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Laurent Gbagbo

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Laurent Gbagbo
Gbagbo in 2008
4th President of Côte d'Ivoire
In office
26 October 2000 – 11 April 2011Tempolete:NoteTag
Prime Minister
Pele Ga GagweRobert Guéï
Morago Ga GagweAlassane Ouattara
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweKoudou Laurent Gbagbo
(1945-05-31) 31 May 1945 (age 80)
Gagnoa, French West Africa
Mosetshaba waIvorian
Mokgatlho
Mo/BakapeloSimone Gbagbo
Alma materParis Diderot University
MaranyaneOfficial website
Tempolete:Infobox criminal

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[ntlha 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo [ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; go bidiwa ga mafoko a Sefora: [loʁɑ̃ baɡbo]; o tshotswe ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ka 1945) ke lepolotiki la Ivory Coast yo o neng e le tautona wa Côte d'Ivoire go tswa ka Moranang wa 2010 go fitlhelela a tshwarwa ka Moranang 2011. E ne e le tautona wa ntlha mo ditsong tsa lefatshe yo e neng e le lepolotiki la molema wa bogare. E le raditso, Gbagbo o ne a golegwa mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le gape mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mme o ne a nna kwa lejwa kwa Fora ka bontsi jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980 ka ntlha ya go nna molweladitshwanelo tsa kopano. Gbagbo o ne a tlhoma Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) ka 1982 mme a tsenela ditlhopho tsa go nna tautona kgatlhanong le Félix Houphouët-Boigny kwa tshimologong ya dipolotiki tsa makoko a mantsi ka 1990 mme a se ka a atlega. O ne a gapa setilo kwa Kokoanong Bosetshaba ya Côte d'Ivoire ka 1990.

Gbagbo o ne a bolela gore o fentse morago ga gore Robert Guéï, tlhogo ya puso ya sesole, a thibele mapolotiki a mangwe a a eteletseng pele go tsenela ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa Phalane 2000. Batho ba Ivory Coast ba ne ba tswa mo mebileng, ba menola Guéï. Morago ga moo Gbagbo o ne a tlhomiwa go nna tautona.

Mo ditlhophong tsa botautona tsa 2010, Alassane Ouattara o ne a fenya Gbagbo, mme o ne a amogelwa jaaka mofenyi ke balebeledi ba ditlhopho, baagi ba boditshabatshaba, Kopano ya Aforika (AU), le Economic Community of West African States. Le fa go ntse jalo, Gbagbo o ne a gana go fologa setilo, le fa go ne go na le kgatelelo e e oketsegang ya boditshabatshaba.[4][5] Khuduthamaga e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho (IEC) e itsisitse gore Ouattara o fentse lobelo ka 54% ya ditlhopho, palo e Lekgotla la Ditshaba le neng la swetsa ka gore e a ikanyega; le fa go ntse jalo, Lekgotla la Molaomotheo, e leng setlhopha se se neng se laolwa ke maloko a a neng a ema Gbagbo nokeng, le ne la phimola dipholo kwa mafelong a a nonofileng a ditlhopho a ga Ouattara kwa bokone, le bolela gore go ne go na le tsietso, mme la bolela gore Gbagbo ke mofenyi ka 51% ya ditlhopha.[6] Ka Sedimonthole 2010, bobedi jwa ga Gbagbo le Ouattara ba ne ba tsaya maemo a botautona, mme seo sa tsosa ntwa ya selegae ka nako e khutshwane e mo go yone batho ba ka nna dikete tse tharo ba neng ba bolawa.[7]

Gbagbo o ne a tshwarwa ka 2011 ke masole a a neng a eme Ouattara nokeng, a a neng a engwe nokeng ke masole a Fora.[8] Gbagbo o ne a isiwa kwa The Hague ka Ngwanatsele 2011, kwa a neng a latofadiwa ka ditatofatso di le nne tsa ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Bosenyi ya Boditshabatshaba (ICC) mabapi le tirisodikgoka ya morago ga ditlhopho.[7][9] Gbagbo e nnile ene tlhogo ya lefatshe ya ntlha ya pele go tsenngwa mo diatleng tsa kgotlatshekelo. Ka Firikgong 2019, kokoano ya ICC e ne ya kgaphela thoko ditatofatso kgatlhanong le Gbagbo le mongwe wa ditona tsa gagwe tsa pele, Charles Blé Goudé, ya tlhomamisa gore bosupi jo bo neng jwa tlhagisiwa bo ne bo sa lekana go supa gore bobedi joo bo dirile ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho.[7][9] Basekisi ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le tshwetso eo, mme Gbagbo o ne a thibelwa go boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire go santse go letilwe ditsheko tsa boikuelo.[10] ICC e ne ya feleletsa e tshegeditse go gololwa ga ga Gbagbo, mme ka Moranang 2021, Ouattara o ne a bolela gore ene le Blé Goudé ba gololesegile go boela kwa lefatsheng.[11]

Botshelo jwa pele le tiro ya gagwe ya thuto

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Laurent Gbagbo o tshotswe ka la bo Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ka 1945 mo lelawpeng la Roma la batho ba Bété kwa Gagnoa kwa Aforika Bophirima jwa Fora ka nako eo.[12] O ne a nna moporofesara wa ditso le moganetsi wa puso ya ga Tautona Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] O ne a golegwa go tloga ka Mopitlo a le masome mararo le motso ka 1971 go fitlha ka Firikgong 1973. Ka 1979, o ne a bona digerata ya gagwe ya bongaka kwa Yunibesithing ya Paris Diderot. Ka 1980, o ne a nna Mokaedi wa Setheo sa Ditso, Botaki le Thutamarope ya Aforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Abidjan. O ne a tsaya karolo mo ditshupegetsong tsa barutabana tsa 1982 e le leloko la Mokgatlho wa Badiri wa Bosetshaba wa Patlisiso le Thuto e e Kwa Godimo. Gbagbo o ne a ya lejwa kwa Fora.[14][15]

