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Katoloso ya Bantu

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Chronological overview after Nurse and Philippson (2003):1 = 4,000–3,500 BP: origin1 = 4,000–3,500 BP: origin 2 = 3,500 BP: initial expansion 3 = 2,000–1,500 BP: Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu 4–7: southward advance 9 = 2,500 BP: Congo nucleus 10 = 2,000–1,000 BP: last phase

Katoloso ya Bantu [1] [2] [3]ke kakanyo e e tshitshintsweng ke Roland Oliver ka 1966, e e lekang go tlhalosa go gasagana ga ditlhopha tse di buang Sebantu ka go tsamaisana ga lefelo le setlhopha sa puo.[4]

Diphudugo tsa setlhopha sa ntlha se se buang Se-Proto-Bantu,[5] di ne tsa anama go tswa kwa tshimologong e e dikologileng Aforika Bophirima-Bogare go ralala Aforika Bogare, Aforika Botlhaba, le Aforika Borwa. Mo tsamaisong, baagi ba ba buang Se-Proto-Bantu ba ne ba fudusa, ba emisetsa, kgotsa ba monya ditlhopha tsa batsomi-baphuthi le badisa tse di neng di le teng pele tse ba neng ba kopana le tsone.

Go na le bosupi jwa puo jwa katoloso e – bontsi jwa dipuo tse di buiwang go ralala Aforika e e kwa tlase ga Ekhweitha di tshwana ka tsela e e gakgamatsang, se se akantshang tshimologo ya setso e e tshwanang ya bošeng ya babui ba tsona ba ntlha. Motheo wa puo wa dipuo tsa Bantu, tse di bopang lekala la lelapa la dipuo tsa Atlantic-Congo, o ne o le kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa borwa jwa Cameroon.[9] Bosupi jwa dijini gape bo supa gore go ne go na le khudugo e kgolo ya batho go tswa kwa Aforika bogare, ka maemo a a farologaneng a go tlhakana le baagi ba selegae.[6]

Aforika botlhaba le borwa jwa bogologolo jwa motlha wa tshipi

Go dumelwa gore go atologa gono go ne ga diragala bobotlana ka makhubu a mabedi, fa gare ga dingwaga di ka nna 4 000 le 2 000 tse di fetileng (mo e ka nnang ka 2 000 B.C.E. go ya go 1 C.E.). Tshekatsheko ya puo e supa gore katoloso e ne ya tswelela ka ditsela tse pedi: ya ntlha e ne ya kgabaganya kgotsa go bapa le molelwane wa Bokone wa kgaolo ya sekgwa sa Congo (go ya kwa Aforika Botlhaba), mme ya bobedi – mme gongwe le tse dingwe – e ne ya ya kwa borwa go bapa le lebopo la Atlantic la Aforika go tsena mo lefelong le jaanong e leng Rephaboliki ya Gabon, Gameroon theCongo, Congo, Angola, kana kwa teng ga naga go bapa le dinoka tse dintsi tse di elelang go tswa kwa borwa go ya kwa bokone tsa thulaganyo ya Noka ya Congo. Katoloso e ne ya fitlha kwa Aforika Borwa, gongwe ka 300 CE.[7]

Dikgopolo tsa katoloso

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Ba-Bantu ba dumela gore go ka direga thata gore go atologa ga Ba-Bantu go simolotse kwa dithabeng tse di fa gare ga Cameroon le Nigeria.[8] Kgaolo ya Mambilla ya 60,000-km2 e e kgabaganyang melelwane fano e supilwe jaaka e e nang le masalela a "Bantu ba ba neng ba nna kwa gae" jaaka fa bontsi jwa babui ba Se-Bantu ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong. Bosupi jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo go tswa mo ditirong tse di farologaneng tsa ga Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 le 1988) le Rigobert Tueché (2000) mo kgaolong e supa tsweletso ya setso go tloga ka 3000 BCE go fitlha gompieno. Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa dithaba tsa Bamenda (tse di nnileng dingwaga di le 2000 go fitlha gompieno), tse di batlang di le kwa borwa mme di bapile le kgaolo ya Mambilla, di na le hisitori ya bogologolo ya go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa kgaolong ya Mambilla.

Kwa tshimologong, baithutamarope ba ne ba dumela gore ba ka fitlhela ditshwano tsa baepi ba bogologolo mo ditsong tsa bogologolo tsa kgaolo tse go neng go tsewa gore batho ba ba buang puo ya Bantu ba ne ba di kgabaganya. Baitseanape ba dipuo, ba tlhaola dipuo le go tlhama lenaane la dikamano tsa losika, ba ne ba dumela gore ba ka aga sešwa dielemente tsa setso sa dilo tse di bonalang. Ba ne ba dumela gore go atologa gono go bakilwe ke go tlhabologa ga temothuo, go dira dilo tse di dirilweng ka letsopa le go dirisa tshipi, e leng se se neng sa dira gore go kgonege go dirisa dikgaolo tse disha tsa ikholoji. Ka 1966, Roland Oliver o ne a gatisa athikele e e neng e tlhagisa dikamano tseno jaaka kakanyo e e utlwalang.

