le didikadike tse masome a mabedi le bone tsa di teemane go tswa kwa Debswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi,[46] mme ke yone e e tlhagisang di teemane go gaisa tsotlhe ka boleng mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.[47]Katoloso ya Orapa 2000 ya moepo o o leng teng wa Orapa e ne ya bulwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.[19] Go ya ka Debswana, lenaneo la Katoloso ya Orapa 2000 le oketsa dipoelo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa moepo wa Orapa go tswa go dikarate di le didikadike di le thataro go ya go dikarate di le didikadike di le lesome le bobedi mme ya tlhatlosa tlhagiso yotlhe go ya go dikarate di le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro.[48] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile boraro, Debswana e ne ya bula moepo wa teemane wa Damtshaa o o neng o le dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a le mabedi le bobedi (seele sa maele wa lekgolo le masome a mane) kwa bophirima jwa toropokgolo ya Francistown. Moepo o ne wa bewa mo tlhokomelong le pabalelong ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e bokoa ya lefatshe mme go ne go rulagantswe gore o bulwe gape ka kgwedi ya Firikgong k ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi.[49][50] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi, Kompone ya Ditaemane ya lefatshe la Australia ya Kimberley e ne ya bula moepo kwa lefelong la Lerala, e le moepo wa botlhano mo Botswana e bile e le wa ntlha o o sa tsamaisiweng ke Debswana.[51] Le fa go ntse jalo, lefelo la Kimberley le ne la tswala moepo ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa, a umaka maemo a a bokoa a mmaraka.[52]

Bontsi jwa motlakase wa lefatshe la Botswana o tswa kwa Eskom ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.[53] Debswana e tsamaisa Moepo wa Malatlha a Morupule o o gaufi go e tlamela ka magala.[54] Lefatshe la Botswana e rometse kwa ntle motlakase wa boleng jwa dikete di le tharo le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ( e leng di dollara dile tharo le ntlha e nngwe le bobedi) go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, otlhe o ya kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.[55] Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , kgaolo yotlhe ya borwa jwa Aforika e ne ya amiwa thata ke tlhaelo e kgolo ya maatla, ga e sale kgaolo e dira go abelana metswedi ya yone ya maatla ka Southern African Power Pool, ka bontsi jwa bokgoni jwa yone bo tswa kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa. Lefatshe la Botswana le lone le beile maano a go nna maromela kwa ntle wa motlakase kwa letangwaneng la kgaolo, ka katoloso ya puso ya seteišene sa motlakase sa Morupule, mmogo le go rotloetsa dipeeletso tse e seng tsa puso ka sebopego sa seteišene sa motlakase sa di-gigawatt di le nne ke kompone ya lefatshe la Canada ya CIC Energy. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, CIC Energy e ne ya bonwa ke Tshipi le Motlakase tsa Jindal tsa lefatshe la India. Ga jaana Jindal Africa e ikaeletse go dira meepo e le meraro ya fa godimo ga lefatshe mo mafelong a magala a Mmamabula, mmogo le setlamo sa motlakase. Go ya ka kompone, "tlhabololo ya moepo e tla fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa diteišene tsa motlakase tsa maatla a motlakase makgolo a marataro le mebaraka ya magala a kgaolo ya thomelo kwa ntle, ka bokgoni jwa go thapa batho ba feta dikete tse pedi."[56][57]

Lefatshe la Botswana gape o tlhagisa molora wa soda ka Botash, e leng kgwebo e e kopanetsweng magareng ga puso le Setlhopha sa Chlor-Alkali Holdings (CAH) sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Botash e ntse e dira kwa Letsheng la Sua kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe.[58]

Bojanala

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Pego ya konokono: Bojanala mo Botswana

