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Kwame Nkrumah

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Motlotlegi
Kwame Nkrumah
Senepe sa ga Nkrumah
Tautona wa ntlha wa Ghana
In office
Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 1960 – Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1966
Pele Ga Gagwego tlhamiwa ga ofisi
Morago Ga GagweJoseph Arthur Ankrah e le modulasetilo wa NCL
Modulasetilo wa boraro wa lekgotla la African Unity
In office
Phalane a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1965 – Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1966
Pele Ga GagweGamal Abdel Nasser
Morago Ga GagweJoseph Arthur Ankrah
Tonakgolo wa ntlha wa Ghana
In office
Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 1957 – Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 1960
MonarchMma Mosadinyana
Governor-GeneralCharles Arden-Clarke The Lord Listowel
Pele Ga Gagweene e le tona wa Gold Coast
Morago Ga GagweEne e le tautona
Tonakgolo wa ntlha wa Gold Coast
In office
Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1952 – Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 1957
Pele Ga GagweGo tlhamiwa ga ofisi
Morago Ga GagweEne e le tonakgolo wa Ghana
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweFrancis Kwame Nkrumah
Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1909
Nkroful, kolone ya Gold Coast
O TlhokafetseMoranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1972 (a le dingwaga di le masome a marataro le bobedi)
Bucharest
MokgatlhoUGCC (ngwaga wa 1947 go tsena 1949) CPP (ngwaga wa 1949 go tsena 1966)
Mo/BakapeloFathia Rizk (ba nyalane ka ngwaga wa 1957)
Banaba bane, ba kaaretsa Gamal le Samia
BatsadiElizabeth Nyanibah (mmaagwe)
ThutoLincoln University (BA, BTh) University of Pennsylvannia (MA, MS)
AwardsSeetsele sa Lenin Peace (ngwaga wa 1962)

Kwame Nkrumah (o o tshotsweng ka leina la Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma; ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe a tlhokafala ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi) e ne e le mopolotiki wa kwa Ghana. O berekile e le tonakgolo wa Gold Coast go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, fa lefatshe leo le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo go la United Kingdom.[1] E ne e le tonakgolo wa ntlha wa nako eo, le tautona wa lefatshe la Ghana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. E ne e le mmueledi wa Aforika o o kopaneng, Nkrumah e ne e le leloko le le tlhamileng lekgotla la Organisation of African Unity (OAU) le mofenyi wa seetsele sa Lenin Peace go tswa kwa Soviet Union ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le bobedi.[2]

Morago ga dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a le kwa mafatsheng a sele a dira dithuto tse dikgolwane, a tlhabolola kitso ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, gape a rulaganya le ba bangwe ba ba eletsang Aforika o o kopaneng, Nkrumah o ne a boela kwa Gold Coast go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki e le mmueledi wa boipuso jwa lefatshe leo.[3] O ne a tlhama phathi ya Convention People's Party, e e neng ya atlega ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo ka e ne e kgatlhisa leitlho la motlhophi.[4] O ne a nna tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi, a tswelela ka go nna mo maemong ao fa a etelela Ghana pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, e le lone lantlha mo Aforika o o mo borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ka nako eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, batho ba Ghana ba ne ba amogela ba bo ba tlhomamisa molaomotheo o moha ba tlhopha Nkruma e le tautona wa bone.[5]

