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Kganyaolo ya Sharpville

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Kganyaolo ya Sharpville e diragetse ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1960, fa mapodisi a ne a thuntsha batho ba ba neng ba kgobokane kwa ntle ga diofisi tsa sepodisi kwa motsaneng wa Sharpville kwa e neng e le kgaolo ya Transvaal ya Union of South Africa ya nako eo (kwa e leng bontlha jwa Gauteng gompieno) go gwanta kgatlhanong le melao e e fitisitsweng ya dibukana tsa mesepele.

Batho ba ka nna dikete di le tlhano ba ne ba kgobokane kwa Sharpville mo letsatsing leo ba tsibogela pitso e e neng e dirilwe ke bokopano jwa Aforika o o tshwaraganeng go tlogela dibukana tsa bone tsa mesepele kwa gae le go gwetlha gore mapodisi a ba tshware fa ba tlola molao oo.[1] Batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ba ne ba bolelelwa gore ba tlaa buisiwa ke tona wa puso, ba leta kwa ntle ga ofisi ya sepodisi jaaka mapodisi a le mantsi a ne a tswelela ka go goroga, a akaretsa ba maemo a a kwa godimo a lephata la tshireletso. Ka nako ya bongwe e fetilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mararo motshegare, mapodisi a sa tlhagisa batho, a ne a simolola go thuntsha marumo a le sekete, makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le bone.

Mo dingwageng di feta masome a matlhano, palo ya batho ba ba bolailweng le ba ba gobaditsweng e ne e lebilwe mo palong ya sepodisi, e e neng e akaretsa batswasetlhabelo ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a mane le borobabongwe, ba akeretsa bana ba le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, ka batho ba le masome a marataro le borobabongwe ba bolailwe ba le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi ba gobetse. Ditshekatsheko tsa mo bosheng di supile fa batho ba ka nna masome a robabongwe le motso ba ne ba bolawa kwa Sharpville, fa ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a mararo le borobabobedi ba ne ba gobaditswe.[2] Batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba thuntshitswe mo mekwatleng fa ba leka go iphalotsa go tswa mo di ofising tsa sepodisi.[3]

Kganyaolo e ne ya tsewa senepe ke mokapadinepe Ian Berry, o pele a neng a akanya fa mapodisi a ne a thuntsha phefo.[4] Mo Aforika Borwa wa gompieno, letsatsi la Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ke letsatsi la boikhutso go tlotla ditshwanelo tsa setho le segopotso sa kganyaolo ya Sharpville.

Ka ngwaga wa 2024, lefelo le kganyaolo e diragaletseng kwa go lone e ne ya nna segopotso le lefelo la boswa la mafatshefatshe, le le itseweng ka leina la Mandela Legacy Sites.

Botshelo kwa Sharpville pele ga kganyaolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sharpville o ne a agilwe lantlha ka ngwaga wa 1943 go emela Topville, toropo e e gautshwane e e neng e na le bothata jwa batho ba le bantsi, kwa malwetsi a tshwana le Pneumonia a neng a anama. Ka ntlha ya bolwetsi jo, go ntshiwa kwa Topville go ne ga simolola ka ngwaga wa 1958. Ma Aforika a ka nna dikete di le masome a ne a ntshiwa koo go isiwa Sharpville  ka dikgoka. Toropo ya Sharpville e ne e na le palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba sa berekeng ga mmogo le tshenyo le bogodu di le kwa godimo. Go ne go na gape le mathata a basha ka bana ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsenelela ditlhopha tsa tshenyo, ebile ba amana le bogodu mo boemong jwa sekolo. Fa godimo ga foo, ofisi e ntsha ya sepodisi e ne ya agiwa, kwa mapodisi a neng a le e matlhagatlhaga go tlhola dibukana tsa mesepele, ba busetsa ba ba seng ka fa molaong kwa gae, gape ba tlhasela mafelo a  maitiso a a seng ka fa molaong.[5]

Ditiragalo tsa pele

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Batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ba latlha dibukana tsa bone tsa mesepele go ganetsa tlhaolele ka ngwga wa 1960

