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Julius Nyerere

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Servant of God
Julius Nyerere
Nyerere in 1975
1st President of Tanzania
In office
29 October 1964 – 5 November 1985
Prime Minister
Vice PresidentFirst Vice President
Abeid Amani Karume
Aboud Jumbe
Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Second Vice President
Rashidi Kawawa
Pele Ga GagweTempolete:Ubli
Morago Ga GagweAli Hassan Mwinyi
President of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
In office
26 April 1964 – 29 October 1964
Vice President
  • CCM (1977–1999)
  • TANU (1954–1977)
Pele Ga GagweTempolete:Ubli
President of Tanganyika
In office
9 December 1962 – 26 April 1964
Prime MinisterRashidi Kawawa
Pele Ga GagweTempolete:Ubli
Morago Ga GagweTempolete:Ubli
Prime Minister of Tanganyika
In office
1 May 1961 – 22 January 1962
MonarchElizabeth II
Governor-GeneralSir Richard Trumbull
Pele Ga GagweHimself (as Chief Minister)
Morago Ga GagweRashidi Kawawa
Chief Minister of Tanganyika
In office
2 September 1960 – 1 May 1961
MonarchElizabeth II
Governor-GeneralSir Richard Turnbull
Pele Ga GagwePosition established
Morago Ga GagweHimself (as Prime Minister)
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweKambarage Nyerere
(1922-04-13)13 Moranang 1922
Butiama, Mara Region, Tanganyika Territory
O Tlhokafetse14 Diphalane 1999(1999-10-14) (aged 77)
London, England
PolokeloButiama, Mara Region, Tanzania
Mosetshaba waTanzanian
Mokgatlho
  • CCM (1977–1999)
  • TANU (1954–1977)
Mo/Bakapelo
​
(m. 1953)​
[1]
Bana
Alma mater
TiroTeacher
Awards

Julius Kambarage Nyerere (ka Seswahili ke: [ˈdʒulius kɑᵐbɑˈɾɑɠɛ ɲɛˈɾɛɾɛ] Moranang a le lesome le boraro 1922 – Phalane a le lesome le bone 1999) e ne e le lepolotiki la Tanzania, molweladipolotiki yo o kgatlhanong le bokolone. O ne a busa Tanganyika jaaka tonakgolo go tloga ka 1961 go fitlha ka 1962 mme morago a nna tautona go tloga ka 1962 go fitlha ka 1964, morago ga moo a etelela pele lefatshe le le neng la e tlhatlhama, e leng Tanzania, jaaka tautona go tloga ka 1964 go fitlha ka 1985. E ne e le leloko le le simolotseng le modulasetulo wa lekoko la Tanganyika African African Union (TANU) le lekoko la motlhatlhami wa yone, Chama Cha Mapinduzi, go tswa ka 1954 go fitlha ka 1990. Ka kgopolo e ne e le mosetshaba wa Aforika le mojammogo wa Aforika, o ne a rotloetsa dikakanyo tsa sepolotiki tse di neng di itsege jaaka Ujamaa.

Nyerere o tsholetswe kwa Butiama, kwa Mara, e ka nako eo e neng e le kwa koloning ya Borithane ya Tanganyika, mme e ne e le morwa wa kgosana ya Zanaki. Fa a sena go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekolo, o ne a ithuta kwa Kholetsheng ya Makerere kwa Uganda mme morago ga moo a ithuta kwa Yunibesithing ya Edinburgh kwa Scotland. Ka 1952 o ne a boela kwa Tanganyika, a nyala mme a bereka e le morutabana wa sekolo. Ka 1954, o ne a thusa go tlhama TANU, e ka yone a neng a dira letsholo la gore Tanganyika e ipuse mo Pusong ya Borithane. A tlhotlhelediwa ke moeteledipele wa boipuso jwa India Mahatma Gandhi, Nyerere o ne a rera boipelaetso jo bo senang thubakanyo go fitlhelela boikaelelo joo. A tlhophilwe mo Lekgotleng la Peomolao mo ditlhophong tsa 1958–1959, Nyerere o ne a etelela TANU pele go fenya mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 1960, a nna tona-kgolo. Dipuisano le balaodi ba Borithane di ne tsa felela ka gore Tanganyika e bone boipuso ka 1961. Ka 1962, Tanganyika e ne ya nna rephaboliki, mme Nyerere o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa yone wa ntlha. Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya latelela go tlosa bokolone le "Aforika" ya tirelosetshaba fa e ntse e rotloetsa kutlwano magareng ga maAforika a tlholego le batho ba bannye ba mafatshe a Asia le Yuropa. O ne a rotloetsa go tlhamiwa ga puso ya lekoko le le lengwe mme a latela go tlhamiwa ga Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe ga Mokgatlho wa Aforika Botlhaba le Uganda le Kenya mme a se ka a atlega. Botsuolodi jwa 1963 mo teng ga sesole bo ne jwa gatelelwa ka thuso ya Borithane.