Puso ya gagwe e ne e le ya ngwao mme gape e le ya go baya Aforika kwa pele. E ne ya ntshetsa diporojeke tsa lefatshe tsa madirelo le kgothetso madi, ya tlhabolola tsamaiso e e itshetletseng ya thuto le go rotloetsa gwao ya Aforika o mongwe fela.[6] Nkrumah o ne a na le ponelopele ya go kopanya mafatshe a Aforika go etelelwa pele ke moeteledipele a le mongwe, e le ene tautona wa bokopano jo.[7] Ka fa tlase ga ga Nkrumah, lefatshe la Ghana le ne la etelela pele botsalano jwa mafatshe a Aforika le mafatshe ka bophara le letsholo la Aforika a le mongwe ka nako ya go tswa mo bokoloeng ga Aforika, a eme nokeng kgololesego ya mafatshe ka bontsi.[8] Mafatshe a a neng a le kgatlhanong le bokopano jo a kwa bophirima a ne a bona Nkrumah Ideological Institute (KNII) e le lefelo la boutlwelobotlhoko la kemo nokeng ya sesole mo mafatsheng a Aforika ka jalo a bona e le matshosetsi mo go bone.[9]

Morago ga dikgang tsa go loga maano a go mmolaya,[10] go kopana le go thatafalela pele ga maemo a itsholelo, puso ya ga Nkrumah e ne ya simolola go gatelela ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, ka a ne a le kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso a tshwara ditlhopho tse di sa gololesegang ebile di gatelela.[11] Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bone, phetolo ya molaomotheo e ne ya dira gore lefatshe la Ghana e nne lefatshe la phathi e le nngwefela, Nkrumah e le tautona wa botshelo jotlhe wa lefatshe leo le phathi e e busang.[12] O ne a dira gore batho ba mo obamele, a dirametheo ya dikgopolo, a bo a dirisa maemo a "Osagyefo."[13] KNII e ne e phatlhalatsa dikgang tse senang boammaruri le puso ya ga Nkrumah e e neng e bidiwa Nkrumaism.[14] Nkrumah o ne a thankgolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro mo thankgolong puso ke khansele ya kgololesego. Lekgotla la Central Intelligence Agency la United States go bolelwa le ne la raraanya kgang e, le ntswa se se sa tlhomamisiwa.[15][16] Nkrumah o ne a ya go tshelela botshelo jwa gagwe botlhe kwa Guinea, kwa a neng a fiwa tlotla ya tautona o mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabonwge masome a robabongwe le borobabonwge, o ne a tlhophiwa mo Aforika wa sekete sa dingwaga ke BBC.[17]

Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Gold Coast

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kwame Nkrumah o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe go le Labobedi[18][19] kwa Nkroful, botlhaba jwa Nzema (kwa e leng Ellembele gompieno), kwa Gold Coast (Ghana wa gompieno).[20][21] Nkroful e ne e le motsana o mmotlana kwa kgaolong ya Nzema,[22] kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Gold Coast, gaufi le molelwane le kolone ya France ya Ivory Coast. Kwame o ne a tshotswe a le esi.[23] Rraagwe o ne a sa nne le lolwapa loo, mme o ne a berekela kwa Half Assini kwa a neng a dira kgwebo ya gagwe ya go thula gouta go fitlhelela a tlhokafala.[24] Fa le dingwaga di le tharo, Nkrumah le mmaagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Half Assini kwa go rraagwe. Ba ne ba mo tsenya sekolo se sepotlana sa borongwa jwa kereke ya katoliki kwa Half Assini, kwa a neng a itshupa e le moithuti wa tlhwatlhwa.[25]

Mo dingwageng tsa fa a le moithuti kwa United States, o ne a itsege ka leina la Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi e le leina la puo ya Akan le le neng le neelwa bana ba basimane ba ba tshotsweng go le Labotlhano.[26] Morago o ne a fetola leina la gagwe go nna Kwame Nkrumah ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano kwa UK, a supa fa a rata leina la Kwame.[27][28] Go ya ka Ebenezer Obiri Addo fa a ithuta ka tautona wa mo isagong, leina "Nkrumah", e le leina le le fiwang ngwana wa borobabongwe, le supa gore Kwame o ka tswa a ne a le mo maemong ao kwa ntlong ya ga rraagwe, o a neng a na le basadi ba le bantsi.[29]

Rraagwe, ebong Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, o ne a tswa kwa Nkroful e le wa morafe wa Asona wa batho ba Akan. Metswedi e supa fa Ngoloman a nnile kwa Tarkwa-Nsuaem a le mo kgwebong ya go thula gouta. Ngoloman o ne a tlotlelwa go nna botlhale mo go gakololeng ke ba ba neng ba kopa dikgakololo tsa gagwe ka dikgang tsa ngwao le selegae. O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le bosupa.