Dipuso tsa Aforika Borwa fa e sale ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi di dirile mekgwa ya go iletsa go tlala ga batho kwa ditoropong. Melao ya dipasa, e maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go laola le go iletsa motsamao le go thapiwa, e ne ya fetolwa ka dingwaga tsa 1950. Mo pusong ya phathi ya lefatshe, banni ba ma Aforika kwa dikgaolong tsa setoropo ba ne ba lebisiwa mekgwa ya go fokotsa batho. Batho ba ba fetileng dingwaga di le lesome le borataro ba ne ba tlhokiwa go tshola dibukana tsa mesepele, tse di neng di na le karata ya sesupo sa motho, pereko le teseletso ya go nna koo, e tswa kwa lekgotleng la pereko, leina la mohiri le aterese ga mmogo le dintlha tsa ditso tsa motho oo.[6] Pele ga kganyaolo ya Sharpville, tsamaiso ya National Party mo ketelelong pele ya ga Hendrik Verwoerd, ba ne ba dirisa melao e go gatelela kgaogano ya semorafe,[7] ka ngwaga wa 1959 go tsena 1960, ba e oketsa go akaretsa basadi.[8] Go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1960, melao ya pasa e ne e le yone e dirisiwang thata ke lefatshe go tshwara le go tsenya batho ba ba kgatlhanong dingalo.[8] Melao e, e ne e pateletsa ma Aforika go nna ba tshotse sesupo se se faphegileng gore mapodisi le matona a mangwe a kgone go tlhola ka nako nngwe le nngwe. Puso e ne e dirisa dipasa go iletsa kwa ma Aforika a ka berekang teng, a ka nnang teng le kwa a ka tsayang maeto go ya teng.

Bokopano jwa Aforika o o tshwaraganeng, bo eteletswe pele ke tautona o o bo tlhamileng, ebong Robert Sobukwe, ba ne ba gwanta ka kagiso ebile ba sa tshola dibetsa go ya ofising ya sepodisi ya Orlando kwa Soweto, ba gwetlha gore ba tshwarwe ka ba ne ba sa ipaakanyetsa go nna ba tshotse dipasa, ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso, ka nako e le nngwe moithuti wa sekolo se segolwane, ebile e le leloko la PAC, Philip Ata Kgosana o ne a etelela pele mogwanto o o tshwanang kwa kgaolong ya Kapa kwa toropong ya Langa.

Kganyaolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1960, setlhopha sa batho ba ka nna dikete di le tlhano  ba ne ba kgobakana kwa ofising ya sepodisi ya Sharpville , ba ineela gore ba tshwarwe ka ba ne ba sa tshola dibuka tsa bone tsa mesepele[9]. Sepodisi sa Sharpville se ne se se ipaakanyeditse mogwanto o, ka ba ne ba ba setse ba buseditse ditlhopha tsa dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa balweladitshwanelo kwa morago mo bosigong jo bo fetileng.[10]

PAC e ne ya rulaganya go oketsa palo ya batho ba ba tla yang kwa mogwantwong, ba abisa dipampitshana ebile ba gwetlha batho gore ba seka ba ya ditirong ka letsatsi la mogwanto. Bontsi jwa batho ba motse ba ba neng ba le koo ba ne ba  tseneletse ka boitlhophelo jwa bone go ema nokeng mogwanto, mme go na le bosupo jwa gore PAC e dirisitse ditsela tsa go pateletsa batho go ba ngokela koo, ba akaretsa go kgaola megala ya mesokelatsebeng e e yang kwa Sharpville, le go kganela bakgweetsi ba dibase go tsamaya ditsela tsa bone.[8]

Ka nako ya lesome, batho ba ne ba kgobokane, mme seemo se ne se iketlile ebile go le boipelo. Mapodisi a sa fete masome a mabedi ba ne ba le teng kwa ofising fa mogwanto o simologa. Morago palo ya batho e ne ya golela kwa diketeng di le masome mabedi,[7] le ntswa dipego dingwe tsa dikgang di tlhalositse seemo se ne se le maswe,[7] se se ganeditswe ke basupi ba ba neng ba le koo, ba akaretsa Ian Berry. Mapodisi a le lekgolo le masome a mararo ba enngwe nokeng ke dikoloi tsa ma Arabea ba ba tshotseng dibetsa di le nne tse di neng tsa goroga kwa Sharpville. Mapodisi a ne a tshotse ditlhobolo, di akaretsa tsa Sten le tsa Enfield. Go ne go sena bosupi jwa gore ope o a neng a tseneletse kgobokano eo o ne a tshotse dibetsa dipe ntle le matlapa.[7]