Morago ga Phetogo ya Zanzibar ya 1964, setlhaketlhake sa Zanzibar se ne sa kopanngwa le Tanganyika go bopa Tanzania. Morago ga se, Nyerere o ne a gatelela thata go itshepa ga bosetshaba le bojammogo. Le fa bojammogo jwa gagwe bo ne bo farologana le jo bo neng bo rotloediwa ke Marx le Lenin, Tanzania e ne ya nna le kamano e e gaufi le China ya ga Mao Zedong. Ka 1967, Nyerere o ne a ntsha Kitsiso ya Arusha e e neng e tlhalosa pono ya gagwe ya ujamaa. Dibanka le madirelo a mangwe a magolo le dikompone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo pusong; thuto le tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo di ne tsa atolosiwa thata. Go ne ga gatelelwa gape tlhabololo ya temothuo ka go tlhama dipolase tsa morafe, le fa diphetogo tseo di ne tsa kgoreletsa tlhagiso ya dijo mme tsa tlogela mafelo a ikaegile ka thuso ya dijo. Puso ya gagwe e ne ya tlamela ka katiso le thuso go ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le bokolone tse di neng di lwantsha puso ya batho ba basweu go ralala borwa jwa Aforika mme ya okamela ntwa ya Tanzania ya 1978–1979 le Uganda e e neng ya felela ka go menolwa ga Tautona wa Uganda Idi Amin. Ka 1985, Nyerere o ne a tlogela tiro mme a tlhatlhangwa ke Ali Hassan Mwinyi, yo o neng a busetsa morago bontsi jwa melao ya ga Nyerere. O ne a nna modulasetilo wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi go fitlha ka 1990, a tshegetsa phetogo ya tsamaiso ya makoko a mantsi, mme moragonyana a dira jaaka motshereganyi mo maitekong a go fedisa Ntwa ya Selegae ya Burundi.

Nyerere e ne e le motho yo o neng a baka dikganetsano. Go ralala Aforika o ne a bona tlotlo e e anameng jaaka moganetsi wa bokolone mme mo pusong o ne a amogela pako ka go netefatsa gore, go farologana le bontsi jwa baagisani ba yone, Tanzania e ne ya nna e tlhomame le go nna seoposengwe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang boipuso. Go aga ga gagwe puso ya lekoko le le lengwe le go dirisa go tshwarwa kwa ntle ga tsheko go dirile gore a latofadiwe ka puso ya bobusaesi, fa gape a ntse a bonwa molato wa go sa laole itsholelo sentle. O tlotliwa thata mo Tanzania, kwa gantsi a bidiwang Mwalimu ("morutabana") yo o tlotlegang wa Seswahili mme a tlhalosiwa jaaka "RaSetshaba".