Tiro ya sepolotiki

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Ka nako ya ditshupegetso tsa 1982, Koudou Gbagbo o ne a bopa se se neng se tla nna Mokgatlho wa Batho ba Ivory Coast (FPI). O ne a boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire ka Lwetse a le lesome le boraro 1988 mme kwa khuduthamageng ya molaomotheo ya FPI, e e neng e tshwerwe ka Ngwanaatsele a le lesome le boferabongwe–masome mabedi 1988, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledimogolo wa lekoko.[5]

Gbagbo o boletse ka Phukwi 2008 gore o amogetse tshegetso e e botlhokwa go tswa go Blaise Compaoré, yo pele e neng e le tautona wa Burkina Faso, fa a ne a le karolo ya kganetso ya sephiring ya Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Morago ga go simololwa ga dipolotiki tsa makoko a mantsi ka 1990, Gbagbo o ne a gwetlha Houphouët-Boigny mo ditlhophong tsa botautona tsa Phalane 1990. Gbagbo o ne a nganga gore Houphouët-Boigny, yo o neng a na le dingwaga di le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano kgotsa masome a ferabongwe (go ikaegile ka motswedi), go ne go sa kgonagale gore a falole paka ya bosupa ya dingwaga di le tlhano. Seo se ne sa palelwa ke go utlwala mo batlhophing, mme Gbagbo o ne a amogela semmuso 18.3% ya ditalama kgatlhanong le Houphouët-Boigny. Mo ditlhophong tsa palamente tsa Ngwanaatsele 1990, Gbagbo o ne a gapa setilo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetshaba, mmogo le maloko a mangwe a robabobedi a FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mo setilong go tswa kwa Kgaolong ya Ouragahio mo Lephateng la Gagnoa mme e ne e le tautona wa Setlhopha sa Palamente sa FPI go tloga ka 1990 go ya go 1995.[3] Ka 1992 o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le pedi kwa kgolegelong mme a latofadiwa ka go tlhotlheletsa tirisodikgoka, mme a gololwa moragonyana mo ngwageng.[17] FPI e ne ya kganela ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa 1995. Ka 1996 Gbagbo o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna mo setilong sa gagwe mo Kokoanong ya Bosetshaba go tswa kwa Ouragahio, morago ga tiego ya go tshwarwa ga ditlhopho koo, mme ka one ngwaga oo o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa FPI.[3]

Tautona wa Côte d'Ivoire e bong Laurent Gbagbo le Vahid Halilhodzic, Sol Beni, kwa Abidjan, kwa Côte d'Ivoire ka Motsheganong 2008

Kwa Khuduthamageng ya boraro e e Tlwaelegileng ya FPI ka Phukwi a ferabongwe–lesome le motso 1999, Gbagbo o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka ntlhopheng wa FPI mo ditlhophong tsa botautona tsa Phalane 2000.[3] Ditlhopho tseo di ne tsa nna teng morago ga menolopuso ya Sedimonthole 1999 e mo go yone mojenerale yo o rotseng tiro Robert Guéï a neng a tsaya puso. Guéï o ne a gana go letlelela yo o neng a tla pele ga gagwe jaaka tautona, e bong Henri Konan Bédié, kgotsa tonakgolo ya pele e bong Alassane Ouattara go tsenelela ditlhopho, mme seo sa tlogela Gbagbo e le ene fela ntlhopheng yo o botlhokwa wa lekoko la kganetso. Guéï o ne a bolela gore o fentse mo ditlhophong, tse di neng tsa tshwarwa ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 2000. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa go sena go tlhagelela gore tota Gbagbo o ne a fentse ka palo e e bonalang, ditshupetso tsa mo mebileng di ne tsa pateletsa Guéï go tshaba kwa motsemogolo. Gbagbo o ne a itlhoma jaaka tautona ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le borataro.[18][19]

Ntwa ya selegae

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Morago ga ditlhopho tse di neng di gaisanwa tsa 2000, go ne ga nna le dikgotlhang tse di bogale fa gare ga baemanokeng ba FPI le baemanokeng ba RDR. Lebitla la bontsi la ditopo di le masome matlhano le bosupa le ne la fitlhelwa kwa Yopougon, Abidjan, ka Ngwanaatsele 2000, le na le ditopo tsa baemanokeng ba RDR ba ba neng ba bolawa ke masole a a neng a ema le FPI. RDR e ne ya simolola go kganela ditlhopho tsa ditlhopho tsa Sedimonthole 2000 tsa palamente. Kgwedi e e latelang, go ne ga nna le maiteko a go menola puso kgatlhanong le Gbagbo. Go tswa foo puso e ne ya gakatsa go gatelela batho ba bokone le ba go neng go akanngwa gore ke baemanokeng ba ga Alassane Ouattara; ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong kgotsa ba bolawa.[20]

Ka Lwetse a le lesome le boferabongwe 2002 tsogologo ya batho ba bokone kgatlhanong le puso ya ga Gbagbo bo ne jwa palelwa ka bontlhabongwe. Marabele ao, ba ba neng ba ipitsa Forces Nouvelles, ba ne ba leka go gapa metse ya Abidjan, Bouaké le Korhogo. Ba ne ba palelwa ke go tsaya Abidjan, mme ba ne ba atlega mo ditoropong tse dingwe tse pedi, jaaka fa baikanyegi ba ga Gbagbo, ka thuso ya sesole sa Fora, ba ne ba kgaphela tlhaselo morago.[20] Marabele a Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire ba ne ba simolola go laola karolo e e kwa bokone jwa lefatshe leo.