Bojanala ke madirelo a a ntseng a nna botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng la Botswana, a a dirang mo e ka nnang karolo ya lesome le boraro ntlha nngwe mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe.[59]Le fa go ntse jalo, Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, go ne ga begwa gore e ne e le kwa tlase ga karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong .[60] Nngwe ya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di kgethegileng mo lefatsheng, e leng Lefelo la noka e phatlhallang la Okavango , e mo lefatsheng la Botswana.[19] Lefatshe le fa tshono ya go lebelela diphologolo le go bona dinonyane kwa lefelong la noka e phatlhallang le kwa Lefelong la diphologolo la Setshaba la Chobe —e e leng legae la nngwe ya metlhape e megolo thata ya ditlou tse di tsamayang ka kgololesego mo lefatsheng.[19] Lefelo la lefatshe la Botswana la legae la diphologolo le le mo bogareng jwa Kalahari gape le na le tshono ya go lebelela diphologolo le dingwe tsa naga tse di kgakala le tse di sa senngwang mo borwa jwa Aforika.[19]

Lefelo la diphologolo tsa bosetšhaba di le mmalwa le dipolokelo tsa diphologolo, ka diphologolo tsa tsone tse dintsi tsa naga le mafelo a a metsi, ke dilo tse dikgolo tse di ngokang bajanala.[61]

Mafelo a konokono a loeto la go lebela diphologolo le dijanala a bojanala ke Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi[62] mo Lefelo la noka e phatlhallang la Okavango, le lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Chobe. Lefatshe la Botswana le lone le tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa tsamaiso ya ditsa tlholego tse di dirwang ke setshaba ka go leka go akaretsa banni ba motse mo bojanaleng. Sekao sengwe ke motse wa Khwai[63] le Terasete ya yona ya Tlhabololo ya Khwai.[64]

Lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le lefelo la filimi ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobediya The Gods Must Be Crazy, le fa filimi e e ne e diriwa kwa thata mo Aforika Borwa. Setlha sa bosupa sa The Amazing Race se etetse Botswana. Bojanala bo tlhotlheleditswe ke motseletsele wa dipadi tsa matseka ka Alexander McCall Smith le terama ya Amerika e e neng ya di latela.[65]

Temothuo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go feta sephatlo sa baagi ba Botswana ba nna kwa metseselegaeng mme ba ikaegile ka dijalo tsa go iphedisa le go rua diruiwa.[19] Temothuo e fitlhelela fela karolo e nnye ya ditlhokego tsa dijo mme e na le seabe sa karolo ya bongwe ntlha e robangbobedi fela ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ya Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lelesome le bosupa, go ya ka CIA World Factbook.[31]Diphopholetso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone di boletse fa e santse e le kwa tlase ga karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ya lefatshe la Botswana.[66] Go rua dikgomo go ne go laola botshelo jwa loago le itsholele ya Botswana pele ga boipuso.[19]Setlhopa sa dipatlisiso ya Nama ya Botswana (BMC) e na le taolo e le nosi mo tlhagisong ya nama ya kgomo, le fa go ntse jalo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro , e ne ya fela.[67]Motlhape wa bosetšhaba o ne o ka nna didikadike di le mabedi le ntlha e le nngwe mo lekgolong mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, le fa go bolawa ga motlhape otlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe lebotlhano go go laetsweng ke puso kwa Kgaolong ya Ngamiland kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana, go thibela go anama ga "bolwetse jwa makgwafo a dikgomo" kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa naga, go fokoditse palo ka bonnye jwa didikadike dile pedi.[68]

Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhagisitse, ka ngwaga dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi:

  • lekgolo le bobedi ditone tse sekete tsa motso le tubers;
  • masome amane le borataro a sekete sa ditone tsa meroho;
  • ditone di le dikete di le lesome le bosupa tsa mabele;
  • ditone di le dikete di le lesome le boraro tsa mmidi;
  • boferabobedi jwa ditone tse sekete tsa hop;
  • borataro jwa ditone tse sekete tsa onion;
  • botlhano jwa ditone tse sekete tsa tamati;

Mo godimo ga dikumo tse dinnye tsa dikumo tse dingwe tsa temothuo[68]

Tlhagiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Madirelo a tlhagiso mo lefatsheng la Botswana[69] [70]di akaretsa go dira dijo, bogolo jang go dira nama ya kgomo, go dira diteemane, go dira matsela le diaparo, go dira dino, go dira mabenyane, ditshipi le dithoto tsa tshipi, go dira molora, go dira didirisiwa tsa kago, le go dira galase.