Botshelo jwa pele

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Bongwana: 1922-1934

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Julius Kambarage Nyerere o tshotswe ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro 1922 kwa Mwitongo, e leng kgaolo ya motse wa Butiama kwa Kgaolong ya Mara kwa Tanganyika.[2][3] E ne e le mongwe wa bana ba le masome mabedi le botlhano ba ba neng ba tshela ba ga Nyerere Burito, kgosi ya batho ba Zanaki.[4] Burito o ne a tshotswe ka 1860 mme a newa leina la "Nyerere" ("seboko" ka Zanaki) morago ga gore sebetso sa diboko se tlhasele lefelo la selegae ka nako ya fa a tsholwa.[5] Burito o ne a tlhomilwe go nna kgosi ka 1915, a tlhomiwa mo maemong ao ke batsamaisi ba mmusimogolo wa Jeremane ba se ka nako eo e neng e le Aforika Botlhaba jwa Jeremane;[5] maemo a gagwe gape a ne a tshegediwa ke puso ya mmusimogolo wa Borithane e e neng e tla.[6] Burito o ne a na le basadi ba le masome mabedi le bobedi, ba mmaagwe Julius, Mugaya Nyang'ombe, e neng e le wa botlhano mo go bone.[7] O ne a tshotswe ka 1892 mme a nyetse kgosi eo ka 1907, fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano.[8] Mugaya o ne a tsholela Burito barwa ba le bane le barwadi ba le bane, ba Nyerere e neng e le ngwana wa bobedi mo go bone; ba babedi ba bana ba gagwe ba ne ba tlhokafala ba sa ntse ba le masea.[9]

Basadi bao ba ne ba nna mo matlong a a farologaneng go dikologa lesaka la dikgomo la ga Burito, le mo gare ga lone go neng go na le ntlo ya gagwe e e sediko.[10] Zanaki e ne e le nngwe ya merafe e mennye go gaisa mo merafeng e le lekgolo le masome mabedi mo koloning ya Borithane mme morago ga moo ba ne ba kgaoganngwa ka dikgosi di robabobedi; ba ne ba tla kopanngwa fela ka fa tlase ga bogosi jwa ga Kgosi Wanzagi Nyerere, morwarraagwe Burito ka fa go mmaagwe, ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960.[11] Morafe wa ga Nyerere e ne e le Abhakibhweege.[12] Fa a tsholwa, Nyerere o ne a newa leina la setho la "Mugendi" ("Motsamai" ka Se-Zanaki) mme seo se ne sa fetolwa ka bonako go nna "Kambarage", leina la moya wa pula wa mosadi, ka kgakololo ya ngaka ya omugabhu.[13] Nyerere o godiseditswe mo thulaganyong ya tumelo ya medimo e mentsi ya Zanaki,[14] mme o ne a nna kwa ntlong ya ga mmaagwe, a thusa mo temong ya lebelebe;e, mmidi le medi ya cassava.[13] Le basimane ba bangwe ba selegae, o ne a tsaya karolo mo go diseng dipodi le dikgomo.[15] Ka nako nngwe o ne a dira ngwao ya go rupa ya setso ya Zanaki kwa Gabizuryo.[16] Jaaka morwa wa kgosi o ne a bona maatla le taolo e e neng e laolwa ke seAforika,[17] mme go nna mo lefelong leo go ne ga mo fa kananelo ya go tshela mmogo mo go neng go tla tlhotlheletsa dikakanyo tsa gagwe tsa sepolotiki tsa moragonyana.[18]

Go tsena sekolo: 1934–1942

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Tsamaiso ya bokolone ya Borithane e ne ya rotloetsa thuto ya barwa ba dikgosi, ka go dumela gore seo se tla thusa go tsweledisa tsamaiso ya dikgosi le go thibela tlhabololo ya batho ba maemo ba ba rutegileng ba tlholego ba ba ka gwetlhang puso ya bokolone.[19] Ka tlhotlheletso ya ga rraagwe, Nyerere o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe kwa Sekolong sa Tsamaiso ya Batlhago kwa Mwisenge, Musoma ka Tlhakole 1934, mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome mararo le botlhano go tswa kwa legaeng la gagwe.[20] Seo se ne sa dira gore a nne mo maemong a a kwa godimo; bontsi jwa batho ba motlha wa gagwe kwa Butiama ba ne ba sa kgone go duelela thuto ya motheo.[21] Thuto ya gagwe e ne e le ka Seswahili, puo e a neng a tshwanelwa ke go e ithuta fa a le koo.[22] Nyerere o ne a dira sentle thata mo sekolong seo, mme morago ga dikgwedi di le thataro maduo a gagwe a ditlhatlhobo di ne di le mo go reng o ne a letlwa go tlola mophato.[23] O ne a tila ditiro tsa metshameko mme a rata go bala mo ntlong ya gagwe ya borobalo ka nako ya boikhutso.[24]