Le ntswa maagwe, o leina la gagwe e neng e le Elizabeth Nyanibah (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a supa le bosupa a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe), morago a neng a supa fa matsalo a gagwe e le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bobedi, Nkrumah o kwadile gore o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le borobabbonwge. Mmaagwe o ne a tlholega kwa Nsuaem e le wa lolwapa lwa Agona. Ene e le morekisi wa ditlhaphi le mogwebi fa a nyala raagwe. Malatsi a robabobedi morago ga a sena go tsholwa, rraagwe o ne a mo fa leina la Francis Nwia-Kofi a reeletswe ka mongwe wa losika, me morago ba lolwapa ba ne ba mo fa leina la Francis Kwame Ngolomah.

O ne a tswelela mo thutong ya dingwaga di le lesome dingwag di robabobedi fela. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano, e ne e le morutabana wa moithuti kwa sekolong seo a kolobediwa mo tumelong ya katoliki. O gakologelwa ka lorato fa a ne a tshwanelwa ke go ema mo godimo ga lebokoso go ruta balekane ba gagwe. Fa a le kwa sekolong, o ne a lemogiwa ke morutuii Alec Garden Fraser, mogokgo wa Government Training College (e e neng ya fetoga go nna Achimota School) kwa toropokgolo ya Gold Coast ebong Accra. Fraser o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Nkrumah a ithute go nna morutabama kwa sekolong sa gagwe. Koo, mothusa mogokgo o a neng a ithutile kwa Columbia University Kwegyir Aggrey o ne a mmontsha dikakanyo tsa ga Marcus Garvey le W.E.B Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser le ba bangwe kwa Achimota ba en ba akanya gore go tshwanetse go nna le tirisanommogo gareng ga ditso tse di farologaneng mo go buseng Gold Coast, mme Nkrumah, a bua mafoko a ga Garvey, o ne a dumela gore fa batho bantsho ba ipusa ke gone go ka nnang le kagiso gareng ga ditso.

Morago ga go aloga ka setlankana sa borutabana go tswa kwa Prince of Wales' College kwa Achimota ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo, Nkrumah o ne a neelwa tiro ya go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana sa katoliki kwa Elmina ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabaongwe masome a mararo le motso. Ka dinwgaga tsa a le kwa Achimota, Nkrumah o ne a akgolelwa kitso ya gagwe ya go ngangisana le go etelela pele, e le mekgwa e morago e neng ya bop seabe sa gagwe e le moeteledipele wa lefatshe.

Morago ga ngwaga a le koo, o ne a tlhomiwa mogokgo wa sekolo sa Axim. Kwa Axim, o ne a simolola go tsenelela sepolotiki a tlhama lekgotla la Nzema Literary Society. Ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a thapiwa go na morutabana kwa sekolong sa Amisanno sa katoliki. Le ntswa koo bosthelo bo ne bo gaagmetse, o ne a go rata, ebile a akanya ka go nna moruti. Nkrumah o ne a utlwile mmega dikgang o o tlaa nnang tautona wa Nigeria mo isagong ebong Nnamdi Azikiwe a bua fa a santse a le moithuti kwa Achimota; banna ba babedi ba, ba ne ba kopana, thotloetso ya ga Azikiwe ya oketsa kgatlhego ya ga Nkrumah ka go etelelwa pele ke batho bantsho. Morutabana wa monana o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya go oketsa thuto ya gagwe. Azikiwe o ne a tsene sekolo kwa Lincoln University, sekolo se mo ditsong e neng e le sa batho banstho kwa Chester County, kwa Pennsylvania, kwa bophirima jwa Philadelphia, a gakolola Nkrumah go ikwadisa kwa go sone.

