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Kgethololo ya letso le mmala kwa Brazil

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Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ntse e le teng kwa Brazil go tloga ka nako ya yone ya bokolone mme e supiwa jaaka nngwe ya mefuta e megolo le e e anameng thata ya tlhaolele, fa e se e e anameng thata, mo lefatsheng ke baithuti ba batho ba le mmalwa, baithuta-loago, babueledi, baditso le ba bangwe.[1][2][3] Tlhamane ya temokerasi ya semorafe, lereo le le tlhamilweng la ntlha ke moithutaloago wa Brazil Gilberto Freyre mo tirong ya gagwe ya 1933 ya Casa-Grande & Senzala (Beng le Makgoba), le dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mo nageng go ganela kgotsa go nyatsa go nna teng le go anama ga bosemorafe kwa Brazil[4].

Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e ne ya dirwa gore e se ka ya nna ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga melao ya Brazil e e kgatlhanong le tlhaolele, e e neng ya fetisiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga gore Katherine Dunham, sebini sa Moaforika-Amerika yo o neng a etela Brazil, a thibelwe go tsena mo hoteleng.[5] Le fa go ntse jalo, letso e ntse e le setlhogo sa dingangisano tse dintsi tse di tseneletseng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mo teng ga lefatshe.

Tlhaloso ya letso kwa Brazil

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka gonne lefatshe le le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng, mela ya mebala kwa Brazil ga e bolo go sa bonale sentle.[6] Ka nako e le nngwe, batho ba le bantsi ba ipona e le Bantsho mme ba batla go busetsa Bontsho jwa bone ka ntlha ya Black Pride le mekgatlho ya maatla a Bantsho.[7][8]

Palo ya batho ya kwa Brazil e rulaganya batho ka ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, le mororo di sa itekanela. Tseno ke branco (basweu), preto (bantsho), pardo (borokwa, kgotsa ba merafe e mentsi), amarelo (ba ba serolwana, kgotsa ba Asia) le ba indigena (batho ba tlhago). Ka gonne go ne go ise go ke go nne le tlhaloso ya semolao ya lesika ya ditlhopha tseno, mo ditsong tsotlhe, nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhopha tse tsa merafe e ntse e tlhalosiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Tlhaloso ya merafe mo setshabeng sa Brazil gantsi ga e a tlhomama mme e tlhotlhelediwa ke mabaka a le mantsintsi a a akaretsang: maemo, thuto, lefelo le phenotype.[6] Sekai, motho wa letlalo le le botlhofo wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a na le maemo a botlhokwa, a a duelang sentle mo setshabeng a ka tsewa e le branco fa motho yo mongwe yo o nang le popego e e tshwanang ya ethnogenetic yo o neng a na le letlalo le lentsho kgotsa e le wa maemo a a kwa tlase a ka tsewa e le pardo kgotsa le fa e le preto.

Bokgoba le phediso ya bokgoba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka bonako fela morago ga Mapotokisi a sena go simolola go nna kwa Brazil ka ngwaga wa 1500, ba ne ba simolola go dira batho ba tlhago makgoba gore ba kgone go tshegetsa itsholelo ya bone e e neng e gola ya sukiri. Le fa go ntse jalo, dintwa tse di bakilweng ke Yuropa le malwetse di ne tsa simolola go fedisa batho ba tlhago ka bonako mme baagi ba Mapotokisi ba ne ba leba kwa Aforika go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa bone tsa tiro ka bonako.[9] Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwebo ya makgoba ka 1850, kolone ya Brazil e ne e rekile makgoba a a fopholediwang go nna didikadike di le nne go tswa kwa Aforika, e leng palo e kgolo go gaisa lefatshe lepe kwa Amerika mme e le makgetlho a le supa go feta e e neng ya rekwa kwa United States.[10] Bokgoba bo ne jwa tla le go sotliwa ga batho ba Maaforika le bontsintsi jwa dikakanyo tse di sa siamang tse di neng tsa dira gore go nne le tatelano ya merafe kwa Brazil kwa batho bantsho le ba ba tswang mo Aforika ba neng ba tla nna setlhopha se se ikobelang basweu.