Fa a le kwa sekolong o ne a dira gape le ngwao ya go thiba meno a Zanaki go lootsa meno a gagwe a a kwa godimo a a kwa pele go nna dintlha tsa khutlo tse tharo.[25] E ka tswa e le ka nako eo fa a ne a simolola go goga motsoko, e leng mokgwa o a neng a o boloka ka masomesome a dingwaga.[26] Gape o ne a simolola go kgatlhegela Bokatoliki jwa Roma, le fa kwa tshimologong a ne a tshwenyegile ka go tlogela go obamela medimo ya setso ya batho ba gagwe.[11] Le tsala ya gagwe ya sekolo Mang’ombe Marwa, Nyerere o ne a tsamaya dimaele di le lesome le bone go ya kwa Setheong sa Borongwa sa Nyegina, se se neng se tsamaisiwa ke Borre ba Basweu, go ithuta go le gontsi ka bodumedi jwa Bokeresete; le fa Marwa a ne a feleletsa a eme, Nyerere o ne a tswelela.[27] Sekolo sa gagwe se se botlana se ne sa fela ka 1936; maduo a gagwe a bofelo a tlhatlhobo di ne di le kwa godimo go gaisa moithuti ope fela mo kgaolong ya kgaolo ya Letsha le ya kgaolo ya Bophirima.[28]

Botswerere jwa gagwe jwa thuto bo ne jwa mo letla go bona thuso ya madi a puso ya go tsena Sekolo sa Puso sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa Tabora, e leng sekolo se segolwane kwa Tabora.[29] Koo, o ne a tila gape ditiro tsa metshameko mme a thusa go tlhoma setlhopha sa Boy Scout morago ga go bala Scouting for Boys.[30] Barutwana ka ene moragonyana ba ne ba mo gakologelwa e le motho yo o nang le keletso ya maemo le yo o gaisanang, yo o neng a tlhwaafaletse go nna kwa godimo ga setlhopha mo ditlhatlhobong.[31] O ne a dirisa dibuka mo motlobong wa dibuka wa sekolo go tsweledisa kitso ya gagwe ya puo ya Seesemane go ya kwa maemong a a kwa godimo.[32] O ne a amega thata mo mokgatlhong wa dingangisano wa sekolo,[33] mme barutabana ba ne ba mo kgothaletsa go nna moeteledipele wa sekolo, mme seo se ne sa thibelwa ke mogokgo, yo o neng a tlhalosa Nyerere jaaka yo o "pelonomi thata" mo maemong ao.[34] Go dumalana le ngwao ya Zanaki, Nyerere o ne a tsena mo lenyalong le le rulagantsweng le mosetsana yo o bidiwang Magori Watiha, yo ka nako eo a neng a le dingwaga di le tharo kgotsa di le nne fela mme a mo tlhophetswe ke rraagwe. Ka nako eo ba ne ba tswelela go nna ba kgaogane.[35] Ka Mopitlo 1942, ka ngwaga wa bofelo wa ga Nyerere kwa Tabora, rraagwe o ne a tlhokafala; sekolo se ne sa gana kopo ya gagwe ya go boela gae go ya phitlhong.[36] Morwarraagwe Nyerere, Edward Wanzagi Nyerere, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa ga rraabone.[37] Nyerere o ne a swetsa go kolobediwa jaaka Mokatoliki wa Roma;[38] fa a kolobediwa, o ne a tsaya leina la "Julius",[39] le fa moragonyana a ne a bolela gore go ne go le "boeleele" gore Bakatoliki ba tshwanetse go "tsaya leina le lengwe kwa ntle ga leina la morafe" fa ba kolobediwa.[40]

Kholetshe ya Makerere, kwa Uganda: 1943–1947

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Kago e kgolo kwa Yunibesithing ya Makerere kwa Uganda, kwa Nyerere a neng a ithutela thuto ya borutabana gone