Nkrumah o a neng a reteletswe ke go pasa tlhatlhobo ya go tsena kwa London University, o ne a bona madi a mosepele le thuto ya gagwe go tswa mo go ba losika. O ne a tsaya loeto go ralala Britain, kwa a neng a utlwalela ka go tlhasela Ethiopia (le e neng e le lengwe la mafatshe a le palo potlana fela a Aforika a a ipusang) ga lefatshe la Italy, mme selo se sa mo shakgatsa. O gorogile kwa United States ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano.

United States

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Nkrumah mo lokwalong lwa ngwaga wa sekolo ngwaga wa 1942

Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso John Henrik Clarke mo tsebeng ya loeto lwa ga Nkrumah go ya Amerika, "thotloetso ya dingwaga di le lesome tse a di ntseng kwa United States e nnile le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa gagwe botlhe." Nkrumah o ne a ikopetse phatlha kwa Lincoln University pele ga a simolola sekolo koo. Ka Labotlhano, kgwedi ya Mopitlo e rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a romelela sekolo lokwalo lo lo supang gore ikopelo ya gagwe e na le sebaka sa go feta ngwaga a sa ntse a e letile e ise e arabiwe. Sekolo se ne sa fetola ka go mo kopa go kwala mokwalo o mokhutshwane ka polelo ya botshelo jwa gagwe le maikaelelo a gagwe. O ne a kwala ka ditoro tsa gagwe are "mo dilong tsotlhe, ke ikakatletse ka maikaelelo a le mangwe fela a e leng go dira dithulaganyo tsotlhe tse di tlhokafalang go tsweledisa thuto ya me...gore ke nne mo seemong se ke ka direlang batho ka nna."

Fa a goroga kwa New York ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa Pennyslvania, kwa a neng a ikwadisa le ntswa a ne a tlhaelelwa ke madi a sebaka se se tletseng sa ntlha. O ne a fenya kgaisano ya dithuso tsa madi go tsena sekolo kwa Lincon University. O ne a tswelela ka go tlhaelwa mo nakong yotlhe e a neng a le kwa US. O ne a bereka ditiro tse dipotlana jaaka thekiso ya tlhapi le mae, go kolomaka, go tlhwatswa dijana le tse dingwe. Ka malatsi a Tshipi, o ne a etela dikete tsa batho banstho kwa Philadelphia le New York.

Nkrumah o feditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Bachelor of Arts mo go tsa itsholelo le thutoloago ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabongwe. Lincoln o ne a mo thapa go nna mothusi wa motlhatlhelela dithuto wa tsa matlhale. O ne a simolola go amogela ditaletso go nna moruti wa moeng kwa dikerekeng tsa Presbyteria kwa Philadelphia le New York. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabongwe, Nkrumah o ne a ikwadisa kwa Lincoln's Seminary le kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Pennsylvania kwa Philadelphia, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi, o ne a amogelwa mo setlhopheng sa Phi Beta Sigma kwa Lincoln University. Nkrumah o ne a aloga ka Bachelor of Theology go tswa kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi, e le moithuti o o kwa godimo mo thutong eo. O ne a aloga gape ka Master of Arts kwa University of Pennsylvannia ngwaga o o latelang, le Master of Science ya thuto. Fa a le kwa Penn, Nkrumah o ne a bereka le moitseanape wa dipuo Everett Welmers.

