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Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara

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Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga se se supang koloi ya Maarabea e e rekisang makgoba e rwele makgoba a Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone.

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara, e gape e itsiweng jaaka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabea,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] e ne e le kgwebo ya makgoba e mo go yon makgoba a neng a rwalwa thata go kgabaganya Sahara. Bontsi jwa one a ne a fudusiwa go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bokone gore a rekisediwe ditlhabologo tsa Mediterranean le Botlhabagare; peresente e nnye e ne e boela kwa ntlheng e nngwe.[9]

Diphopholetso tsa palo yotlhe ya makgoba a mantsho a a neng a fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika yo o kwa borwa jwa Sahara go ya kwa lefatsheng la Maarabea di simolola ka didikadike di le thataro go ya go di le lesome, mme ditsela tsa kgwebo tsa trans-Sahara di ne tsa fetisa palo e e bonalang ya palogotlhe eno, ka phopholetso e le nngwe e e neng e bala makgoba a a ka nnang didikadike di le 7.2 a a neng a kgabaganya Sahara go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bomasome a mabedi la dingwaga fa kgwebo ya bokgoba e fedisiwa.[10][11] Maarabea a ne a laola le go tsamaisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara,[12] le fa Maberber le one a ne a amega ka tlhagafalo.[13]

Go bapa le Maaforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Maturkey, Ma-Iran, Ma-Yuropa le Ma-Berber ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba ba neng ba rekisiwa ke Maarabea, mme kgwebo e ne e dirwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe la Maarabea, segolobogolo kwa Asia Bophirima, Aforika Bokone, Aforika Botlhaba, le Yuropa.[14]

Kgwebo ya pele ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara

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Direkoto tsa kgwebo ya makgoba le dipalangwa kwa Sahara di simolola kwa morago kwa mileniamong wa boraro BC ka nako ya puso ya kgosi ya Egepeto Sneferu yo o neng a kgabaganya cataract ya bone ya Nile go tsena mo go se gompieno e leng Sudan ya gompieno go tshwara makgoba le go ba romela kwa bokone.[15] Diphuruphuso tseo tsa magolegwa a ntwa, a moragonyana a neng a nna makgoba, e ne e le selomodiro Mokgatsheng wa Nile wa bogologolo le kwa Aforika. Ka dinako tsa phenyo le morago ga go fenya dintwa, Ba-Nubia ba bogologolo ba ne ba tsewa jaaka makgoba ke Baegepeto ba bogologolo.[16]

Ba-Garamante ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka tiro ya makgoba go tswa kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara.[17] Ba ne ba dirisa makgoba mo merafeng ya bone go aga le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa nosetso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse di neng di itsege mo Maberber jaaka foggara.[18] Raditiragalo wa bogologolo wa Mogerika Herodotus o ne a kwala ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano BC gore Bagaramante ba ne ba dira MaEthiopia ba ba neng ba nna mo logageng makgoba, ba ba neng ba itsege jaaka Troglodytae, ba ba lelekisa ka dikara.[19]

Mo Pusong ya Roma ya ntlha, toropo ya Lepcis e ne ya tlhoma mmaraka wa makgoba go reka le go rekisa makgoba go tswa kwa bogareng jwa Aforika ya Bantu.[9] Ka ngwagakgolo wa botlhano AD, Carthage ya Roma e ne e gweba ka makgoba a mantsho a a neng a tlisiwa go kgabaganya Sahara.[20] Mmusomogolo o ne wa tlhoma lekgetho la melelwane mo kgwebong ya makgoba.[9][20] Go lebega makgoba a bantsho a ne a tsewa a le botlhokwa jaaka makgoba a mo gae ka ntlha ya tebego ya one e e sa tlwaelegang.[20] Boraditso bangwe ba bolela gore selekanyo sa kgwebo ya makgoba mo pakeng eno se ka tswa se ne se le kwa godimo go feta mo metlheng ya bogare ka ntlha ya go batlega thata ga makgoba mo Pusong ya Roma.[20] Le fa go ntse jalo kgwebo ya makgoba go ralala Sahara mo nakong ya bogologolo e ka tswa e ne e le nnye e bile e le sewelo ka kgwebo ya Sahara e ne e sa fitlhelele bogolo jo bogolo go fitlha Maarabea le Maberber ba tsenya dipalo tse dintsi tsa dikamela mo sekakeng.[21][22]