Ka Phalane 1941, Nyerere o ne a wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekontari mme a swetsa go ithuta kwa Kholetsheng ya Makerere kwa toropong ya Kampala kwa Uganda.[41] O ne a bona bursary go duelela dithuto tsa borutabana koo,[42] a goroga kwa Uganda ka Firikgong 1943.[43] Kwa Makerere, o ne a ithuta mmogo le baithuti ba le bantsi ba ba nang le bokgoni thata ba Aforika Botlhaba,[44] le fa a ne a sa dirise nako e ntsi a itsalanya le ba bangwe, go na le moo o ne a tlhoma mogopolo mo go baleng ga gagwe.[45] O ne a dira dithuto tsa chemistry, biology, SeLatin le Segerika.[46] Fa a tsenelela mo Bokatoliking jwa gagwe, o ne a ithuta Di-Encyclical tsa Bopapa mme a bala tiro ya batlhalefi ba Katoliki jaaka Jacques Maritain;[46] le fa go ntse jalo e e neng ya tlhotlheletsa thata e ne e le dikwalwa tsa motlhaledi wa Borithane yo o gololesegileng John Stuart Mill.[47] O ne a fenya kgaisano ya dikwalo ka tlhamo e e neng e bua ka go fenngwa ga basadi, e a neng a dirisitse dikgopolo tsa ga Mill mo setshabeng sa Zanaki.[48] Nyerere gape e ne e le leloko le le tlhagafetseng la Mokgatlho wa Dingangisano wa Makere,[45] mme a tlhoma lekala la Tiro ya Katoliki kwa yunibesithing.[46]

Ka Phukwi 1943, o ne a kwala lekwalo go Tanganyika Standard e mo go yone a neng a bua ka Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi e e neng e tsweletse mme a nganga gore bokapitale bo ne bo sa tlwaelesega mo Aforika le gore kontinente e tshwanetse go retologela kwa "bojammogong jwa Aforika".[49] Lekwalo la gagwe le ne la tswelela ka go bolela gore "Moaforika yo o rutegileng o tshwanetse go etelela pele" mo go sutisetseng baagi kwa sekaong se se tlhamaletseng sa bojammogo.[50] Molony o ne a akanya gore lekwalo leo "le tshwaya tshimologo ya go butswa ga ga Nyerere mo dipolotiking, bogolo jang mo go anyweng le go tlhabololeng dikakanyo tsa batlhalefi ba bantsho ba ba eteletseng pele ba nako eo."[50] Ka 1943, Nyerere, Andrew Tibandebage le Hamza Kibwana Bakari Mwapachu ba ne ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa Boitekanelo jwa Aforika wa Tanganyika (TAWA) go thusa palo e nnye ya baithuti ba Tanganyika kwa Makerere.[51] TAWA e ne ya letlelewa go swa, mme mo boemong jwa yone Nyerere o ne a tsosolosa kgaolo ya Makerere e e neng e sule thata ya Mokgatlho wa Aforika wa Tanganyika (TAA), le fa le yone e ne e sa tlhole e dira ka 1947.[52] Le fa a ne a itse ka ga go tlhaola batho ka letso go tswa mo setlhopheng se sennye sa bokolone sa basweu, o ne a gatelela go tshwara batho jaaka batho ka bongwe, a lemoga gore batho ba le bantsi ba basweu ba ne ba sa tlhotlheletse Maaforika a tlholego.[53] Morago ga dingwaga di le tharo, Nyerere o ne a aloga kwa Makerere ka dipoloma ya thuto.[54]