Ka dipaka tsa selemo, Nkrumah o ne a etela kwa Harlem, boremelelo jwa matshelo a batho bantsho, dikakanyo tsa bone le ngwao. O ne a bona ntlo le tiro kwa New York City a sokotse, mme a inaakanya le setshaba sa koo. Mo maitseboeng o ne a reetsa kgotsa a omana le batho mo ditseleng, go ya ka Clarke, Kwame Nkrumah fa a bua ka dingwaga tse a di ntseng kwa America o ne a re;

Maitseboa a, a ne a le botlhokwa mo thutong ya ga Kwame Nkrumah. O ne a tsena sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro, sekolo sa Harlem Streets. Nako e, e ne e se nako fela, mme gape dibui tsa mo mebileng e ne e se dibui fela...ditsela tsa Harlem e ne e le dipuisano, di okametswe ke dibui tsa tlotla di tshwana le Arthur Reed le Ira Kemp. Motlhami wa African Pioneer Movement o mmotlana Carlos Cook o ne a le teng, a tsisetsa batho ba tsela eo melaetsa ya bosigo le bosigo. Suji Hamid, mogaka wa tiro kwa Harlem, o ne a tshwara dikokoano sa bosigo a gwetlha gore batho bantsho ba tlhamelwe ditiro mo mafelong a ba nnag mo go one...se ke bontlha jwa tse di neng di diragala kwa mebileng ya Harlem fa moithuti Kwame Nkrumah a lebile ebile a tsamaya.

Nkrumah e ne e le moithuti wa molwela ditshwanelo,a rulagantse setlhopha sa baithuti ba ma Aforika kwa Pennsylvannia go tlhama lekgotla la baithuti ba Aforika kwa Amerika le Canada (African Students Association of America and Canada) a nna tautona wa lone. Maloko mangwe a ne a akanya gore setlhopha se tshwanetse go lwela gore kolone nngwe le nngwe e ikemele; Nkrumah o ne a lwela Aforika o o kopaneng. Nkrumah o ne a na le seabe se se tona mo bokopanong jwa Aforika o mongwefela jo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa New York ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bone, bo bo neng bo gwetlha lefatshe la United States kwa bokhutlong jwa ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, go thusa go netefatsa gore Aforika o a tlhabololwa ebile o gololesegile.

Morutabana wa gagwe wa pele Aggrey o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le borobabongwe kwa US, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi,Nkrumah o ne a etelela pele dithapelo tsa setso kwa lebitleng la ga Aggrey. Se se ne sa baka gore a tseye nakwana ya boikhutso kwa Lincoln, mme morago o ne a nna motho wa botlhokwa kwa Gold Coast, a boela kwa Lincoln go amogela seetsea sa tlotla ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le motso. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshekatsheko ya ga Nkrumah ya dithuto tsa gagwe tsa doctoral e ne ya seka ya fediwa. O ne a tsaya leina Francis a le dirisa fa a le kwa Amissano; ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano, o ne a dirisa leina la Kwame Nkrumah.

Nkrumah o ne a bala dibuka tsa sepolotiki, a ruta baithuti ka matlhale a tlhaloganyo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le boraro, Nkrumah o ne a kopana le C.L.R James wa kwa Trinidad and Tobago, Raya Dunayevskaya wa kwa Russia le Grace Lee Boggs wa ditso tsa China le Amerika, botlhe e le maloko a mothale wa polotiki wa Marx. MoragoNkrumah o ne a lebogela James go bo a mo rutile ka fa letsholo le le phitlhela le berekang ka teng. Dipampiri tsa Federal Bureau of Investigation tsa ga Nkrumah, tse di beilweng go tswa ka Firikgong go tsena Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano, di mo supa e le motho o o ka tswang a ne a sa dumele mo go ikgagapeleleng dithoto. Nkrumah o ne a na le maikaelelo a go ya London, a emetse go fetsa sekolo sa gagwe koo ka ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe e ne e fedile. James, mo lokwalong lwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a,mane le botlhano a itsise Nkrumah kwa go George Padmorekwa London, o ne a kwala jaana: "lekawana le, le tla kwa go wena. Ga a botlhale thata, mme le fa go ntse jalodira se o ka se mo direlang ka gore o ikaeletse go ntsha ma Yuropa mo Aforika."