Ka Mopitlo 2003, go ne ga dirwa tumalano e ntsha ya makoko a a farologaneng ya go tlhama puso e ntsha e e neng e eteletswe pele ke motho yo o dumalanweng, Seydou Diarra, mme e akaretsa matona a robabongwe go tswa kwa marabeleng, mme ngwaga o le mongwe moragonyana, masole a UN a go boloka kagiso a ne a goroga mo lefatsheng.[21] Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Mopitlo 2004, go ne ga nna le kokoano e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Gbagbo kwa Abidjan;[21] masole a puso a ne a tsiboga ka go bolaya batho ba ka nna lekgolo le masome mabedi.[22] Pego e e neng ya latela ya UN e ne ya swetsa ka gore puso ya Ivory Coast e ne e na le maikarabelo a polao eo.[22]

Morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae

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Tumalano ya kagiso e ne ya phutlhama tota mo masimologong a Ngwanaatsele 2004 morago ga ditlhopho tse batshwayadiphoso ba neng ba bolela gore ga se tsa temokerasi le go gana ga marabele morago ga moo go ntsha dibetsa. Ka nako ya tlhaselo ya sefofane kwa Bouaké ka Ngwanaatsele a le garataro ka 2004, masole a robabongwe a Fora a ne a bolawa. Fa puso ya Ivory Coast e boletse fa tlhaselo ya masole a Fora e ne e le ka phoso,[23] metswedi ya puso ya Fora e ne ya bolela gore e ne e le ka bomo mme ya tsiboga ka go senya bontsi jwa difofane tsa sesole sa Ivory Coast.[24][25]

Kwa motsubong wa Phalane go atamelwa ka 2006, go ne ga tsewa go sa kgonagale gore ditlhopho di ka tshwarwa ka nako eo, mme kganetso le marabele ba ne ba gana kgonagalo ya go okelediwa paka e nngwe ya ga Gbagbo.[26] Lekgotla la Tshireletso la UN le ne la dumela gore paka ya ga Gbagbo e okediwe gape ka ngwaga o le mongwe Ngwanaatsele a rogwa ka 2006; go se lebale, bontsi jwa marabele ba ne ba tshwere ditlhobolo tsa bone mme ba ne ba ipaakanyeditse go gatela pele gape, le fa go ntse jalo, tshwetso e ne ya nna ya go nonotsha maatla a ga Tonakgolo Charles Konan Banny. Gbagbo o rile letsatsi le le latelang gore dikarolo tsa tshwetso tse di tsewang e le ditlolo tsa molaotheo ga di kitla di dirisiwa.[27]

Tumalano ya kagiso magareng ga puso le marabele, kgotsa New Forces, e ne ya saeniwa ka Mopitlo a le gane ka 2007, kwa Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, mme morago ga moo Guillaume Soro, moeteledipele wa New Forces, o ne a nna tonakgolo.[28][29] Ditiragalo tseo di ne tsa bonwa ke balebeledi bangwe jaaka tse di nonotshang boemo jwa ga Gbagbo thata.[29]

Gbagbo o ne a etela bokone lekgetlo la ntlha fa e sale ntwa e runya go ya go dira moletlo wa go ntsha dibetsa, "kgabo ya kagiso", Phukwi a le masome mararo 2007. Moletlo ono o ne o akaretsa go fisa dibetsa go supa bokhutlo jwa ntwa.[30][31] Kwa moletlong, Gbagbo o ne a bolela gore ntwa e fedile mme a re lefatshe le tshwanetse go ya kwa ditlhophong ka bonako, tse ka nako eo di neng di rulaganyeditswe go dirwa mo tshimologong ya 2008[31]

Phatwe a le masome mararo 2008, Gbagbo o ne a tlhomiwa go nna ntlhopheng wa FPI mo ditlhophong tsa botautona tsa Ngwanaatsele 2008 kwa khuduthamageng ya lekoko; e ne e le ene fela ntlhopheng wa go tlhophiwa ga FPI.[32] Ditlhopho tsa botautona di ne tsa busediwa morago gape go ya go 2010.

Ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa 2010 le tirisodikgoka ya morago ga ditlhopho

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Ka 2010, kwa Côte d’Ivoire go ne ga nna le ditlhopho tsa botautona. Gbagbo, yo taolo ya gagwe e neng e fedile ka 2005, o ne a diegisitse ditlhopho makgetlho a le mmalwa.[33] Mo tikologong ya ntlha, Gbagbo o ne a lebagana le baganetsi ba le lesome le bone; ba babedi ba bagolo e ne e le Henri Konan Bédié, yo o neng a tlositswe mo setilong ka go menola puso dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe pele ga foo, le Alassane Ouattara, yo e kileng ya bo e le tonakgolo le modiredi wa IMF.[33] Mo tikologong ya ntlha, ga go na ntlhopheng ope yo o neng a bona bontsi jwa ditlhopho tse di fetang 50%, mme seo sa dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa bobedi fa gare ga batho ba babedi ba ba kwa godimo ba ba neng ba bona ditlhopho: Gbagbo (yo o ne a amogetse 38% ya ditalama mo tikologong ya ntlha) le Ouattara (yo o amogetseng 32% ya ditalama mo tikologong ya ntlha).[34]

Ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi 2010, go ne ga tshwarwa tikologo ya bobedi ya ditlhopho tsa botautona. Malatsi a le mane morago ga foo Khuduthamaga e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho (CEI) e ne ya bolela gore Ouattara ke mofenyi ka 54.1% ya ditalama.[35] Lekoko la ga Gbagbo le ne la ngongorega ka tsietso mme la laela gore ditalama go tswa kwa dikgaolong di robabongwe tse di neng di gapilwe ke marabele a pele "di ne tsa nna FN morago ga tumalano ya Ouagadougou" di phimolwe, fela dipuo tseo di ne tsa ganetswa ke Khuduthamaga ya Ditlhopho ya Ivory Coast le balebeledi ba ditlhopho ba boditshabatshaba.[36] Lekgotla la Molaomotheo le ne la phimola kgoeletso ya CEI e e neng e ikaegile ka tsietso ya go tlhopha, mme ya kgaphela kwa thoko ditalama go tswa kwa mafelong a robabongwe a a kwa bokone.[37]

Lekgotla la Molaomotheo le ne la swetsa ka gore kwa ntle ga ditalama tse Gbagbo o fentse ka 51% ya ditalameng tse di setseng.[36] Thibelo ya molaomotheo ya gore botautona ba dire dingwaga di feta lesome ga e a rarabololwa. Ka karolo e kgolo ya ditalama tsa lefatshe e ne ya senyega, segolobogolo mo mafelong a Ouattara a neng a dira ditlhopho sentle mo go ona,[37] dikgotlhang di ne tsa oketsega mo lefatsheng. Gbagbo o ne a laela sesole go tswala melelwane mme mekgatlho ya dikgang ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya thibelwa go gasa go tswa mo teng ga lefatshe. Mokwaledi wa Lefatshe wa Amerika Hillary Clinton o ne a rotloetsa puso go "dira ka maikarabelo le ka kagiso."[38]

Gbagbo o ne a bolela gore "Ke tla tswelela go dira le mafatshe otlhe a lefatshe, mme ga nkitla ke tlogela puso ya rona."[39] Ka Sedimonthole a le gane 2010, letsatsi lengwe morago ga gore boeteledipele jwa sesole bo solofetse gore bo tla tswelela go ikanyega mo go ene, Gbagbo o ne a ikana gape mo moletlong o o neng wa gasiwa mo thelebishineng ya puso. Boipolelo jwa ga Gbagbo jwa go tswelela mo maemong ga bo a ka jwa amogelwa kwa mafatsheng mangwe, mme jwa ganwa ke Fora, U.S., Lekgotla la Ditshaba, Kopano ya Aforika, le setlhopha sa kgaolo sa ECOWAS,[39] tse tsotlhe di neng tsa amogela Ouattara jaaka tautona yo o tlhophilweng ka tshwanelo mme tsa kopa gore Gbagbo a tlotle thato ya batho.[40]

Gbagbo o ne a tsiboga ka go simolola ditlhaselo tsa semorafe mo bathong ba bokone ba ba nnang kwa Abidjan ka sesole sa gagwe se se neng se dirilwe ka bontlhabongwe jwa masole a a thapilweng a Liberia,[41][42] mme magatwe (a a sa netefadiwang ka ntlha ya dithibelo tsa motsamao wa masole a go boloka kagiso) a ditlhopha tsa loso tse di emang Gbagbo nokeng le mabitla a bontsi a ile a begelwa baemedi ba UN.[43][44] Gbagbo a engwe nokeng thata ke borwa jo bontsi jwa jone bo leng jwa Bokeresete; baganetsi ba gagwe ba le bantsi kwa bokone jwa MaMusllim.[45] Fa Nigeria e ne e batla gore Gbagbo a fologe mo setilong mme EU e simolola go tsenya dikiletso le go gatsetsa dithoto,[46] Gbagbo o ne a batla gore batlhokomedi ba kagiso ba UN le masole a Fora ba tswe mo lefatsheng.[40][47] Baeteledipele ba Forces Nouvelles (ditsuolodi tsa pele) ba ne ba tlhomamisa gore Gbagbo e ne e se tlhogo ya lefatshe mme o ne a ka se dire kopo e e ntseng jalo mme gape ba tlhomamisa gore kopo eo e ne e le karolo ya leano la go dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho ba bokone, jaaka go boletswe ke Tona ya Basha le Ditiro ya ga Gbagbo.[42][48][49]

Dikhuduego tse di neng tsa latela morago ga ditlhopho di ne tsa baka dintsho tsa batho ba le dikete tse tharo, le go fudusiwa ga batho ba bangwe ba ba fa gare ga sephatlo sa sedikadike go ya go sedikadike.[50] Moranang a le lesome le motso ka 2011, masole a a tshepagalang a ga Ouattara a tshegeditswe ke masole a Fora le a UN a ile a leka go ya go gapa Gbagbo kwa ntlong ya gae kwa Abidjan morago ga go palelwa ke dipuisano tsa go fedisa mathata a tlhatlhamano ya botautona.[51] Go ya ka Ouattara, masole a gagwe a ne a tlhoma lefelo la tshireletso kwa lefelong la bonno, kwa Gbagbo a neng a tshabetse teng mo maemong a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, mme ba ne ba mo emetse gore a felelwe ke dijo le metsi.[52] UN e ne e gateletse gore a tshwarwe, a atlholwe le go sekisiwa ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo pusong le fa e sa le Ouattara a tlhophiwa.

