Lekadiba la Malebo

Lekadiba la Malebo (le pele le neng le bidiwa la Stanley), le le itsegeng mo ditsong e le Mpumbu, letsha la Nkunda, letsha la Nkuna, letsha la Ntamo, kgotsa letsha la Ngobila,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] ke go atologa jaaka letsha ga noka ya Congo kwa tlase kwa legare la Aforika mo go tlhamang kgampu ya tlholego kwa noka e atologang pele ga e ya kwa tlase mo diphororong tsa Livingstone.^[5]^[3] Lekadiba le bereka e le molelwane fa gare ga Republic of the Congo kwa bokone le Democratic Republic of the Congo kwa borwa, ka ditioropokgolo Brazzaville le Kinshasa di lebagane mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone le le lo kwa borwa jwa lone.^[3]^[4]

Le le dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le di le masome a mararo le botlhano ka boleele le a le masome mabedi le boraro ka bophara, lekadiba la Malebi le supiwa ka metsi a a seng boteng, a simolola ka dimithara di le tharo go tsena di le lesome ka boteng, le ntswa merwalela ya dipaka e ka fetola seelo sa metsi thata.^[5]

Leina la Malebo, ntsifatso ya lilebo ka teme ya Lilanga, le raya setlhare sa borassus palm se se golang ka bontsi mo lotshitshing lwa lekadiba, ditlhaketlhake, le dikgampu tse di dikologileng, fa leina lekadiba le adimilwe mo seesemaneng, kwa le rayang kgampu le letsha.^[3]^[6] Le ne la fetolwa leina go nna Stanley ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa morago ga Henry Morton Stanley o a neng a tsamaya mo kgaolong, lekadiba le ne la nna le leina la se Aforika ka kgwedi ya Firikgong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi morago ga molao wa morago ga boipuso wa go dirisa maina a Aforika.^[6] Pele ga le bonwa ke batho ba Yuropa, lekadiba la Malebo e ne e le lefelo la boremelelo la ngwao, thekiso le sepolotiki mo bathong ba merafe ya Bantu ba kwa legare la kgampu ya Congo.^[6]

Popego

Tlhaloso le leina

Lekadiba la Malebo ke lefelo le noka ya Congo e atologang teng go tlhama letsha. Lefoko la sekgoa la lekadiba le raya lefelo la metsi, jaaka letsha kgotsa mogobe. Toropokgolo ya Kinshasa e mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa jwa kga,pu, fa ya Brazzavile e le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa.^[6] Pele ga leina la bokolone, merafe ya mo gae e ne e itse lekadiba le ka maina a a farologaneng, a akaretsa N'Tamo (kgotsa Ntamo), Nkouna (kgotsa Nkuna kana Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu kgotsa Ngobila.^[4]^[3]

Ntamo le Nkouna

Maina N'Tamo (kgotsa Ntamo) le Nkouna (Nkuna kgotsa Nkunda) a supiwa gantsi ke batlhatlhami ba Yuropa, bogolo jang Henry Morton Stanley, ga mmogo le morago mo ditshekatshekong tsa ditso. Go ya ka moitseanape wa kwa Congo Jerome Olland, mo L'Histoire francais diu Gabon a Brazzaville, Stanley o dirisitse lefoko Ntamo go tlhalosa lekadiba la Stanley mo bukeng ya gagwe ya In Darkest Africa.^[4] Mo Congo francaias du gabon a Brazzaville, e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, motlhatlhami wa mo Fora Leon Guiral (o o tshotsweng ka leina la Leon Pierre Louis Guiral) o supa fa Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, motlhatlhami wa kwa Italy a bereka kwa france, a kopane le motolokodi Ashimbo Taba kwa Nkouna.^[7] Le fa go ntse jalo, Father Albert Le Gallois, morongwa wa mowa o o boitshepho, o ne a supa mo Contribution a la cartographie du Congo francais (kgaolo ya Lekadiba la Stanley) gore e ntswa batlhatlhami ba pele ba ne ba supa setlhaketlhake se setona sa bamu ba re ke Nkouna, ga ise a utlwe leina le mo bathong ba Teke ba lotshitshi lo lo kwa mojeng.^[8]

