Josie Mpama
Josie Mpama | |
|---|---|
| Tsalo | 21 Mopitlo 1903 |
| Leso | 3 Sedimonthole 1979 |
| Batsadi(s) | Stephen Bonny Mpama le Georgina Garson |
Josie Mpama (21 Mopitlo 1903 – 3 Sedimonthole 1979), yo o tshotsweng e le Josephine Palmer, e ne e le molweladitshwanelo wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le molweladitshwanelo tsa badiri.
Molwela-kgaogano yo o maatla kgatlhanong le kgaogano ya semorafe le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa badiri le tsa bomme, o tsewa jaaka mosadi wa ntlha wa montsho go nna le seabe se segolo mo Mokgatlhong wa morafe wa Aforika Borwa.
Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Josephine Palmer o belegwe ka 1903 kwa Potchefstroom mo go se ka nako eo se neng se itsege jaaka Transvaal Colony, jaanong ke Porofense ya Bokone Bophirima ya Aforika Borwa.[1][2]
Batsadi ba gagwe e ne e le Georgina Garson le Stephen Bonny Mpama, moranodi wa puso. O ne a itlhalosa jaaka mmala; rraagwe e ne e le MoZulu, le fa lelapa la gagwe le ne le tlogetse morafe wa bone mme ba sokologetse mo Bokereseteng, mme mmaagwe e ne e le Mfengu, Afrikaner, le MoSotho.[2][3][4]
O ne a itsiwe ka karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe jaaka Josie Palmer, a dirisa leina la ga rraagwe la Se-Zulu le le fetotsweng go nna la Se-English. O simolotse go dirisa leina la Mpama moragonyana, fa a fudugela kwa toropong ya bantsho, mme a dirisa maina ka bobedi botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe, go ikaegile ka gore o ne a nna kae.[1][3]
Mpama o goletse kwa Sophiatown, kwa ntle ga Johannesburg, pele a boela kwa Potchefstroom ka 1921. Batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba kgaogana fa a ne a le dingwaga di le supa, mme kwa bofelong o ne a tshwanelwa ke go itlamela le mmaagwe ka go dira jaaka motlhokomedi wa malapa a basweu.[1][2]
Bolweladitshwanelo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1920, Mpama o ne a nna mongwe wa basadi ba bantsho ba ntlha go tsenela Mokgatlho wa semorafewa Aforika Borwa, o o neng o le teng pele ga Mokgatlho wa morafe wa Aforika Borwa. Ka bonako fela morago ga go tsenela, o ne a nna mokwaledi wa lekala la Mokgatlho wa morafe wa Potchefstroom.[1][3]
Ka 1928, o ne a etelela pele letsholo kgatlhanong le go tlhoka gore baagi ba bantsho ba kgaolo ya Potchefstroom ba bone ditetlelelo tsa lodger go mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo magaeng a bona, go akaretsa le bana ba bona ba ba godileng. O ne a tswelela go dira letsholo kgatlhanong le dithibelo tse dingwe di le mmalwa tsa bonno le tsa mesepele tsa tlhaolele.[1][5] Mpama o ne a amega gape le mo Dikhuduegong tsa ntlolehalahala ya Biri tsa 1929.[6]
Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, o ne a tlhatswetsa malapa a basweu diaparo go kgona go tshela.[7]
Ene le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba patelesega go tswa kwa Potchefstroom ka 1931, mme ba fudugela kwa Johannesburg.[2] O ne a nna leloko la Bureau ya Dipolotiki ya Mokgatlho wa morafei ka 1937 mme morago ga moo a nna leloko la Komiti ya one e e Bogare. Gape o ne a nna leloko la komiti ya lekoko kwa Johannesburg ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 mme e ne e le moeteledipele mo karolong ya bomme ya lekoko.[1][5]
Mpama o ne a kwalela Umsebenzi, e leng setheo sa semmuso sa bobegadikgang sa Mokgatlho wa morafe, ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920 le bo '30, a tlhagisa go sokola ga badiri ba bantsho. O ne a ema nokeng mekgatlho ya badiri mme a lwela gore barutabana ba okelediwe dituelo.[1][5][8]
Ka 1935, o ne a ya kwa Moscow go tsenela Khonkerese ya Bosupa ya Lefatshe ya Bodichabachaba ya morafe le go ithuta kwa mmadikolo wa morafe wa Badiri ba Botlhaba.[9][10]
Tiro ya ga Mpama gape e ne e akaretsa go lwela ditshwanelo tsa bomme. Ka 1947, o ne a thusa go tlhoma Mokgatlho wa Bomme Botlhe ba Transvaal, mme a nna mokwaledi wa ntlha wa mokgatlho ono. Morago ga moo o ne a thusa go tlhoma mokgatho wa bomme ba Aforikaborwa ka 1954, mme kgabagare a etelela pele lekala la one la Teransefala.[1]