Tlhagiso e na le kgolo e e ka nnang teng, le fa go ntse jalo,[71] e dira mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya dikumo tsa selegae tsa lefatshe.[72] Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, go nnile le kwelotlase e e bonalang mo seabeng sa lekalana la tlhagiso mo itsholelong ya bosetšhaba. Lebaka la se le ka tlhomamisiwa mo dintlheng di le mmalwa, tsa konokono e le go tlhoka bokgoni, go palelwa ke go tsamaisana le maranyane a sešweng, go tlhoka kgaisano mmogo le mekgwa e e sa siamang ya go rekisa.[73]

Thuto ya bonetetshi le maranyane

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Go na le lephata le le golang la bonetetshi mo lefatsheng Botswana. Palo ya dikgatiso tsa borasaense ba lefatshe la Botswana tse di kwadilweng mo lenaaneng la dipolokelotshedimosetso tsa boditšhabatšhaba e oketsegile go tswa go lekgolo le masome a mararo le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya ko makgolong a mabedi le lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , lefatshe la Botswana e tlhagisitse di pego tsa dikwalo tsa saense le maranyane di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bongwe. Lefatshe le na le nngwe ya maemo a a kwa godimo a go dira dithoto tsa bonetesthi mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.[74][75] Lefatshe gape le na le madirelo a maranyane a a kwa godimo, a e leng legae la dikompone di le mmalwa tsa maranyane ya tshedimosetso.[76] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi , dilo tse di romelwang kwa ntle tsa maranyane a a kwa godimo tsa Botswana di ne di le bokana ka dikete di le boraro le borobabobedi tsa di dolara.[77]

Tlhabololo ya lekala la poraefete le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle

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Lefelo la bojanala kwa Kasane

Botswana e batla go farologanya itsholelo ya yone go tswa mo ditswammung,[19] tse dituelo tsa yone di lekalekaneng.[78]

Dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle mo lefatsheng la Botswana di godile sentle. Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, dikompone tse pedi tsa lefatshe la Amerika, Owens Corning le Heinz, di ne tsa dira dipeeletso tse dikgolo mo mafelong a tlhagiso kwa Botswana.[79]Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa , setlhopha sa St. Paul se ne sa reka Botswana Insurance, e leng nngwe ya dikompone tse di di gogang kwa pele mo lefatsheng leno ka tiisetso ya tshireletso kgatlhanong le tatlhegelo ya paka e khutshwane. Lekgotla la Kgwebo la lefatshe la Amerika (ABC), le le nang le dikompone tse di fetang masome a mararo tse di leng maloko, le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano.[80] Hyundai e ne e na le madirelo a go kopanya dikoloi kwa lefatsheng la Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi.[81]

Botswana e batla go tswelela go farologanya itsholelo ya yone go tswa mo ditswammung,[19] tse di dirang kotara ya palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng ,[82] go tswa go mo e ka nnang sephatlho sa palo yotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng mo lefatsheng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe .[19] Dipeeletso le botsamaisi jwa kwa ntle di a amogelwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana[19] mme, ka ntlha ya seo, makalana a matlole le ditirelo a oketsegile ka seelo se se kwa godimo ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi go emisetsa meepo jaaka madirelo a a eteletseng pele.[45] Botswana e fedisitse ditaolo tsa kananyo ya madi a mafatshe a sele ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, e na le seelo se se kwa tlase sa lekgetho la dikompone(karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong), ga go na dithibelo tsa go nna le dikompone tsa mafatshe a sele, mme go tloga ka kgwedi ya Firikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone e ka nna karolo ya bone mo lekgolong.[83]