Go ruta ga pele: 1947–1949

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Fa a tswa kwa Makerere, Nyerere o ne a boela gae kwa kgaolong ya Zanaki go ya go agela mmaagwe yo o neng e le motlholagadi ntlo, pele ga a dirisa nako ya gagwe go bala le go lema kwa Butiama.[55] O ne a fiwa maemo a go ruta kwa Sekolong sa Basimane sa Tabora se se tsamaisiwang ke puso le kwa St Mary's se se tsamaisiwang ke borongwa, mme a tlhopha sa bofelo le fa se ne se mo neela tuelo e e kwa tlase.[56] O ne a tsaya karolo mo kganetsanong ya phatlalatsa le barutabana ba babedi go tswa kwa Sekolong sa Basimane sa Tabora, e mo go yone a neng a nganga kgatlhanong le polelo ya gore "Moaforika o solegetswe molemo go feta Moyuropa fa e sa le Aforika e kgaoganngwa"; morago ga go fenya kganetsano, morago ga moo o ne a thibelwa go boela kwa sekolong.[57] Kwa ntle ga dioura tsa sekolo, o ne a naya dithuto tsa mahala tsa Seesemane go batho ba ba godileng ba lefelo leo,[58] mme gape a neela dipuo ka dikgang tsa sepolotiki.[59] O ne gape a dira ka nakwana jaaka motlhatlhobi wa ditlhwatlhwa tsa puso, a tsena mo mabenkeleng go tlhola gore ba duedisa bokae, le fa a ne a tlogela tiro morago ga gore balaodi ba itlhokomolose dipego tsa gagwe ka ga ditlhwatlhwa tse e seng tsa nnete.[60] Fa a le kwa Tabora, mosadi yo Nyerere a neng a rulaganyeditswe go mo nyala, Magori Watiha, o ne a romelwa go ya go nna le ene go ya go tswelela ka thuto ya gagwe ya motheo koo, le fa a ne a mo fetisetsa go ya go nna le mmaagwe.[61] Go na le moo, o ne a simolola go ratana le Maria Gabriel, morutabana kwa Sekolong se sebotlana sa Nyegina kwa Musoma; le fa a ne a tswa mo morafeng wa Simbiti, o ne a abelana le Nyerere Boroma jo bo ineetseng.[62] O ne a mo kopa lenyalo mme ba beeletsana ka tsela e e sa rulaganngwang ka Keresemose ya 1948.[63]

Kwa Tabora, o ne a gagamatsa ditiro tsa gagwe tsa sepolotiki, a tsenela lekala la selegae la TAA mme a nna ramatlotlo wa lone.[64] Lekala le ne la bula lebenkele la tirisanommogo le le rekisang dithoto tsa motheo jaaka sukiri, bupi le molora.[65] Ka Moranang 1946 o ne a tsenela khuduthamaga ya mokgatlho kwa Dar es Salaam, kwa TAA e neng ya ipolela semmuso gore e ikemiseditse go tshegetsa boipuso jwa Tanganyika.[66] Le Tibandebage o ne a dira mo go kwaleng gape molaomotheo wa TAA mme a dirisa setlhopha go kokoanya kganetso ya Colonial Paper 210 mo kgaolong, a dumela gore phetogo ya ditlhopho e ne e diretswe go tswelela go naya batho ba basweu ba ba kwa tlase tshiamelo.[67] Kwa St Mary’s, Rre Richard Walsh—moruti wa Mo-Ireland yo e neng e le mokaedi wa sekolo seo—o ne a kgothaletsa Nyerere gore a akanyetse go tsena thuto e e oketsegileng kwa United Kingdom. Walsh o ne a dira gore Nyerere a kwale tlhatlhobo ya materiki ya Yunibesithi ya London, e a neng a e pasa ka karolo ya bobedi ka Ferikgong 1948.[68] O ne a dira kopo ya matlole go tswa go Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme mme kwa tshimologong o ne a se ka a atlega, le fa a ne a atlega mo maitekong a gagwe a bobedi, ka 1949.[69] O ne a dumela go ithuta kwa moseja, le fa a ne a supa go oshaosha go sekae ka gonne go ne go raya gore ga a kitla a tlhola a kgona go tlamela mmaagwe le barwarraagwe.[70]

Yunibesithi ya Edinburgh: 1949–1952

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Ka Moranang 1949, Nyerere o ne a tsamaya ka sefofane go tswa kwa Dar es Salaam go ya kwa Southampton, kwa Enyelane.[71] O ne a tsamaya, ka terena, go tswa kwa Lontone go ya kwa Edinburgh.[72] Mo toropong e, Nyerere o ne a tsaya borobalo mo kagong ya "batho ba bokolone" kwa torotswaneng ya The Grange.[73] Fa a simolola dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Yunibesithing ya Edinburgh, o ne a simolola ka thuto e khutshwane ya Chemistry le Physics mme gape a pasa Seesemane se se Kwa Godimo mo Tlhatlhobong ya ntlha ya Diyunibesithi tsa Scotland.[74] Ka Phalane 1949 o ne a amogelwa go tsenela go ithutela digerata ya Masters ya Arts kwa Faculty of Arts ya Yunibesithi ya Edinburgh; ya gagwe e ne e le Digerata e e tlwaelesegileng ya Master of Arts, e e neng e tsewa e le digerata ya pele ga kalogo, e e lekanang le Bachelor of Arts mo diyunibesithing di le dintsi tsa Seesemane.[75]