Difofane tse di bidiwang F-86 Sabre le tsa Harvard Trainers di ne tsa atumela lefatshe ka di mithara di le masome a mararo, di fofela kwa tlase gaufi le batho ba ba kgobokaneng ka maiteko a go ba phatlhalatsa. Batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ba ne ba tsiboga ka go ngata matlapa (ba ngata mapodisi a le mararo) ba bo ba ntsha dikganedi tsa sepodisi. Mapodisi a ne a leka go dirisa gase e e putsa putsang dikeledi go kganela batho, mme ga seka ga bereka, mme mapodisi a boela morago tiriso ya bone ya dithupa tsa dikubu.[10] Ka nako ya bongwe, mapodisi a ne a leka go tshwara mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba gwanta, mme morafe wa tabogela kwa pele.[7] Mapodisi a ne a simolola go thuntsha moragonyana.[7]

Palo ya ba ba tlhokafetseng le ba ba golafetseng

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Dikwalo tsa mapodisi a nako ya tlhaoleledi supa fa batho ba le makgolo a marataronba ne ba bolaiwa, ba akeretsa bana ba le lesome, ba le lekgolo masome a robabobedi ba gobadiwa, ba akaretsa bana ba le lesome le borobabongwe. Palo e go supilwe fa e baletswe kwa tlase thata. Dipatlisiso tse disha di supile fa batho ba ka nna masome a robabongwe le motso ba ne ba bolawa, fa ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a mararo le borobababobedi ba ne ba golafala.[11] Mapodisi a ne a thuntsha batho ba le bantsi mo mekwatleng fa ba leka go tshaba ba iphalotsa, ba baka gore ba bangwe ba nne le bogole.[3]

Bangwe ba batswasetlhabelo ba ne ba bolokwa mo phitlhong ya batho ba le bantsi e tshwerwe ke moruti. Philip Finkie Molefe, o e leng ene a simolotseng kereke ya ntlha ya Assemblies of God kwa Vaal, e ne e le mongwe wa baruti ba ba neng ba tshwere tirelo.[12]

Maipato a go thuntsha

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dipego tsa sepodisi tsa ngwaga wa 1969 di supa fa mapodisi a mabotlana ebile a sena kitso a ne a tshoga a thuntsha fela, ba baka tsibogo e e tsereng diphatlo tsa motsotso di le masome mane. Palo potlana ya mapodisi a a neng a le teng ba ne a amogetse katiso. Bangwe ba bone ba ne ba sale ba theogela dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone ba sa itapolose.[10] Kakanyo ka maikutlo le dikakanyo tsa mapodisi e ne ya fiwa ke Colonel Pienaar, ramapodisi wa kwa Sharpville, o mo mafokong a gagwe a neng a re: "kakanyo ya bone ga e ba letle go phuthegela mogwanto wa kagiso, mo go bone go phuthega go raya tiriso dikgoka."[3] O ne a ganetsa gore o ntshitse taelo ya go thuntsha a supa gore o ne a ka se dire jalo.

Komiti ya boammaruri le Tshwarelo (Aforika Borwa) e upolotse ka ngwaga wa 1998 fa "bosupi jwa komiti bo supa fa sepodisi se tsere tshwetso e e neng e rulagantswe go thuntsha kwa Sharpville, ebile e ne e se ka gore ba ne ba tshogile fela kgotsa ba sena kitso e e lekaneng."[8]

Setshwantsho se se supang batswasetlhabelo ba kganyaolo, se tshwantshitswe ke Godfrey Rubens, se mo le mo ditshupong kwa ofising ya mafatshe a sele ya Aforika Borwa kwa London.