London

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
mmila wa 60 Burghley kwa Kentisj, London kwa Nkrumah a ntseng teng fa a le kwa London ngwaga wa 1945 go tsena 1947

Nkrumah o ne a boela London ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano, a ikwadisa kwa London School of Economics e le moithuti wa PhD wa maranyane a setho. O ne a ikgogela morago morago ga setlha se le sengwe, ngwaga o o latelang a ikwadisa kwa University College London, ka maikaelelo a go kwala pampiri tshekatsheko ya thuto ya matlhale ka "kitso le go nna le tsholofelo". Mookamedi wa gagwe, A.J Ayer, o ne a gana go fa Nkrumah maemo a ntlha a re, "ke ne ke mo rata ebile ke rata go buisana le ene mme o ne a sa lebege a na le tlhaloganyo ya go sekaseka dilo. O ne a batla dikarabo ka pele. Ke akanya gore bontlha bongwe jwa kgwetlho ke gore o ne a itebagantse thata le tshekatsheko thuto ya gagwe. E ne e le tsela ya go tshwaya nako go fitlhelela tshono e tswa ya gore a boele Ghana. Kwa bofelong, Nkrumah o ne a ikwadisa, mme a seka a fetsa, thuto ya molao kwa Gray's Inn.

Nkrumah o ne a tsaya nako ya gagwe mo makgotleng a polotiki, Ene le Padmore ba ne ba le gareng ga barulaganyi bagolo, le batshwara madi, ba bokopano jwa masome a matlhano jwa Aforika o o kopaneng kwa Manchester (Phalane a le lesome le botlhano go tsena a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano). Bokopano bo ne jwa atolosa mothale wa go emisetsa bokolone ka go batla tse di tswelang Aforika molemo fela.Ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama United States of Africa, ka gokopanya makgotla a a mo dikgaolong, e busiwa ka mafatshe a a nang le kokamo e e lekanetseng. Ba ne ba rulaganya go nna le ngwaoe ntsha ya Aforika go sena semorafe, puso ya batho ka batho mo motheong o o tswelang kgaolo mosola, go kopanngwa setso le megopolo ya sesha, le gore se se fitlhelelwe ka ditsela tse di senang dikgoka. Mo go ba ba neng ba tseneletse bokopano go ne go na le W.E.B DuBois le bangwe ba morago ba neng ba nna mo maemong a boeteledipele mo go eteleleng pele mafatshe a bone go tsaya boipuso, ba akaretsa Hastings Banda wa Nyasaland (kwa e neng ya nna Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta wa Kenya le Obafemi Awolowo wa Nigeria.

Bokopano bo ne bo ikaelela go tlhama go lwela ditshwanelo tsa Aforika kwa Britain ga mmogo le mokwaledi wa bophirima jwa Aforika go bereka go goroga kwa go ntsheng Aforika mo bokoloneng. Nkrumah o ne anna mokwaledi wa WANS. Fa godimo ga go batla go rulaganya ma Aforika go nna le kgololesego ya mafatshe a bone, Nkrumah o ne a batla go thusa le go ema nokeng batho ba le bantsi ba Aforika ba ba neng ba kaaleletswe kwa bophirima, kwa London ka nako ya fa ntwa e tla bokhutlong, ba tlhama lekgotla la Coloured Workers Association go matlafatsa le go ba ema nokeng.