Tsela ya kgwebisano ya koloi ya Bogologolo ya Garamantian fa gare ga lebopo la Tripolitania go kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Letsheng la Chad e ne e tsamaisa diphologolo tse di kwa pele tsa disorokisi, gauta, cabochon le dilo tse di tala tsa go dira dijo le go dira dinkgisamonate, mme gape le makgoba; kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika le fa go ntse jalo e ka tswa e ne e lekanyeditswe pele ga paka ya Boiselamo, mme makgoba a Aforika a ne a lebega a le mmalwa mo Mmusong wa Roma, kwa a neng a tsewa jaaka makgoba a manobonobo a a sa tlwaelegang.[23]

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara ya dingwaga tsa magare

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ditsela tse dikgolo tsa makgoba mo Aforika wa bogologolo

Paul Lovejoy o fopholetsa gore makgoba a bantsho a ka nna didikadike di le thataro a ne a rwalwa go kgabaganya Sahara magareng ga dingwaga tsa 650 AD le 1500 AD.[11] Kgwebo ya makgoba ya trans-Sahara, e e neng ya tlhongwa mo Bogologolong,[20] e ne ya tswelela ka Metlha ya Bogare. Morago ga go fenya Aforika Bokone mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la boferabobedi la dingwaga, Maarabea, Ba-Berber le merafe e mengwe ba ne ba tsena mo Aforika yo o kwa Borwa jwa Sahara la ntlha go bapa le Mokgatsha wa Nile go ya kwa Nubia, mme gape ba kgabaganya Sahara go ya kwa Aforika Bophirima. Ba ne ba kgatlhegela kgwebo ya go kgabaganya Sahara, segolobogolo makgoba, ka go ne go nna go batlega makgoba kwa merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Maarabea le Constantinople.[24] Bagwebi ba makgoba ba MaMoslem ba ne ba itlhaola mo bathong ba ba kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe la Sahara, ba bitsa batho bano ba Aforika ba re ke Zanj kgotsa Sudan e e kayang "bantsho".[25]

  1. ↑ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment". Middle East Journal. 44 (4): 610–623. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328193. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Willard R. (1980). "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge". International Journal. 35 (4): 766–793. doi:10.2307/40201914. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40201914. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean", Bondage, Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11, ISBN 978-1-78238-250-8, JSTOR j.ctt9qcm9z.11, e nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Shepperson, George (2006). "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document". The Society of Malawi Journal. 59 (2): 1–5. ISSN 0037-993X. JSTOR 29779209. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10, JSTOR j.ctt1rfsnxf.10. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). "Black Africa and the Arabs". Foreign Affairs. 53 (4): 725–742. doi:10.2307/20039542. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20039542. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY". Sudan Notes and Records. 58: 85–106. ISSN 0375-2984. JSTOR 44947358. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (1 March 2023). Selected Topics in Migration Studies. Springer Nature. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-031-19631-7. Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.
  9. 1 2 3 Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays. p. 177.
  10. ↑ Segal 2001, p. 55-57. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  11. 1 2 Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-19-522151-0. OCLC 1045855145. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition. BRILL. p. 450. ISBN 978-90-474-4003-1. While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.
  13. ↑ Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-8470-0. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa". The History Ville. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Gordon, Murray (1989). Slavery in the Arab World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0. OCLC 1120917849. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Redford, D. B.. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE
  17. ↑ "Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation". the Guardian. 5 November 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  18. ↑ David Mattingly. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade". Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28.
  19. ↑ Austen, R. (2015). "Regional study: Trans-Saharan trade". In C. Benjamin (Ed.), The Cambridge World History pp. 662–686. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.026
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan Exports to the Roman World". Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–3. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Segal, Ronald (2001). Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. Macmillan. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-374-52797-6. OCLC 1014163824. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  22. ↑ Gordon 1989, p. 108-110. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  23. ↑ Wright, J. (2007). The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.15-16
  24. ↑ Gordon 1989, p. 114-115. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Lewis, Bernard (1992). Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5. OCLC 1022745387. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome ka 2025.
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