Dikarolo tsa bagologolwane mo bathong ba ba buang Se-Bantu

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Katoloso ya Bantu e e neng e akanyediwa e ne ya kgarameletsa kwa ntle kgotsa ya tshwaetsa proto-Khoisan ya batsomi-batho ba ba batlang dijo, ba ba neng ba nna mo Aforika Borwa pele. Kwa Afrika Botlhaba le Borwa, batho ba ba buang puo ya Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba amogela go rua diruiwa go tswa mo bathong ba bangwe ba ba sa amaneng ba ba buang Se-Cushitic le Se-Nilotic ba ba neng ba kopana le bone. Mekgwa ya go disa e ne ya fitlha kwa borwa jo bo kgakala makgolokgolo a dingwaga pele ga bafaladi ba ba buang Se-Bantu ba dira jalo. Bosupi jwa thutamarope, puo, dijini le tikologo tsotlhe di tshegetsa tshwetso ya gore katoloso ya Bantu e ne e le khudugo e e botlhokwa ya batho. Ka kakaretso, metsamao ya batho ba ba buang puo ya Bantu go tswa kwa kgaolong ya molelwane wa Cameroon/Nigeria go ralala bontsi jwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e ne ya bopa sešwa ka botlalo popego ya dijini tsa kontinente mme ya baka go tlhakana go go tseneletseng magareng ga bafaladi le baagi ba selegae. Thutopatlisiso ya dijini ya 2023 ya babui ba Bantu ba le 1,487 ba ba tserweng disampole go tswa mo baaging ba le 143 go ralala dinaga di le 14 tsa Aforika e senotse gore katoloso e diragetse dingwaga di le ~4,000 tse di fetileng kwa Aforika Bophirima. Dipholo di bontshitse gore babui ba Bantu ba ne ba amogela kelelo e e bonalang ya dijini go tswa mo ditlhopheng tsa selegae mo dikgaolong tse ba neng ba atologela kwa go tsone.

Go ikaegilwe ka bosupi jwa meno, Irish (2016) o ne a swetsa ka gore bagologolwane ba ba tshwanang ba batho ba Aforika Bophirima le ba Proto-Bantu ba ka tswa ba simolotse kwa kgaolong e e kwa bophirima jwa Sahara, mo gare ga paka ya Kiffian kwa Gobero, mme ba ka tswa ba fudugetse kwa borwa, go tswa kwa Sahara go tsena mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa Aforika Bophirima, Nigeria, Cagomer a, sephetho sa Ben. go fetoga sekaka ga Sahara e Tala ka 7000 BCE. Go tswa kwa Nigeria le Cameroon, batho ba Proto-Bantu ba temothuo ba ne ba simolola go fuduga, mme mo gare ga go fuduga, ba ne ba fapogela kwa bathong ba Bantu ba Botlhaba (sekao, Rephaboliki ya Temokerasi ya Congo) le batho ba Bantu ba Bophirima (sekao, Congo, Gabon) magareng ga 2500 BCE le 1200 BCE. O akantsha gore batho ba Igbo le Y .batho ba oruba ba ka tswa ba na le motswako go tswa mo bathong ba Bantu ba ba fudugetseng kwa morago.

Temokerafi ya nako ya pele ga katoloso

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Pele ga go atologa ga balemirui ba ba buang Se-Bantu, go ka direga gore Afrika Bogare, Borwa le Borwabotlhaba bo ne bo na le batho ba ba batlang dijo tsa Ba-Pygmy, batsomi-baphuthi ba ba buang Se-Khoisan, badisa ba ba buang Se-Nilo-Sahara le badisa ba ba buang Se-Cushitic.

Aforika Bogare

Go akanngwa gore Ba-Pygmy le Ba-Bantu ba Aforika Bogare ba ne ba tswa mo palong e e tshwanang ya bagologolwane c. Dingwaga di le 70 000 tse di fetileng.[9] Ditlhopha tse dintsi tsa Batwa di bua dipuo tsa Bantu; le fa go ntse jalo, karolo e kgolo ya tlotlofoko ya bone ga se ya Bantu ka tshimologo. Bontsi jwa tlotlofoko eno ke ya dimela, e dira ka go kokoanya tswina ya dinotshe, kgotsa ka tsela nngwe e kgethegile mo sekgweng mme e abelanwa magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batwa ba bophirima. Go tshitshintswe gore se ke masalela a puo e e ikemetseng ya Batwa ba bophirima (Mbenga kgotsa "Baaka").[10]

Borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika

Pele ga go goroga ga Ba-Bantu kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika, batho ba ba buang Se-Cushitic ba ne ba fudugetse kwa kgaolong eno go tswa kwa Dithabeng tsa Ethiopia le kwa mafelong a mangwe a a kwa bokone thata. Makhubu a ntlha a ne a na le babui ba Se-Cushitic ba kwa Borwa, ba ba neng ba nna go dikologa Letsha la Turkana le dikarolo tsa Tanzania go simolola dingwaga di ka nna 5 000 tse di fetileng. Makgolokgolo a dingwaga moragonyana, mo e ka nnang ka 1000 C.E., babui bangwe ba Se-Cushitic sa Botlhaba le bone ba ne ba nna kwa bokone le kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle lwa Kenya.[11]

Batsomi-baphuthi ba ba buang Sekhoisan le bona ba ne ba nna mo Borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika pele ga katoloso ya Bantu.

Baagi ba badisa ba ba buang Se-Nilo-Sahara ba ne ba na le setlhopha sa boraro sa baagi ba lefelo leno ba pele ga katoloso ya Bantu.

Borwa jwa Aforika

Pele ga katoloso ya Bantu, batho ba ba buang Se-Khoisan ba ne ba nna kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Ditlogolwana tsa bone di tlhakane thata le batho ba bangwe mme tsa amogela dipuo tse dingwe. Ba le mmalwa ba santse ba tshela ka go batla dijo, gantsi ba tlalelediwa ka go direla balemirui ba ba mabapi mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go dikologa sekaka sa Kalahari, fa palo e kgolwane ya Nama e tswelela ka go iphedisa ka setso ka go rua leruo kwa Namibia le mo Afrika Borwa e e mabapi.

Hisetori le tlhabololo

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Babui ba Seporoto-Bantu

Dipitsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanweng sebakeng se nnileng babui ba Bantu (Shum Laka leboya la Cameroon) ke tsa 5000 B.C.E. Batho ba ba buang Se-Proto-Bantu ba ne ba nna kwa metseng mme ba jala oli ya mokolane, manoko, ditlhaka, gongwe le di- yam. Ba ne ba dirisa didirisiwa tsa maje, ba na le dipodi le dinonyane tsa guinea, mme ba aga mekoro e e neng e dirisiwa go tshwara ditlhapi.

Katoloso

Le fa go dirilwe dipatlisiso tse di tseneletseng, se se bakileng katoloso ya Bantu, le sa dikaelo tse di tserweng, se santse se sa tlhaloganyesege,[a] se se dirileng gore barutegi bangwe ba dumele gore e simolotse ka phoso. Le fa go ntse jalo go na le tumalano ya gore go nnile le ditiragalo tse dintsi tsa go gasaganya.:

c. 5000 B.C.E. go ya go c. 500 C.E.

Go lebega go ka direga gore katoloso ya batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu go tswa kwa kgaolong ya bona ya konokono kwa Aforika Bophirima e simolotse ka 4000–3500 BCE. Ga go tlhaloganyesege gore a tiragalo ya ntlha ya go gasaganya e ne ya felela ka go fuduga kgotsa go gasaganya go go nnye go go diragetseng ka dinako tse di farologaneng.: 23 Le fa dikai tsa ntlha di ne di tlhomamisa gore dibui tsa ntlha di ne di dirisa tshipi le temothuo, bosupi jo bo tlhomameng jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo bo ne bo sa dirise tshipi. 400 B.C.E., le fa e ne e le tsa temothuo. Batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse di anameng tse di neng tsa phatlalala ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, tse di bidiwang "Molapo wa Bophirima" le "Molapo wa Botlhaba".: 23–24

Molapo wa Bophirima

Mafelo a a kwa borwa jwa Shum Laka (kwa borwa jwa Cameroon le Gabon) a supa gore Molapo wa Bophirima o simolotse fa gare ga 5000 le 3000 BCE: 24 Kgatelopele ya ntlha e ne e le bonya thata, mme Cameroon e e fa gare e ne ya fitlhelelwa fela mo e ka nnang ka 1500 BCE. Go nna bonya gono go ne go bakilwe ke go tlhoka didirisiwa tsa tshipi kwa tshimologong tse di ka bong di dirile gore go phepafatsa sekgwa go nne bonolo thata, mme Molapo wa Bophirima o ka tswa o ne o latela lebopo le dinoka tse dikgolo tsa thulaganyo ya Congo go ya kwa borwa. Gape ba ka tswa ba dirisitse lewatle go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e kwa borwa ya sekgwa sa pula. 25 Go akanngwa gore go senyega ga sekgwa sa pula sa Aforika Bophirima-Bogare ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete magareng ga 2000 BCE le 500 BCE go thusitse go atologa. Ba ne ba fitlha kwa bogareng jwa Angola ka bo 500 BCE.