Puso e tsaya gore go tsaya karolo ga lekalana le e seng la puso go botlhokwa thata mo katlegong ya Leano la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la naga (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2009 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016) le go tokafatsa seabe sa dipatlisiso le tlhabololo jaaka tsela e e atlegileng go gaisa ya go godisa kgwebo le kgolo ya lekala le e seng la puso. Puso e akanyetsa melawana e mengwe go tokafatsa kgaisano, go akaretsa le Leano le lešwa la Dipeeletso tse di Tlhamaletseng tsa Dinaga di Sele, Melawana ya Kgaisano, Leano le legolo la go Dira Dithomelo tse e seng tsa puso le Leano la Tlhabololo ya Thomelo ya kwa ntle ya Bosetšhaba.[84][85]

Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nna le dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa magala mme se se dira gore e nne nngwe ya mafatshe a a humileng ka magala thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe .[86] Meepo e megolo ya magala, madirelo a a magolo a motlakase a a dirisang magala, mmogo le madirelo a magala go nna seedi (ka thulaganyo ya Fischer–Tropsch) go tlhagisa lookwane lwa maitirelo lwa dikoloi di rulagantswe.[87][88]

Ka mekwalo ya yone e e netefaditsweng ya puso e e siameng ya itsholelo, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bewa mo maemong a boraro mo Aforika a a senang bonweenwee mo Tshupaneng ya Dikakanyo tsa Bonweenwee ka ngwaga wa 2020, le le kwa pele ga mafatshea le mantsi a lefatshekgolo le le naleng dikarolo tsa mafatshe la Europe le Asia.[19][89] Kopano ya Itsholelo ya Lefatshe lotlhe e ne ya tlhoma lefatshe la Botswana maemo a boraro a a gaisanang thata mo itsholelong mo Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2002.[19] Le fa go ntse jalo, lefatshe la Botswana ga le sa tlhole e le leloko la Kopano ya Itsholelo ya Lefatshe (WEF).[90] Ka ngwaga wa 2001 lefatshe la Botswana le ne la abelwa gape ditekanyetso tsa sekoloto tsa seemo sa "A" ke Moody's le Standard & Poor's.[19]Se se baya lefatshe la Botswana mo maemong a a kwa godimo thata mo Aforika mo kotsing ya sekoloto mme se e baya mo maemong a a lekanang kgotsa kwa godimo ga mafatshe a le mantsi a lefatshekgolo le le naleng karolo ya mafatshe a mangwe la Europe yo mo bogareng, Asia yo ko Botlhaba, le Latin America.[19] Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2024, lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le le mo maemong a BBB+ mo seemong sa S&P, fa le ntse le le mo maemong a A3 mo seemong sa sekoloto sa mophato wa Moody.[91]

Dipeeletso tsa lefatshe la U.S. mo lefatsheng la Botswana di sa ntse di le kwa tlase mme di tswelela go gola. Dikoporase tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe la U.S., tse di jaaka Coca-Cola le Heinz, di teng ka dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng, fa tse dingwe, tse di jaaka KFC, di le teng ka ditshwanelo tsa go reka.[19] Ditekanyetso tsa sekoloto tse di ikemetseng tsa Moody's le Standard & Poor's di supa sentle gore, le fa go na le dikgwetlho tse di tswelelang tse di jaaka bogolo jo bonnye jwa mmaraka, lefelo le le dikologilweng ke lewatle, le dithulaganyo tse di bokete tsa tsamaiso, lefatshe la Botswana e santse e le nngwe ya ditšhono tse di gaisang tsa dipeeletso mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang.[19]