Ka 1949, Nyerere e ne e le mongwe wa baithuti ba le babedi fela ba bantsho go tswa kwa dikgaolong tsa Borithane tsa Aforika Botlhaba ba ba neng ba ithuta kwa Scotland.[76] Mo ngwageng wa ntlha wa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa MA, o ne a dira dithuto tsa dikwalo tsa Seesemane, itsholelo ya sepolotiki le thuto-loago ya loago; mo go ya bofelo, o ne a rutwa ke Ralph Piddington.[77] Mo go ya bobedi, o ne a tlhopha dithuto mo ditsong tsa itsholelo le ditso tsa Borithane, ya bofelo e ne ya rutwa ke Richard Pares, yo moragonyana Nyerere a neng a mo tlhalosa jaaka "monna yo o botlhale yo o neng a nthuta thata ka se se dirang gore Borithane e tsapoge".[78] Mo ngwageng wa boraro, o ne a tsaya thuto ya molao wa molaomotheo e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Lawrence Saunders le botlhale jwa maitsholo.[79] Le fa maduo a gagwe a ne a sa tlhomologe, a ne a mo kgontsha go pasa dithuto tsotlhe tsa gagwe.[80] Morutuntshi wa gagwe wa botlhale jwa maitsholo o ne a mo tlhalosa jaaka "tokololo e e botlhale le e e matlhagatlhaga ya setlhopha le ya makoko".[81]

Nyerere o ne a bona ditsala tse dintsi kwa Edinburgh,[82] mme a tsalana le batho ba Nigeria le Maindia a Bophirima a a nnang mo toropong.[83] Ga go na dipego tsa gore Nyerere o ne a tlhaolwa ka lotso fa a ne a le kwa Scotland; le fa go ka kgonega gore a kopane le yone, baithuti ba le bantsi ba bantsho kwa Borithane ka nako eo ba ne ba bega gore baithuti ba basweu ba Borithane ka kakaretso ba ne ba se na tlhaolele e ntsi go feta makala a mangwe a baagi.[84] Mo dithutong, ka kakaretso o ne a tshwarwa jaaka yo o lekanang le balekane ba gagwe ba basweu, se se neng sa mo fa go itshepha mo go oketsegileng,[80] mme se ka tswa se thusitse go bopa tumelo ya gagwe mo merafeng e mentsi.[85] Ka nako ya fa a ne a le kwa Edinburgh, a ka tswa a ne a dira tiro ya nakwana go itshedisa le go tlamela lelapa la gagwe kwa Tanganyika; ene le baithuti ba bangwe ba ne ba ya kwa polaseng ya kwa Wales ka malatsi a boikhutso kwa ba neng ba roba ditapole gone.[86] Ka 1951, o ne a etela kwa Lontone go ya go kopana le baithuti ba bangwe ba Tanganyika le go tsenelela Moletlo wa Borithane.[87] Ka one ngwaga oo, o ne a kwala mmogo mokwalo mo lokwalodikgang la The Student e mo go yone a neng a nyatsa maano a go tsenya Tanganyika mo Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland, e ene le mokwadi-mmogo John Keto ba neng ba lemoga gore e ne e diretswe go tsweletsa taolo ya batho ba basweu ba bannye mo kgaolong eo.[88] Ka Tlhakole 1952, o ne a ya kwa kopanong e e neng e bua ka kgang ya Federation e e neng e rulagantswe ke Setlhopha sa Dikereke tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe; gareng ga ba ba neng ba bua kwa kopanong eo e ne e le moithuti wa bongaka—le moeteledipele wa nako e e tlang wa Malawi—Hastings Banda.[89] Ka Phukwi 1952, Nyerere o ne a aloga kwa yunibesithing ka Digerata e e Tlwaelesegileng ya Master of Arts.[90] Fa a tswa kwa Edinburgh beke eo, o ne a newa nako e khutshwane ya go etela Lekgotla la Borithane go ya go ithuta motheo wa thuto kwa Enyelane, mme a nna kwa Lontone.[91]