Tšhakgalo ya batho bantsho ba Aforika Borwa e ne ya nna ka bofefo, beke e e latelang batho ba ne ba simolola megwanto gape, megwanto ya go ema kgatlhanong, ditshupetso, le diphuduego mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le masome mararo ngwaga wa 1960, puso e ne ya itsise fa e le mo seemong sa tshoganyetso, e tshwara batho ba ka feta dikete di le lesome le borobabobedi, ba akaretsa balweladitshwanelo ba ba kgatlhanong le tlhaolele ba ba neng ba itsewe e le maloko a bokopano ba akaretsa Nelson Mandela le ba ba santseng ba le mo tshekong ya go thankgola puso.[13]

Batho basweu ba Aforika Borwa le bone ba ne ba tshositswe ke kganyaolo. Mmoko Duncan Livingstone, motswakwa wa kwa Scotland o a neng a nna kwa Pretoria, o ne a kwala leboko la puo ya Scottish la "Bena Dubh a; Caoidh a Fir a Chaidh a Marbhadh leis a'Phoileas kgotsa "mosadi o montsho o lelela monna wa gagwe a bolailwe ke mapodisi" a tsibogela kganyaolo.[14]

Matsubutsubu a megwanto ya mafatshefatshe a ne a sala morago go thuntshiwa ga kwa Sharpville, a akaretsa ditshupelo tsa mautlwelobotlhoko mo mafatsheng a le mantsi[15] le go kgalwa ga United Nations. Ka Moranang a rogwa ngwaga wa 1960, khansele ya United Nations e ne ya fetisa tharabololo ya lekgolo masome a mararo le bone. Ditiragalo tsa Sharpville e ne e le tsa botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Aforika Borwa; lefatshe le iphitlhetse le seegetswe kwa thoko mo setšhabeng sa mafatshe. Tiragalo e e nnile gape le seabe mo go tsweng ga Aforika Borwa mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane ka ngwaga wa 1961.[16]

Kganyaolo ya Sharpville e nnile le seabe mo go emisiweng ga PAC le ANC e le makgotla a a seng mo molaong. Kganyaolo e ne e le nngwe ya dilo tse di gwetlhileng phetogo go tswa kwa kganetsong e e iketlileng go ya kwa go ya dibetsa ga makgotla a. Lekgotla la Poqo, letlhakore la sesole la PAC le Umkhonto we Sizwe, lotlhakore la sesole la ANC, ba ne ba sala morago.[17]

Ga se ditsibogo tsotlhe tse di neng di ganetsa: Ntlo ya baemedi ya Mississippi e ne ya tlhopha tharabololo e e emang nokeng puso ya Aforika Borwa go bo e na le molao wa kgaogano le go obamela dingwao. Tharabololo e tlhophilwe ke batho ba le masome a supa le borobabobedi fa ba le borobabobedi ba ne ba ganetsa kwa ntlong ya baemedi ya Mississippi, le ba le masome a mane le botlhano kwa ntlong ya Mississippi ya khuduthamaga fa go ne go sena ba ba kgatlhanong.[18][19]

Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1994, Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso o ntse a ipelelwa e le letsatsi la ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa Aforika Borwa.[20]

Sharpville ke lone lefelo le le neng le tlhophilwe ke tautona wa pele Nelson Mandela go baya monwana molaomotheo wa Aforika Borwa ka Morule a le lesome ngwaga wa 1996.[21]

Ka ngwaga wa 1998, komiti ya boammaruri le tshwarelo (TRC) e ne ya lemoga fa ditiro tsa sepodisi di ne di akaretsa go tsuolola ditshwanelo tsa setho ka ba ne ba tlhoka tiriso dikgoka go emisa kgobokano ya batho ba ba sa tsholang dibetsa.[8]

Ditshupelo tsa Sharpville le segopotso

Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2002, dingwaga di le masome mane le bobedi fa e sale ka kganyaolo, segopotso se ne sa bulwa ke tautona wa pele Nelson Mandela e le bontlha jwa lefelo la ditshupetso la ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa Sharpville.[22]

Ka ngwaga wa 2024, lefelo le kganyaolo e diragaletseng kwa go lone le segopotso e ne ya nna lefelo la mafatshe la ngwao, le le itsiweng jaaka Mandela Legacy Sites.