Go boela kwa Gold Coast

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United Gold Coast Convention

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Molaomotheo wa Gold Coast wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borataro o ne wa fa ma Aforika palo e ntsi mo khanseleng ya molao e le lantlha. Go bonwa e le kgato e tona mo go ipuseng, thulaganyo e ntsha e ne ya gwetlha gore kolone e nne le phathi ya yone ya ntlha ya sepolotiki, e tlhamilwe ka Phatwe ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa e bidiwa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). UGCC e ne e batla gore kolone e ipuse ka bofefo jo bo ka kgonagalang. Ka maloko a a eteletseng pele e ne e ele babereki ba ba atlegileng, ba ne ba tlhoka go duela mongwe go okamela phathi, ba ne ba itlhophela Nkrumah, e le leina le le duleng ka Ako Adjei. Nkrumah o ne a nna sebete se molangwana mem a lemoga gore UGC e laolwa ke dikgatlhego tse di sireletsang a lemoga le gore maemo a masha a ka mmulela ditsela mo sepolotiking a a amogela. Morago ga go botsolosiwa ke matona a kwa Britain ka dikamano tsa gagwe, Nkrumah o ne a pagama MV Accra kwa Liverpool ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa a boela gae.

Morago ga go ema ka nakwana kwa Sierra Leone, Liberia le Ivory Coast, o ne a goroga kwa Gold Coast kwa a neng a nna teng ka sebakanyana a bona mmaagwe kwa Tarkwa. O simolotse tiro kwa diofisikgolong tsa phathi kwa Saltpond ka Morule a le masome mabedi le borbabongwe nagwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa kwa a neng a bereka e le mokwaledi mogolo. Nkrumah o ne a romela maano a makalana a UGCC go tlhamiwa go ralala kolone, le gore go nne le megwanto fa go tlhokafala gore sepolotiki se kgonagale. Seemo se sa go lwela ditshwanelo se ne sa kgaoganya kmiti ya ohathi e e negng e eteletswe pele ke J.B Danquah. Nkrumah o ne a tsaya loeto go kopela UGCC le makalana a masha madi.

Le ntswa Gold Coast e ne e tlhabologile ka sepolotiki go gaisa dikolone tse dingwe tse di kwa bophirima tsa Britain, go ne go na le go tlhoka go itumela. Koketsego ya ditlhwatlhwa morago ga ntwa e ne ya baka tshakgalo ya setshaba mo ditlhwatlhweng tse di kwa godimo, mo go neng ga baka go emisa go reka mo dikgwebong tse dipotlana tse di okametsweng ke ma Arabea mo go simolotseng ka Firikgong ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi. Balemi ba dinawa tsa cocoa ba ne ba utlwile botlhoko ka ditlharedi ne di supa mogare wa go ruruga ga cocoa, mme di santse di ungwa, di ne di senngwa ke matona a kolone. Go ne go na le masole a a tsereng karolo mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe ba le dikete di le masome a marataro le boraro kwa Gold Coast, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba sokola go bona ditiro ka jalo ba dumela gore puso ya bokolone ga e dire sepe go rrabolola dilelo tsa bone. Nkrumah Le Danquah ba ne ba tshwara bokopano jwa lekgotla le le okametseng balwa ntwa ba pele kwa Accra Tlhakole a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi, bo bo neng bo tshwerwe pele ga mogwanto o o neng o rulagantswe go isa kopo ko molaoding. Fa mogwanto o diragala ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borbabobedi, masole a ntwa a pele a le mararo a ne a bolawa ke ditlhobolo tsa sepodisi, mo go neng ga baka tsuologo ya ngwaga wa sekte makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi kwa Accra, mme tsa anama le lefatshe ka bophara. Go ya ka mokapa dinepe wa ga Nkrumah ebong David Birmingham, "tsamaiso ya pele ya bokolone kwa bophiirma jwa Aforika e ne ya itemogela tsuologo mme dikgwebo tsa utswelwa. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya phetogo ya Aforika.