Mo godimo ga go nna lefatshe le legolo la go reka Baaforika go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba, Brazil gape e ne e le lefatshe la bofelo kwa Amerika go fedisa bokgoba. Dipitso tsa gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe kwa Brazil di ne tsa simolola mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Ka 1825, José Bonifacio Andrada e Silva, yo e neng e le motho yo o tlhageletseng mo go eteletseng Brazil pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo Portugal, o ne a rata thata go gololwa ka iketlo.[10] Borithane le yone e ne ya thusa mo go kgaratlheleng gore kgwebo ya makgoba e fedisiwe kwa Brazil, ka go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba. Se e ne e le kgato e e botlhokwa ka ntlha ya gore United Kingdom e ne e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Brazil. Molao o monnye le one o ne wa thusa go dira gore bokgoba bo fedisiwe semmuso ka 1888. Sa ntlha, ka 1871 Molao wa Sebopelo se se Lokologileng o ne wa bolela gore bana botlhe ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tsholwa morago ga gore molao o fetisiwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go gololwa; e latelwa ke Molao wa Sexagenarian wa 1885, o o neng wa golola makgoba a a fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro.[10]

Molao wa Gauta. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetshaba tsa Brazil.

Seabe se segolo mo thulaganyong e telele ya go fedisa bokgoba kwa Brazil e ne e le ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga lelwapa la segosi. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870, mmusimogolo wa bofelo, Pedro II o ne a na le ngwana a le mongwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a tshela, morwadie Isabel.[11] Ka ntlha ya bong jwa gagwe le lenyalo la gagwe le motswakwa, Isabel o ne a na le bothata jwa go bona tshegetso, le fa a ne a dira gabedi jaaka kgosana ka nako ya puso ya ga rraagwe. Mo nakong e khutshwane e a neng a e fetsa e le kgosana, o ne a tsaya dikgato tse dinnye go fedisa bokgoba. Ka ntlha ya dikgoreletsi tse a neng a lebane le tsone, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhoma matona a masha gotlhelele gore a kgone go fedisa bokgoba gotlhelele. O ne a atlega, mme go fedisiwa ga bokgoba go ne ga bidiwa Molao wa Gauta.[11]

Brazil ya morago ga kgololosego (1888 – tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1900)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa Brazil go ne ga raya gore batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ne ba tla kgaoganngwa kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgethololo ga e a ka ya fela fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa. Ditatelano tsa merafe tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke bokgoba di ne tsa ema thata morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba. Go ne go sena paka ya "kagosesha" jaaka e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa United States.[12] Go na le moo, batho ba bantsho ba Brazil ba ba neng ba sa tswa go gololwa ba ne ba tlogelwa gore ba itirele botshelo go tswa mo go se nang sepe—ba se na lefatshe, madi, kana thuto. Puso eno e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng e ne ya tlogela lefatshe le le na le go tlhoka tekatekano mo gogolo fa gare ga basweu le batho ba e seng basweu. Ka ntlha ya seno, motlotlo o o neng o bua ka letso kwa Brazil o ne wa golagana thata le metlotlo e e neng e bua ka lehuma le maemo a batho.

Le fa go ne go sena melao e e neng e lebile ka tlhamalalo ba ba tswang mo Aforika ka ntlha ya letso, go ne go na le melao e e neng ya bewa e e neng e dira gore go se ka ga nna le tekatekano fa gare ga basweu le bantsho. Sekai, fa Brazil e ne e nna rephaboliki la ntlha ka 1889, go tlhopha go ne go lekanyeditswe go banna ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala, se se neng sa thibela bontsi jwa batho bantsho go tlhopha ka gonne go ne go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo mo thutong morago ga go fedisiwa ga bokgoba.[12] Mo godimo ga se, go ne ga nna le tlhaloso sesha ya bosenyi e e neng ya dira gore dikarolo di le dintsi tsa setso sa Aforika di nne bosenyi.[11]