Go tshwarwa le go fudusediwa kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Bosenyi ya Boditshabatshaba

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Ka Moranang a le lesome 2011, difofane tsa thootomo tsa UN le tsa Fora di ne tsa thuntsha dirokete kwa ntlong ya botautona. Masole a a kgethegileng a Fora a ne a thusa masole a a neng a ikanyega mo go Ouattara, tautona yo o neng a amogelwa mo mafatsheng otlhe, fa a ne a gatela pele mo lefelong leo. Gbagbo o ne a tshwarwa mo sebopegong se se fa tlase ga lefelo mme a tshwarwa ke masole a ga Ouattara.[53][54][55][56] Mmueledi wa ga Gbagbo o ne a bolela gore masole a puso a kgonne go tlhasela bonno morago ga gore masole a Fora a thuntshe lebota, a bula mola wa "go tshaba" e e neng e epilwe ka ditaelo tsa yo o neng a tla pele ga ga Gbagbo, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, mme morago ga moo ya agiwa ka lobota ke Ggboba.[57]

Gbagbo o ne a tshwaretswe kwa Hoteleng ya Golf kwa Abidjan ke masole a ga Ouattara, mme a kopa tshireletso mo batlhokomeding ba kagiso ba UN.[58] Fa a ne a bua a le kwa hoteleng, Gbagbo o ne a bolelela masole a a tlwaelesegileng gore a emise go lwa.[59] Tautona wa U.S. Barack Obama o ne a amogela dikgang tsa ditiragalo tseo mme CNN e ne ya nopola Mokwaledi wa Lefatshe la U.S. Hillary Clinton a re go tshwarwa ga ga Gbagbo "go romela letshwao le le maatla go babusaesi le bagateledi. ... Ba ka nna ba se ka ba itlhokomolosa lentswe la batho ba bone".[60]

Ka Phalane 2011, Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditshabatshaba e ne ya bula dipatlisiso ka ga ditiro tsa tirisodikgoka tse di dirilweng ka nako ya kgotlhang morago ga ditlhopho, mme mosekisi yo mogolo wa ICC Luis Moreno Ocampo o ne a etela lefatshe.[61] Kgwedi e e latelang, ICC e ne ya ntsha taelo ya go tshwara Gbagbo semmuso, e mo latofatsa ka ditatofatso di le nne tsa bokebekwa kgatlhanong le batho – polao, petelelo le mefuta e mengwe ya tirisodikgoka ya thobalano, pogiso le ditiro tse dingwe tse di seng tsa setho tse go bolelwang fa di dirilwe magareng ga Sedimonthole a le lesome le borataro 2010 le lesome le bobedi Moranang 2011.[61]

Gbagbo o ne a tshwarwa kwa Korhogo, kwa a neng a beilwe ka fa tlase ga kgolegelo ya mo ntlong, mme a bewa mo sefofaneng se se yang The Hague ka Ngwanaatsele a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe 2011. Mogakolodi wa ga Gbagbo o tlhalositse go tshwarwa ga gagwe jaaka "tshiamiso ya bafenyi". Go farologana le seo, ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho di ne tsa akgola go tshwarwa ga ga Gbagbo fa di ntse di bolela gape gore masole a a emang le Ouattara a a dirileng ditlolomolao le one a tshwanetse go rwala maikarabelo.[61]

Ka 2012, tona ya pele ya tekanyetsokabo ya madi ya ga Gbagbo Justin Kone Katinan, molekane yo mogolo wa ga Gbagbo, o ne a tshwarwa ka taelo ya boditshabatshaba kwa Accra, Ghana, ka ditatofatso tsa go thuba tse di bakilweng ke go thuba dibanka kwa Ivory Coast. Ngwaga o o latelang, mmakaseterata wa Ghana o ne a gana kopo ya go busediwa kwa lefatsheng la gagwe, a tlhomamisa gore taelo e e neng ya ntshiwa ke puso ya Ivory Coast e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ke sepolotiki.[62]

Ditsheko kwa ICC le go gololwa mo molatong

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Theetso ya netefatso ya melato e ne e rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi 2012, mme e ne ya busediwa morago go Phatwe a le lesome le boraro 2012, go fa setlhopha sa gagwe sa babueledi nako e ntsi ya go ipaakanya. Theetso e ne ya busediwa morago go ya go ile, go umakiwa matshwenyego ka botsogo jwa ga Gbagbo.[63]

Tsheko ya ga Gbagbo kwa ICC e simolotse ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi 2016, kwa a neng a ganetsa ditatofatso tsotlhe tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le ene; ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho go akaretsa polao, petelelo le pogiso, fela jaaka molatofadiwa-ka-ene Charles Blé Goudé.[64][65] Ka ntlha ya go nna mo kotsing ya go tshaba le go nna le mafaratlhatlha a baemanokeng, baatlhodi ba ne ba mo laela gore a nne mo kgolegelong ka nako ya tsheko ya gagwe.[66] Go tloga ka Firikgong 2016 go fitlha ka Firikgong 2018, basekisi ba ICC ba ne ba ntsha bosupi jwa basupi ba le masome a ferabobedi le bobedi le bosupi jo bo diketekete. Gbagbo o ne a tlhatlhela kakanyo ya "ga go na kgetse e e tshwanetseng go arabiwa" ka Phukwi 2018, mme ditheetso di ne tsa tshwarwa ka Ngwanaatsele 2018.[50]

Ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano 2019 Gbagbo le Goudé ba ne ba gololwa ke lekoko la ICC mme ga laelwa gore ba gololwe.[67] Moatlhodi yo o okametseng Cuno Tarfusser le Moatlhodi Geoffrey Henderson ba ne ba atlhola gore a gololwe; Moatlhodi Olga Carbuccia o ne a ntsha kgopolo e e sa dumalaneng le bone.[50]

Ba le bantsi mo teng ga Ivory Coast ba ne ba keteka go gololwa ga ga Gbagbo.[68] Amnesty International e biditse go gololwa ga ga Gbagbo le Blé Goudé "go swabisa mo go botlhoko mo batswasetlhabelong ba tirisodikgoka ya morago ga ditlhopho kwa Cote d'Ivoire" mme ya lemoga gore Ofisi ya Mosekisi e ka nna ya ikuela.[69] Ditsheko kgatlhanong le Gbagbo e ne e le tsa ntlha kgatlhanong le tlhogo ya naga tse di dirilweng ke ICC, mme go palelwa ga ICC go bona Gbagbo molato wa ditiro tse di setlhogo tsa bontsi go ne ga bolelwa ke basekaseki go senya thata go ikanyega ga ICC jaaka kgotlatshekelo ya bofelo.[70][71]

Boikuelo

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Lekoko la ICC (Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditshabatshaba) e ne ya laela gore Gbagbo a gololwe ka bonako, mme Phaposi ya Boikuelo ya ICC e ne ya laela gore Gbagbo a nne mo kgolegelong go fitlha go sekasekwa boikuelo jwa basekisi ba ICC kgatlhanong le go gololwa ga ga Gbagbo.[10] Ka Tlhakole a rogwa ka 2019, o ne a gololwa morago ga gore Phaposi ya Boikuelo ya ICC e neele Gbagbo kgololo e e nang le maemo mo kgolegelong; o ne a letleletswe go nna kwa Belgium, mme o ne a tshwanetse go nna teng go boela kwa kgotlatshekelo,[72] mme o ne a sa kgone go tswa kwa Belgium.[73] Babueledi ba ga Gbagbo ba ne ba dira boikuelo kwa ICC gore Gbagbo a gololwe kwantle ga mabaka ape.[73]

Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2020, Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditshabatshaba e ne ya neela Gbagbo tetla ya go tswa kwa Belgium fa go ka fitlhelelwa maemo mangwe. Ka nako eo, go ne go sa itsiwe gore a o tla letlwa go boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire.[74]

Ka la Phalane a le masome mararo ka 2020, Gbagbo o rile ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa Ivory Coast tsa 2020 di tlisa "masetlapelo" mo lefatshengng, mo ditshwaelong tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tsa phatlalatsa fa e sale a menolwa ka 2011. O ne a neela potsolotso kwa Belgium, kwa a neng a letetse ditiragalo tsa ditsheko kgatlhanong le ene.[75]

Ka Mopitlo 2021, ICC e ne ya tshegetsa go gololwa ga ga Gbagbo. Ka bonako morago ga moo, Ouattara o ne a bolela gore o gololesegile go boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Go boela kwa Cote d'Ivoire

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Morago ga go netefadiwa gore o golotswe mo molatong, tautona wa ga jaana wa Ivory Coast Alassane Ouattara, mmaba wa ga Gbagbo, o ne a mo laletsa go boela kwa Côte d'Ivoire.[76] O gorogile kwa Abidjan ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa 2021, ka sefofane sa kgwebo go tswa kwa Brussels, kwa a neng a nna teng dingwaga di le tharo tse di fetileng morago ga go gololwa mo kgolegelong.[77][78] Ouattara o ne a mo rulaganyetsa pasa ya botsalano, mme a mo solofetsa melemo e e tlwaelegileng go newa botautona ba pele, go akaretsa le tshireletso e e tlamelwang ke puso le phenshene ya puso.[78]

Batho ba ba neng ba utlwana le Gbagbo ba le barataro ba pele le bone ba ne ba boa morago ga go fetsa dingwaga di le dintsi kwa lejwa morago ga go rotloediwa ke tautona wa gone jaana Ouattara.[79][80] Ka Phalane 2021, Gbagbo o ne a simolola lekoko le lesha la sepolotiki le le bidiwang African People's Party – Cote d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[81] Ka Sedimonthole 2021, o ne a fetsa malatsi a le mane kwa Ghana. Go ya ka pego go tswa kwa lekokong la gagwe, o ne a ya koo go tsenelela phitlho ya ga Captain Kojo Tsikata, monna yo o atamalaneng le tautona wa pele wa Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo le ene o ne a etela batshwarwa ba Ivory Coast, ba a neng a batla gore ba boele kwa lefatsheng fa e sale ka mathata a Ivory Coast, batho ba l dikete tse lesome le motso ba Ivory Coast ba ne ba tshaba mathata a morago ga ditlhopho go ya go batla botshabelo kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la Ghana.[82][83]