Molapo wa Botlhaba

Setshwantsho se se takilweng mo lefikeng sa banna ba ba nang le dithebe

Molapo wa Botlhaba, o go akanngwang gore o simolotse morago ga Molapo wa Bophirima, o ne wa phatlalala kwa botlhaba, gongwe go bapa le molelwane o o kwa bokone wa sekgwa sa pula, kgotsa go bapa le Noka ya Ubangi. Dipitsa tsa Urewe di supa gore ba ne ba fitlha kwa bophirima jwa Letsha la Victoria ka 500 BCE. 25–26 E ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a bogologolo go gaisa mo Aforika a go nyerolosa tshipi. Ka lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga BCE, batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu kwa kgaolong ya Great Lakes ba ne ba simolola mekgwa ya go betla tshipi e e neng ya ba kgontsha go dira tshipi ya khabone.

Go gasaganya go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Great Lakes go ne ga diragala mo melatswaneng e mengwe e mebedi. E nngwe e ne ya ya kwa bophirima go kopana le Molapo wa Bophirima kwa DR Congo le Angola, fa e nngwe e ne ya ya kwa borwa mme ya anama go ralala Aforika Botlhaba le Borwa.: 26 Diphitlhelelo tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo di bontshitse gore ka 100 BCE kwa Tastal le kwa 300 CE, merafe e e buang Se-Mi kwanzasa kwa lefelong la Kwanzasa co e ne e le teng . Kenya. Baagi ba gape ba ne ba kopana le go nyalana le baagi ba ba neng ba setse ba le teng kwa lebopong. Go tloga ka 300 C.E., ka go nna le seabe mo tseleng ya kgwebo e e sa bolong go nna teng ya Lewatle la India, batho bano ba .ies e ne ya tlhoma dikgolagano le bagwebi ba Maarabia le Maindia, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le setso sa Seswahili. Ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa babulatsela di ne di fitlheletse KwaZulu-Natal ya segompieno mo Aforika Borwa ka 300 CE go bapa le lebopo, le Porofense ya segompieno ya Limpopo ka 500 CE.

Ditirisano magareng ga babui ba puo ya Bantu le batsomi-baphuthi

Botaki jwa lefika la San jo bo bontshang motlhabani yo o tshotseng thebe. Le fa dikamano di ne di raraane jaaka fa dipuo, meetlo, dithekenoloji, le dijini di ne di abelanwa,[19] dingwao tsa molomo di akantsha gore go fuduga ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le ka ntlha ya kgotlhang: 32

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Bostoen, Koen (2018). "The Bantu Expansion". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.
  2. ↑ Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et al. (5 April 2023). "The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa". Nature. 625 (7995): 540–547. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..540F. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.03.535432. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6. hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA. PMC 10794141. PMID 38030719. S2CID 258009425.
  3. ↑ Grollemund, Rebecca; Branford, Simon; Bostoen, Koen; Meade, Andrew; Venditti, Chris; Pagel, Mark (27 October 2015). "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (43): 13296–13301. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11213296G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503793112. PMC 4629331. PMID 26371302.
  4. ↑ Oliver, Roland (1966). "The Problem of the Bantu Expansion". The Journal of African History. 7 (3): 361–376. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006472. JSTOR 180108. S2CID 162287894.
  5. ↑ Clark, John Desmond; Brandt, Steven A. (1984). From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. University of California Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-520-04574-3.
  6. ↑ Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et al. (5 April 2023). "The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa". Nature. 625 (7995): 540–547. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..540F. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.03.535432. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6. hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA. PMC 10794141. PMID 38030719. S2CID 258009425.
  7. ↑ Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et al. (5 April 2023). "The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa". Nature. 625 (7995): 540–547. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..540F. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.03.535432. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6. hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA. PMC 10794141. PMID 38030719. S2CID 258009425.
  8. ↑ Koile, Ezequiel; Greenhill, Simon J.; Blasi, Damián E.; Bouckaert, Remco; Gray, Russell D. (9 August 2022). "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (32): e2112853119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11912853K. doi:10.1073/pnas.2112853119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9372543. PMID 35914165.
  9. ↑ Awad, Elias. "Common Origins of Pygmies and Bantus". CNRS International Magazine. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  10. ↑ Bahuchet, Serge (1993). "History of the Inhabitants of the Central African Rain Forest: Perspectives from Comparative Linguistics". In Hladik, C.M. (ed.). Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. Paris: Unesco/Parthenon. pp. 37–54. ISBN 978-9-2310-2879-3.
  11. ↑ Ambrose, Stanley H. (1986). "Hunter-gatherer adaptations to non-marginal environments: an ecological and archaeological assessment of the Dorobo model". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. 7 (2): 11–42.
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