Dipatlisiso tsa tshika

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi, poifo e ne ya simolola go anama mo gare ga batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ka ga ka fa ditso ya ntlha ya Brazil ya go kopana ga batho ba ba farologaneng e neng e tla ama tlhabololo ya yone ka teng.[11] Poifo e, mmogo le go tuma mo go golang ga go dirisa maranyane a maaka go tlhalosa dipharologano tsa merafe, go ne ga dira gore go nne le kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya bosemorafe jwa maranyane a maaka mme, segolobogolo, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil.[13]

Batshwayadiphoso ba Yuropa ga ba bolo go kgala setshaba sa Brazil se se nang le merafe e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka "bophepa jwa merafe". Dipatlisiso tsa nako eo e ne e akantsha gore batho bantsho ba ne ba le kwa tlase, mme mulatto ba ne ba "senyegile," go baya dipotso ka palo e kgolo ya batho bantsho le ba ba tlhakaneng ba Brazil.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ne go akanngwa gore seemo sa loapi, jaaka sa Brazil, se ne se kgoreletsa tlhabololo ya lefatshe.[10] Moitseanape mongwe wa Mofora, Count Arthur de Gobineau, o ne a tlhasela Brazil a re go tlhakana ga merafe mo lefatsheng go amile maemo otlhe go dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne "botshwakga, bobe le go sa tshole."[14] Dikakanyo tse di ne tsa simolola go tsosa poifo mo gare ga batho ba maemo ba Brazil ba ba neng ba batla go dirisa dikgopolo tsa eugenics ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go nna. Moithuta-batho mongwe yo o neng a amogela kgopolo ya eugenic, e bong Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, o ne a simolola go tshwenyega ka go tlhakana ga merafe mo go neng go direga kwa Brazil. O ne a dira 'thutopatlisiso' ka batho ba ba tswang kwa Aforika kwa Brazil mme a fitlhela gore setlhopha sa morafe se ne se le "kwa tlase ka tsela e e sa belaetseng."[14] O ne a buelela gore go nne le melao e e farologaneng ya bosenyi ka lotso le gore batho bantsho ba nne kafa tlase ga melao e e farologaneng ka gonne ba ne ba sa gololesega go tlhopha bosenyi ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jo bo fokotsegileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Rodrigues ka boene e ne e le wa merafe e e tlhakaneng mme o ne a bontsha go tlhakana tlhogo ka boemo jwa batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng mo thulaganyong ya merafe. Go lwantsha se, o ne a akanyetsa go tlhamiwa ga ditlhopha di le mmalwa go tlhagisa mefuta ya batho ba ba tlhakaneng go tswa mo go ba ba kwa godimo go ya kwa go ba ba tlwaelesegileng, go ya kwa go ba ba senyegileng.[15]

Kwa bokhutlong, dipatlisiso tsa tshika kwa Brazil ga e ise e ko e nne le maatla jaaka kwa Yuropa, Amerika Bokone, kana Australia. Bangwe ba re katlego e e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane a maaka e bakilwe ke gore Brazil e ne e setse e na le batho ba le bantsi thata ba merafe e e tlhakaneng. Go tlhakana tlhogo ga ga Nina Rodrigues ka ga kafa bogolo jwa letso bo dirang ka gone kwa ntle ga bobedi jwa letso go bontsha kgopolo eno. Le ka nako ya fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa ka 1888, diperesente di le thataro tsa manyalo otlhe e ne e le a merafe e e farologaneng.[9] Se se raya gore, mo maemong mangwe, dikgoreletsi tsa letso di ne di setse di thubilwe, mme seo se ne sa dira gore go nne thata go tlhoma melao e e gagametseng ya dipatlisiso tsa tshika jaaka go kgaoganya kgotsa go fedisa tsholo ka letso. Ba bangwe ba bolela gore go nna teng ga Bokatoliki jo bontsi kwa Brazil go ka tswa go ile ga boloka lefatshe le mo melaong e e bogale ya bosemorafe.[13]