Ka ntlha ya ditso tsa yone le thutafatshe, lefatshe la Botswana le na le kamano e telele le e e tseneletseng le itsholelo ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa.[19] Mokgatlho wa Melelwane wa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa (SACU), o ga jaana o akaretsang mafatshe a Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini, le Aforika Borwa, o simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1910.[19] Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le kokoantse makgetho go tswa mo melelwaneng, thekisong, le makgetho a dithoto tsa maloko otlhe a matlhano, e abelana dipoelo go ikaegilwe ka karolo ya naga nngwe le nngwe ya dithomelong tse tlang mo teng ga lefatshe.[19] Mokgwa o o tlhomameng wa go abelana lotseno le taolo ya go tsaya ditshwetso mo ditirong—e e neng e tshwerwe ke Puso ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa fela—e ne ya nna le kganetsano e ntsi, mme maloko a ne a buisana gape ka thulaganyo e ka ngwaga wa 2001.[19] Sebopego se sešwa jaanong se amogetswe semmuso mme go tlhomilwe Bokwaledi jwa SACU kwa toropong ya Windhoek, ya lefatshe la Namibia.[92] Morago ga go tsena ga lefatshe la Aforika Borwa mo Mokgatlhong wa Kgwebisano wa Lefatshe (WTO), lefatshe la Botswana le lone le ne la tsena; bontsi jwa ditiro tsa SACU ka jalo di a fokotsega, mme se sa dira gore dikumo tse di tswang kwa ntle ga kgaolo di nne le kgaisano mo lefatsheng la Botswana.[19] Gone jaana, mafatshe a SACU le U.S. di buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e gololesegileng. Lefatshe la Botswana gone jaana gape le buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e gololesegileng le mmaraka wa Mercosur le Tumalano ya Tirisanommogo ya itsholelo le Kopano ya lefatshekgolo le le naleng karolo ya mafatshe la Europe jaaka karolo ya SADC.[93]

Metswedi

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  2. ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "Population, total - Botswana". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
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  8. ↑ "Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Botswana". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  9. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
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  42. ↑ Groot, Robert (30 September 2022). "Top 10 Biggest Diamond Mines". Royal Coster Diamonds. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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  51. ↑ "Diamonex Limited Acquires Kimberlite Pipes in USA". ABN Newswire. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
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  56. ↑ "Botswana Overview". Jindal Africa. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  57. ↑ "Botswana" (PDF). Global Methane Initiative. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
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  59. ↑ "Botswana Tourism Industry Report 2021 - ResearchAndMarkets.com". www.businesswire.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  60. ↑ "Botswana - Travel and Tourism". www.trade.gov. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  61. ↑ "Botswana Wildlife National Parks & Reserves". AfricanMecca Safaris. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  62. ↑ "Moremi Game Reserve: Botswana's wildlife haven for an unmatched safari experience". Moremi.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  63. ↑ "Khwai Community Area". African Bush Camps. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  64. ↑ "Khwai Development Trust". Khwai Development Trust. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  65. ↑ Canby, Vincent (28 October 1984). "FILM VIEW; IS 'THE GODS MUST BE CRAZY' ONLY A COMEDY?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  66. ↑ "Botswana - Agricultural Sectors". www.trade.gov. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  67. ↑ Mguni, Mbongeni. "BMC monopoly nears end as Cabinet approves meat regulator".
  68. 1 2 "Botswana production in 2018, by FAO"
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  71. ↑ "Manufacturing Sector | HRDC". www.hrdc.org.bw. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
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  73. ↑ "www.ceda.co.bw/sites/default/files/Publications/ASSESSMENT_OF_INVESTMENT_OPPORTUNITIES_WITH_THE_MANUFACTURING_SECTOR_IN_BOTSWANA-JUNE_2020.pdf" (PDF). CEDA.
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  80. ↑ "AMERICAN BUSINESS COUNCIL OF BOTSWANA". www.abc.org.bw. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
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  82. ↑ "Botswana (03/26/10)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
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  84. ↑ Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan, eds. (2013). Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Botswana (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-001219-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
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Maranyane a mangwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
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