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome ka 2024, Gbagbo o ne a bolela gore o tla tsenelela ditlhopho gape tsa go nna tautona jaaka moeteledipele wa PPA-CI mo ditlhophong tse di tla tshwarwang ka Phalane 2025.[84] O ne a sa akarediwa mo lenaaneng la bofelo la bontlhopheng le le golotsweng ka Seetebosigo 2025.[85] Gbagbo o ne a pega kgetse kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa Setho le Batho, a latofatsa puso ya Ivory Coast ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa gagwe ka go gana go nna ntlhopheng ka ntlha ya go bonwa molato wa bosenyi, e kgotlatshekelo e neng ya e kgaphela kwa thoko.[86]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "El expresidente marfileño Laurent Gbagbo vuelve a la escena política en la presentación de su nuevo partido". Europa Press Internacional. 16 October 2021.
  2. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire: Premier congrès pour le FPI depuis la rupture avec Laurent Gbagbo". 14 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Qui est Laurent Gbagbo ?" Archived 2 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, FPI website (Ka Sefora).
  4. ↑ Fear of violence in Abidjan as Gbagbo refuses to step down, France24 (21 December 2010).
  5. 1 2 Tim Cocks, Ivory Coast president has limited time to step down with impunity, Washington Post (1 January 2011).
  6. ↑ Freedom in the World 2013: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties (Freedom House, 2013).
  7. 1 2 3 Laurel Wamsley, International Criminal Court Drops War Crimes Charges Against Ex-Ivory Coast Leader, NPR (15 January 2019).
  8. ↑ Leader’s Arrest in Ivory Coast Ends Standoff, New York Times (12 April 2011).
  9. 1 2 David Smith, Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court, The Guardian (5 December 2011).
  10. 1 2 ICC grants prosecution request to keep Ivorian ex-leader Gbagbo in custody, France24 (18 January 2019).
  11. 1 2 "Laurent Gbagbo". BBC News. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Laurent Gbagbo, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020
  13. ↑ Noble, Kenneth B.; Times, Special To the New York (30 October 1990). "President Leads in Ivory Coast Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  14. ↑ Rake, Alan (2001). African Leaders: Guiding the New Millennium. Scarecrow Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 9780810840195.
  15. ↑ Frindethie, K. Martial (25 January 2016). From Lumumba to Gbagbo: Africa in the Eddy of the Euro-American Quest for Exceptionalism. McFarland. pp. 86–126. ISBN 9780786494040.
  16. ↑ "Gbagbo acknowledges receiving underground support from Compaoré against Boigny"[permanent dead link], African Press Agency, 29 July 2008.
  17. 1 2 Robert J. Mundt, "Côte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy", Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, pp. 191–192 ISBN 0-8133-2785-7
  18. ↑ Frindethie 2016, p. 102
  19. ↑ Baumann, Gerd; Gingrich, André (15 November 2005). Grammars of Identity/alterity: A Structural Approach. Berghahn Books. pp. 112–41. ISBN 9781845451080.
  20. 1 2 Rudolph, Joseph R. Jr (2016). Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 288, 292. ISBN 9781610695534.
  21. 1 2 Ivory Coast profile – Timeline, BBC news (15 January 2019).
  22. 1 2 Tim J. Watts, "Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)" in Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia (ed. Alexander Mikaberidze: Vol. 1: ABC-CLIO, 2013), p. 329.
  23. ↑ Sengupta, Somini (7 November 2004) "Ivory Coast Violence Flares; 9 French and 1 U.S. Death" The New York Times
  24. ↑ Navarro, N. and Gnanih, A-H. (14 June 2008) "French foreign minister's visit is first since 2003" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine France 24 International News
  25. ↑ "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate", IRIN, 14 October 2005.
  26. ↑ Joe Bavier, "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President" Archived 24 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, VOA News, 18 August 2006.
  27. ↑ "Partial rejection of UN peace plan", IRIN, 2 November 2006.
  28. ↑ "Former rebel leader takes over as Ivory Coast's prime minister", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 4 April 2007.
  29. 1 2 "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'", AFP (IOL), 12 April 2007.
  30. ↑ "Ivory Coast leaders burn weapons", BBC News, 30 July 2007.
  31. 1 2 "Côte d'Ivoire: Gbagbo en zone rebelle pour prôner la paix et des élections rapides" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), 30 July 2007 (in French).
  32. ↑ "I Coast President Gbagbo wins party nomination for November poll" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 30 August 2008.
  33. 1 2 Adam Nossiter, After Delays, a Vote for a President in Ivory Coast, New York Times (1 November 2010).
  34. ↑ Ivory Coast awaits Gbagbo-Ouattara run-off result, BBC News (29 November 2010).
  35. ↑ Kamara, Ahmed M. (3 December 2010). "Alassane Ouattara has been declared winner of the Ivory Coast presidential election by the French". Newstime Africa. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  36. 1 2 "UN urges recognition of Ouattara as Ivory Coast leader". BBC News. 20 December 2010.
  37. 1 2 "Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner". BBC News. 3 December 2010.
  38. ↑ "US urges Ivory Coast leaders to act responsibly". AFP. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
  39. 1 2 Cocks, Tim; Coulibaly, Loucoumane (5 December 2010). "Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in, faces rejection abroad". Reuters.
  40. 1 2 "Jean Ping a remis à Gbagbo une lettre lui demandant de partir". Abidjan.net. AFP. 18 December 2010.
  41. ↑ "Le camp Gbagbo veut livrer le "combat" contre Ouattara". Abidjan.net. AFP. 18 December 2010.
  42. 1 2 "Côte d'Ivoire : la pression s'accentue sur Laurent Gbagbo". RFI. 17 December 2010.
  43. ↑ Clark, Dave (23 December 2010). "UN hears of Côte d'Ivoire atrocities". AFP.