Letsatsi la mafatshefatshe la go emisiwa ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala

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Lekgotla la UNESCO le tshwaya Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso e le letsatsi la mafatshefatshe la go emisiwa ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, e le go ikgopotsa kganyaolo.

Metswedi mo botaking le dipadi

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Mmoki wa lotso lwa Afrikaner ebong Ingrid Jonker o buile ka kganyaolo ya Sharpville mo lebokong la gagwe.

Tiragalo e, e gwetlhile motaki Oliver Lee Jackson mo motseletseleng wa gagwe wa Sharpville go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1970.

Ingrid de Kok e ne e le ngwana a nna kwa moepong gaufi le Johannesburg kwa rraagwe a neng a berekela teng ka nako ya kganyaolo ya Sharpville. Mo lebokong la gagwe la "Sharpville wa rona" o gakologelwa bosetlhogo bo ka matlho a se ngwana.

Alebamo ya ga Max Roach ya 1960 ya We Insist! Freedon Now Suite e akaretsa pina ya "dikeledi tsa Johannesburg" e le go tsibogela kganyaolo.

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Lodge, Tom (2011). Sharpeville: an apartheid massacre and its consequences. The making of the modern world. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280185-2.
  2. ↑ Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2023). Voices of Sharpeville: The Long History of Racial Injustice. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-1-032-19130-0.
  3. 1 2 3 Reeves, Rt. Reverend Ambrose. "The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa". sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2025
  4. ↑ Macdonald, Fiona. "The photos that changed history – Ian Berry; Sharpeville Massacre". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 31 July 2025
  5. ↑ "Zambian Commemorates Sharpeville Massacre". Black View. 1 (5): 1–10. 2013. JSTOR 43799086.
  6. ↑ Kaplan, Irving. Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa. p. 603.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Sharpeville Massacre". Time Magazine. 4 April 1960. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 3, Chapter 6 (PDF). 28 October 1998. pp. 531–537. Retrieved 31 July 2025
  9. ↑ Remember Sharpeville at South African History.
  10. 1 2 3 Thomas McGhee, Charles C.; N/A, N/A, eds. (1989). The plot against South Africa (2nd ed.). Pretoria: Varama Publishers. ISBN 0-620-14537-4.
  11. ↑ Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2024). Voices of Sharpeville: the long history of racial injustice. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-032-19129-4.
  12. ↑ Tlou, Gift (4 August 2020). "Influential religious leader with 70-years in ministry to be laid to rest". The Star.
  13. ↑ Humphrey, Tyler; Fourie, Bernardus G.; Duncan, Patrick (1960). "Sharpeville and After". Africa Today. 7 (3): 5–8. JSTOR 4184088.
  14. ↑ Ronald Black (1999), An Tuil: Anthology of 20th Century Scottish Gaelic Verse, pp. 74–79, 728.
  15. ↑ "Outside South Africa there were widespread reactions to Sharpeville in many countries which in many cases led to positive action against South Africa".— Reeves, Ambrose. "The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa". United Nations Unit on Apartheid. Archived from the original on 1 April 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2015
  16. ↑ Dubow, Saul (December 2011). "Macmillan, Verwoerd and the 1960 'Wind of Change' Speech" (PDF). The Historical Journal. 54 (4): 1087–1114. doi:10.1017/S0018246X11000409. JSTOR 41349633. S2CID 145148670.
  17. ↑ Joseph, Raymond (April 2018). "Naming history's forgotten fighters: South Africa's government is setting out to forget some of the alliance who fought against apartheid. Some of them remain in prison". Index on Censorship. 47 (1): 57–59. doi:10.1177/0306422018770119. ISSN 0306-4220.
  18. ↑ "What they commend in Mississippi". Chicago Tribune. 15 April 1960. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2025
  19. ↑ "South Africa Praised". The Citizens' Council. Vol. 5, no. 7. April 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 31 July 2025
  20. ↑ "Public Holidays Act 36 of 1994".South African Government 1 January 1995.Retrieved 31 July 2025
  21. ↑ "Mandela signs SA Constitution into law". South African History Online. 10 December 1996. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  22. ↑ "Sharpeville Memorial, Theunis Kruger Street, Dicksonville, Sharpville – ABLEWiki". Able.wiki.up.ac.za. Retrieved 31 July 2025
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