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ o'Hara, Glen (11 April 2012), "President Kennedy, Prime Minister Macmillan and the Gold Market, 1960–63", Governing Post-War Britain, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 53–72, doi:10.1057/9780230361270_4, ISBN 978-0-230-36127-0
  2. ↑ Rathbone, Richard (23 September 2004). "Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31504.
  3. ↑ Hsü, Leonard Shihlien (5 November 2013), "Political Progress", The Political Philosophy of Confucianism, Routledge, pp. 258–273, doi:10.4324/9781315018775, ISBN 978-1-315-01877-5
  4. ↑ Proceedings of the convention at which the American federation of arts was formed. B. S. Adams. 1909. doi:10.5479/sil.380651.39088006011662.
  5. ↑ "Prime Minister 1957–60", Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy, Sub-Saharan Publishers, 15 November 2007, pp. 192–214, doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17, ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0
  6. ↑ Stanek, Łukasz (2020). Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19455-4. OCLC 1134854794.
  7. ↑ Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6". The Journal of African History. 60 (3): 407–428. doi:10.1017/S002185371900032X. ISSN 0021-8537.
  8. ↑ Nkrumah, Kwame (1953). [Letter: Kwamé Nkrumah to Richard Wright]. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2026
  9. ↑ Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6". The Journal of African History. 60 (3): 407–428. doi:10.1017/S002185371900032X. ISSN 0021-8537.
  10. ↑ Ninsin, Kwame A. (4 February 2016), "The Nkrumah Government and Its Opposition", The Ghana Reader, Duke University Press, pp. 303–306, doi:10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.66, ISBN 978-0-8223-7496-1
  11. ↑ Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". Transition (26): 9–17. doi:10.2307/2934320. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2934320
  12. ↑ Zolberg, Aristide R. (31 December 1964). "VII. The Reluctant Nation". One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 219–249. doi:10.1515/9781400876563-012. ISBN 978-1-4008-7656-3.
  13. ↑ Yergin, Daniel; Stanislaw, Joseph (15 June 2002). The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2963-0.
  14. ↑ Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6". The Journal of African History. 60 (3): 407–428. doi:10.1017/S002185371900032X. ISSN 0021-8537.
  15. ↑ Dutfield, Graham (27 November 2017), "If we have never been modern, they have never been traditional", Routledge Handbook of Biodiversity and the Law, Routledge, pp. 276–290, doi:10.4324/9781315530857-18, ISBN 978-1-315-53085-7
  16. ↑ John Prados, Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), p. 329.
  17. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah's Vision of Africa" Tempolete:Webarchive, BBC World Service, 14 September 2000.
  18. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah: Non-Violence of Mahatma Gandhi in Ghana". www.mkgandhi.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2026
  19. ↑ "Dr Kwame Nkrumah's History & LSE Application Form". London School of Economics. 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2026
  20. ↑ "Man in the News; An African Enigma; Kwame Nkrumah". The New York Times. 3 January 1964. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2026
  21. ↑ Botwe-Asamoah, Kwame (2005). Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-cultural Thought and Policies: An African-centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution. Psychology Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-94833-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2026
  22. ↑ Berry, LaVerle Bennette; Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (1995). Ghana: a country study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 27. ISBN 0844408352. Retrieved 8 october 2026
  23. ↑ Ahlman, Jeffrey (23 April 2021). Kwame Nkrumah: Visions of Liberation (Ohio Short Histories of Africa). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0821424520.
  24. ↑ "Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah | University of Education, Winneba". www.uew.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2026
  25. ↑ Rooney, David (1988). Kwame Nkrumah: The Political Kingdom in the Third World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-02479-6.
  26. ↑ "Annan, Kofi Atta, (born 1938), President, Kofi Annan Foundation, since 2007; Secretary-General, United Nations, 1997–2006", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5557
  27. ↑ Yakubu, Mutala (21 September 2019). "Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Day: Dr Kwame Nkrumah 'A son of the soil'". Prime New Ghana. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2026
  28. ↑ "Biography of Ghana's first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah". Daily Graphic. Accra, Ghana. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2026
  29. ↑ Service, Support. "Kwame Nkrumah". TV Afrique. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2026
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