  44. ↑ Smith, David (22 December 2010). "Ivory Coast: death squads on the rise as civil war looms". The Guardian. London.
  45. ↑ "Ivory Coast: General strike called to pressure Gbagbo". BBC News Africa. 26 December 2010. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  46. ↑ "Federal Council orders freezing of any assets held by Laurent Gbagbo in Switzerland". www.admin.ch. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  47. ↑ "Gbagbo orders peacekeepers to leave Ivory Coast". BBC News. 18 December 2010. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  48. ↑ Sylla, Iman Sékou (18 December 2010). "Attaque des mosquées d'Abobo et de Bassam par des hommes en uniforme" (Press release). COSIM Conseil supérieur des imams, Abidjan.net
  49. ↑ Bamba, Affoussy (18 December 2010). "Activités des forces impartiales en Côte d'Ivoire" (Press release). Forces nouvelles.
  50. 1 2 3 Ben Batros, The ICC Acquittal of Gbagbo: What Next for Crimes against Humanity?, Just Security (18 January 2019).
  51. ↑ "Source: Ouattara forces enter Gbagbo's Ivory Coast stronghold". CNN. 5 April 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  52. ↑ "Gbagbo's pal: He'll choose death over humiliation". Fox News. Associated Press. 8 April 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  53. ↑ "Ivory Coast's Gbagbo Captured at Presidential Compound". Voice of America. 10 April 2011.
  54. ↑ "Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene". The Washington Post. 26 March 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  55. ↑ "Gbagbo captured after siege on bunker". Toronto Star. 11 April 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  56. ↑ Katrina Manson & Peggy Hollinger (11 April 2011). "Gbagbo seized by Ivory Coast opposition". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  57. ↑ John Follain (17 April 2011). "Embassy tunnel led to Gbagbo's capture". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  58. ↑ "Gbagbo, wife in Ouattara's custody in I.Coast". Reuters. 9 February 2009.
  59. ↑ "Gbagbo tells his supporters to stop fighting". CNN. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  60. ↑ "Obama, Clinton welcome new developments". CNN. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  61. 1 2 3 "Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo arrives in The Hague". BBC News. 30 November 2011.
  62. ↑ Ghana court rejects request to extradite Ivorian fugitive, Reuters, 2013
  63. ↑ Merrill, Austin. "Ivory Coast: Sympathizers Defend Gbagbo". Ivory Coast: Cocoa, Justice, and the Road to Reconciliation. Pulitzer Center/Foreign Policy.
  64. ↑ "Laurent Gbagbo: Ivory Coast ex-leader denies war crimes". BBC News. 28 January 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  65. ↑ "Ex-Ivory Coast Leader Pleads Not Guilty to Atrocities". Associated Press. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016 – via The New York Times.
  66. ↑ "ICC: Former Ivory Coast president Gbagbo to remain in detention for trial". Reuters. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  67. ↑ Maclean, Ruth (15 January 2019). "Ex-Ivory Coast president Laurent Gbagbo acquitted at ICC". The Guardian.
  68. ↑ "Crowds react to Ivory Coast's ex-President Laurent Gbagbo's release". BBC News. 15 January 2019. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  69. ↑ Cote d'Ivoire: Acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence, Amnesty International (15 January 2018).
  70. ↑ Holligan, Anna (15 January 2019). "Laurent Gbagbo case: Ivory Coast leader's acquittal rattles ICC foundations". BBC News. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  71. ↑ Searcey, Dionne; Karasz, Palko (15 January 2019). "Laurent Gbagbo, Former Ivory Coast Leader, Acquitted of Crimes Against Humanity". The New York Times. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  72. ↑ "Ex-Ivory Coast President Gbagbo conditionally released to Belgium: court". Reuters. 5 February 2019.
  73. 1 2 Mike Corder, Lawyers to ICC: Free Ivory Coast’s Gbagbo unconditionally, Associated Press (6 February 2020).
  74. ↑ "ICC allows former I.Coast president Gbagbo to leave Belgium". news.yahoo.com. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  75. ↑ "Ex-I.Coast president Gbagbo warns of 'disaster' in upcoming vote". www.msn.com. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  76. ↑ "Ivory Coast's ex-President Gbagbo returns home after ICC acquittal". BBC News. 17 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  77. ↑ "Ivory Coast's ex-President Gbagbo returns home after ICC acquittal". BBC News. 17 June 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  78. 1 2 "Ex-President Laurent Gbagbo back in Ivory Coast after acquittal". www.aljazeera.com. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  79. ↑ "Three key factors behind Laurent Gbagbo's return to Côte d'Ivoire". rfi.fr. 14 June 2021.
  80. ↑ "Ouattara afirma que Gbagbo y Blé Goudé pueden volver a Costa de Marfil "cuando quieran" tras ser absueltos por el TPI". Europa Press International. 7 April 2021.
  81. ↑ "Gbagbo takes new step to I.Coast presidency as new party holds congress". France 24. 16 October 2021.
  82. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire: Laurent Gbagbo veut le retour des exilés ivoiriens au Ghana". rfi.fr. 14 December 2021.
  83. ↑ "Laurent Gbagbo eulogizes Kojo Tsikata and Rawlings during a visit to Ghana". GhanaWeb. 16 December 2021.
  84. ↑ "Former Ivorian president Gbagbo agrees to run in 2025 election". France 24. 10 March 2024.
  85. ↑ "Ivory Coast opposition leader Thiam is excluded from the list of presidential candidates". AP News. 5 June 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
  86. ↑ "Ivory Coast: African Union court deals heavy blow to Gbagbo's fresh presidency bid". Africanews. 28 June 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka 2025.
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