Dingwaga tsa moragonyana
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Mpama o ne a lebana le kgatelelo go tswa go balaodi, go akaretsa le taelo ya thibelo mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950 le go tshwarwa ka 1960. O ne a feleletsa a patelesega go boela morago mo tirong ya sepolotiki ka ntlha ya taelo ya thibelo le mathata a botsogo. O ne a fetsa dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa bofelo a rulaganya ditlhopha tsa bomme kwa kerekeng ya gagwe.[1][2]
Mpama o tlhokafetse ka la bo 3 Sedimonthole 1979, morago ga go thulwa ke koloi fa a ne a emetse go tsaya phenšene ya gagwe.[1][6]
Mpama o ne a nyetswe ke Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, moeteledipele wa Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Aforika le Mokgatlho wa morafe wa Aforika Borwa, ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920.[1][2][5][7]Ka gonne Mofutsanyana o ne a tsewa jaaka Moaforika ka fa tlase ga melao ya tlhaolele fa Mpama ene a ne a tsewa jaaka wa mmala, ka fa molaong tirisanommogo ya bona e ne e tlola melao ya tlhaolele.[6] Banyalani bano ba ne ba kgaogana kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1930.[2]
O ne a nna le morwadie wa ntlha, Carol, le monna wa mmala kwa Doornfontein ka 1920. Morago ga moo o ne a nna le morwadie wa bobedi, Francis, le monna yo mongwe ka 1926.[2]
Le Mofutsanyana, o ne a nna le morwadi yo mongwe, Hilda, ka 1928.[11]Moragonyana o ne a nna le morwa, Dennis, yo gongwe e neng e le ka ntlha ya go ratana le Moses Kotane.[2]
Mpama e ne e le Mokeresete yo o dirang, mme o ne a bua thata mo tumelong ya gagwe ya gore ga go na kganetsano fa gare ga tumelo ya gagwe ya Bokeresete le boineelo jwa gagwe mo bomorafe.[2]
Ka 2004, o ne a amogela Taelo ya ga Luthuli ka selefera Silver morago ga loso lwa gagwe ka ntlha ya go nna kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le go ema nokeng ditshwanelo tsa badiri.[12][13]
O emetswe ka setshwantsho se se setilweng kwa Sefikantsweng sa Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba kwa lefelong la tlholego la Groenkloof.[14]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Josie Palmer". South African History Online. Retrieved 19-11-2025
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Edgar, Robert R. (2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728.
- 1 2 3 "60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30)". The Mail & Guardian. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 19-11-25
- ↑ "Josesphine "Josie" Mpama". National Heritage Monument. Retrieved 19-11-25
- 1 2 3 4 van Rensburg, Fanie (N.S.) Jansen (May 2012). "Protest by Potchefstroom native location's residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950" (PDF). Historia. 57: 1: 22–41.
- 1 2 3 Dictionary of African biography. Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-985725-8. OCLC 767838646.
- 1 2 Van Wyk, Chris. (2010). Thabo Mofutsanyana. Gallo Manor, South Africa. ISBN 978-1-77008-385-1. OCLC 889937113.
- ↑ Roth, Mia (1 January 1996). "Josie Mpama: The contribution of a largely forgotten figure in the South African liberation struggle". Kleio. 28 (1): 120–136. doi:10.1080/00232089685310101. ISSN 0023-2084.
- ↑ The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history. Smith, Bonnie G., 1940-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-533786-0. OCLC 174537404.
- ↑ "Josie Palmer Mpama". Our Constitution. 21 April 1903. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ↑ "2. Potchefstroom: A Fighting Location". South African History Online. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 19-11-25
- ↑ "Josie (Palmer) Mpama (1903 - 1979)". The Presidency Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved19-11-25
- ↑ "President Mbeki honours South Africa's great". BBC Monitoring Africa. 16 June 2004.
- ↑ "The Long March to Freedom". National Heritage Monument. Retrieved 19-11-25