"Tlhotlheletso e e anameng ya Bokatoliki kwa Brazil le kwa Latin America yotlhe e ne ya dira gore baithuta ba eugenics ba tsenelele mo dipuisanong tsa dithibelo tsa lenyalo le go tsala ga batho. Mo matlhong a batlhalefi ba Katoliki, tse e ne e le dikgang tsa boitsholo le tsa bodumedi mme ka jalo di ne di sa bulegele tshereganyo e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki kgotsa ya kalafi; se se ne sa ba ntsha mo go direng dikakanyetsong tse di tshwanang go fedisa tsholo."[13] (Go tswa go: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (Sedimonthole 2016). "Brazilian Eugenics and Its International Connections: an Analysis Based on the Controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930")

Molao wa go sweufatsa letso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go sweufatsa letso, kgotsa "go sweufatsa" (branqueamento), ke kgopolo e e neng ya amogelwa ke botlhe kwa Brazil magareng ga 1889 le 1914,[16] jaaka tharabololo ya "bothata jwa Bantsho".[17][18] Mo gare ga dipuisano tsa eugenics le dipalopalo tsa lefatshe tse di kgoreletsang tlhabololo ya lone, Rephaboliki ya ntlha ya Brazil e ne ya swetsa go tlhoma molao wa "go sweufatsa" mo e neng e tla leka go fokotsa batho bantsho le go leleka matshwao otlhe a setso sa Aforika.[12] Se se ne sa dirwa ka ditlhotlheletso tse di rotloetsang bafaladi go tswa kwa Yuropa go tla go sekamisa dipalopalo tsa batho mmogo le go gatelela setso sa Aforika le sa batho ba tlhago botlhe ka maiteko a go phimola go nna teng ga batho bantsho go tswa kwa Brazil. Molao o o ne wa tswelela go fitlha ka 1910 mme ka ntlha ya one phesente ya basweu kwa Brazil e ne ya tlola go tswa go diperesente di le masome mararo le bone ka 1870 go ya go diperesente di le masome marataro le bone ka 1940.[19] Kgopolo ya go sweufatsa batho ka letso e fetogile kgopolo e e anameng thata mo motaki wa Mo-Spain e bong Modesto Brocos a neng a taka A Redenção de Cam (A RedenmçãoC’s). Tiro e ne e bua ka molao o o ganetsanang ya letso e e ikaegileng ka eugenics mme e ne e bontsha tiragalo ya go sweufatsa batho ka iketlo mo dikokomaneng.[20][21]

  1. ↑ Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021). "Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual". RFM Editores. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual". www.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough
  6. 1 2 Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). "The Consequences of "Race and Color" in Brazil". Social Problems. 63 (3): 413–430. doi:10.1093/socpro/spw014. S2CID 6738969
  7. ↑ "Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  8. ↑ "O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira". Nexo Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  9. 1 2 Telles 2006, p. 24.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change". library.brown.edu. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  12. 1 2 3 Cooper, Elizabeth (February 2017). "The 'Africanization' of Salvador: Race, Work, and Politics in Post-Emancipation Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil". Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies. 12 (3): 227–249. doi:10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429. S2CID 148594382.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de (December 2016). "A eugenia brasileira e suas conexões internacionais: uma análise a partir das controvérsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930" [Brazilian eugenics and its international connections: an analysis from the controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930]. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos (in Portuguese). 23 (suppl 1): 93–110. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006. PMID 28198927.
  14. 1 2 Telles 2006, p. 26
  15. ↑ Telles 2006, p. 27.
  16. ↑ Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma. "Biological Discourses on Human Races and Scientific Racism in Brazil (1832–1911)." Journal of the History of Biology 50.2 (2017): 267–314
  17. ↑ Skidmore, Thomas. Black Into White Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, Oxford University Press. NY, 1974
  18. ↑ Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. (2011). Predictions are always deceptive: João Baptista de Lacerda and his white Brazil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 18(1), 225–242
  19. ↑ Telles 2006, p. 32.
  20. ↑ Lotierzo, Tatiana H. P.; Schwarcz, Lilia K. M. (28 September 2013). "Raça, gênero e projeto branqueador : "a redenção de Cam", de modesto brocos" (in Brazilian Portuguese). E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  21. ↑ "OP-ED: Miscegenation in Brazil as a state policy to whiten its population". AFROPUNK. 16 February 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
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