  1. ↑ "Obituary: Julius Nyerere". The Daily Telegraph (London). 15 October 1999. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8041150/Julius-Nyerere.html.
  2. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 11, 37–38; Bjerk 2015, p. 24; Bjerk 2017, p. 27.
  3. ↑ Nyerere was not aware of his date of birth for much of his life; he claimed that he was born in February 1921 for at least his first twenty-five years. He discovered his actual date of birth in the late 1960s, when it was revealed that a local elder, Mtokambali Bukiri, had made a note of it in his medical records for the community.[3]
  4. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 40; Molony 2014, p. 12.
  5. 1 2 Molony 2014, p. 32.
  6. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 33.
  7. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 13, 34.
  8. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 34; Bjerk 2017, p. 27.
  9. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 40.
  10. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 13.
  11. 1 2 Assensoh 1998, p. 125.
  12. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 12.
  13. 1 2 Molony 2014, p. 38.
  14. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 16–17.
  15. ↑ Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, p. 39; Bjerk 2017, p. 28.
  16. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 38; Bjerk 2017, p. 28.
  17. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 41.
  18. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 39.
  19. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 35.
  20. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 43; Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, pp. 43, 46; Bjerk 2017, p. 29.
  21. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 45.
  22. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 45; Bjerk 2017, p. 30.
  23. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 46.
  24. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 47.
  25. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 42; Molony 2014, p. 52; Bjerk 2017, p. 28.
  26. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 52.
  27. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 48, 50; Bjerk 2017, p. 30.
  28. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 53.
  29. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 45; Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, p. 53; Bjerk 2017, p. 31.
  30. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 54–56.
  31. ↑ Smith 1973, pp. 45–46; Assensoh 1998, pp. 125–126.
  32. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 57.
  33. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 46; Molony 2014, p. 59; Bjerk 2017, p. 31.
  34. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 46; Molony 2014, p. 57.
  35. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 82–83; Bjerk 2017, p. 31.
  36. ↑ Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, pp. 13, 59; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  37. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 36.
  38. ↑ Assensoh 1998, p. 125; Molony 2014, pp. 62–63; Bjerk 2015, p. 25; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  39. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 40; Molony 2014, p. 63; Bjerk 2015, p. 25; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  40. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 45.
  41. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 461; Assensoh 1998, p. 126; Molony 2014, p. 61; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  42. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 63.
  43. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 64.
  44. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 65–66.
  45. 1 2 Molony 2014, p. 66.
  46. 1 2 3 Molony 2014, p. 75.
  47. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 46; Assensoh 1998, p. 126; Molony 2014, p. 73; Bjerk 2017, pp. 32–33.
  48. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 73; Bjerk 2017, p. 33.
  49. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 68–69; Bjerk 2017, p. 33.
  50. 1 2 Molony 2014, p. 72.
  51. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 76; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  52. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 46; Molony 2014, pp. 76–77; Bjerk 2017, p. 32.
  53. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 66–67.
  54. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 47; Molony 2014, pp. 78–79.
  55. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 47; Molony 2014, p. 79.
  56. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 47; Molony 2014, pp. 79–80; Bjerk 2017, p. 33.
  57. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 86.
  58. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 47; Molony 2014, p. 81.
  59. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 86–87.
  60. ↑ Smith 1973, pp. 47–48; Bjerk 2017, p. 34.
  61. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 83–84.
  62. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 48; Molony 2014, pp. 89–91; Bjerk 2017, pp. 35–36.
  63. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 48; Molony 2014, p. 97.
  64. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 81.
  65. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 47; Molony 2014, p. 81; Bjerk 2017, p. 34.
  66. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 48; Molony 2014, p. 81; Bjerk 2017, p. 34.
  67. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 87.
  68. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 93.
  69. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 94; Bjerk 2017, p. 35.
  70. ↑ Smith 1973, p. 48.
  71. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 101; Bjerk 2017, p. 36.
  72. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 102.
  73. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 104.
  74. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 107.
  75. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 108.
  76. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 110.
  77. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 111.
  78. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 112.
  79. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 112–113.
  80. 1 2 Molony 2014, p. 113.
  81. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 114.
  82. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 122.
  83. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 142.
  84. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 121.
  85. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 175.
  86. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 115–116.
  87. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 135.
  88. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 138.
  89. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 141.
  90. ↑ Molony 2014, p. 180; Bjerk 2017, p. 38.
  91. ↑ Molony 2014, pp. 180–181.
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