Pumbo, Pumbu kgotsa Mpumbu

Leina Pumbo (Pombo, Pumbu, kgotsa Mpumbu) le tlhagelela gape mo ditshupong tsa batlhatlhami le dibuka tsa ditso go supa lefelo la lekadiba. Mo Description of Africa, moithuti wa Dutch Olfert Dapper o tlhalosa Pombo e le kgaolo e e mo bookameding jwa Macoco (Makoko), moeteledipele wa Teke.^[9] Moitseanape wa ditso wa kwa Belgium Jan Vansina o ranola lefoko le le raya lotshitshi lo lo kwa bokone lwa lekadiba la Stanley, le le neng le na le lefelo la sepolotiki kwa bogosing jwa Teke.^[4] Abraham Ndinga Mbo, moitseanape wa ditso go tswa kwa Republic of the Congo, o dirisa leina Pumbo go tlhalosa lekadiba pele ga nako ya bokolone, fa baithuti ba bangwe ba le amanya le lefelo la Bahumbu. Lefoko Pumbo le tlhaloganngwa go raya marekisetso a magolo.^[4]

Mo Potrait of Kinshasa, moitsaanape Pascal Kapagama wa sekolo se segolwane sa Kinshasa o supa gore ka lekgolo la dingwag di le lesome le borataro, marekisetso a matona a a neng a itsege ka leina la Mpumbu a ne a le teng kwa lefelong leo, a na le metse e le mmalwa ya bogologolo, e akaretsa Insasa. Leina Insasa le tswa mo go Insa, le le rayang marekisetso, kgotsa insa-nsa, mo go rayang marekisetso a mabotlana, lefoko ki le ne la tsenngwa go dira Kinshasa.^[10] Babatlisisi ba Congo Pamphile Mabiala Mantuba-Ngoma le Mathieu Zana Etambala le bone ba amanya ltlhaloso ya marekisetso le lefoko Mpumbu. Mo tsebeng ya bone ya La societe congoalise face a la modernite (1700 - 2010): Melanges eurafricains offerts a Jean-Luc Vellut, o kwala are: "lefelo le noka e oketsegang kwa go lone e ralala Mpumbu e ne e le marekisetso magolo a makgoba kwa legare la Aforika. Marekisetso a, a a kwa go tsamaegang kwa nokeng ya Congo, a ne a na le metse ya pele kwa e leng lekadiba la Malebo gompieno (Lekadiba la Stanley pele). Metse e e ne e amogela dithoto go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, go tswa kwa kgampung ya Kasai le kgaolo ya Mai-Ndombe. Ke fa, fa barekisi ba ba tswang kwa borwa ba neng ba tla go tsaya dithoto go di rekisa gape ba rekisetsa ma Yuropa mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle la Atlantic. Lefelo le la thekiso le ne le bidiwa lefelo la noka ya Congo.^[11]

Lekadiba la Stanley le lekadiba la Malebo

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa, le ne la neelwa leina la lekadiba la Stanley e le segopotso sa ga Stanley, motlhatlhami wa ntlha wa Yuropa go le bona le go kwala lefelo la lone go na dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mane.^[6] Ke Frank Pocock, o a neng a tsamaya le Stanley o fa a berekela Leopold II wa Belgium, o o duleng ka leina le fa ba tsena kwa kgampung e tona ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bosupa jaaka Stanleya bua mo Through the dark Continent.^[4]^[12] Morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Congo-Leopoldville, leina le ne la fetolwa ka Firikgong ngawa wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa go nna lekadiba la Malebo. Leina Malebo, ntsifatso ya lilebo ka teme ya Lilanga, le raya ditlhare tsa palm tse di phatlaletseng mo lotshitshing lwa lekadiba, ditlhaketlhake le dikgampu tsa Kinshasa. Ka jalo leina lekadiba la Malebo ke lefelo le le tletseng ditlhare le raya letsha la setlhare sa palm.^[13]^[6]

Tsela le go tsamaya mo go lone

Lekadiba la Malebo le dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo le botlhano ka boleele le dikhilomithara di le masome mabedi le boraro ka bophara, le apesa lefelo la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le na le ditlhaketlhake, se se tona e le setlhaketlhake sa M'Bamou, se se kwa gare se le botona jwa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi gape ke bontlha jwa Republic of the Congo. Lekadiba ga le boteng, le boteng jwa dimithara di le tharo go tsena di le lesome, le ntswa merwalela ya dipaka dingwe e ka baka gore seelo sa metsi se farologane ka dimithara di le tharo ka ngwaga. Bo kwa godimo ja lefelo ke dimithara di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le bobedi kwa godimo ga seelo sa lewatle.^[5]^[4]

Mo borwa jwa lekadiba, ditoropokgolo tsa Brazzaville le Kinshasa di lebagane mo matshitshing a a mo dintlheng tse di farologaneng, se se di dira ditoropokgolo tse di bapileng thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara (kwa nte ga Rome le Vatican City).^[3]^[14]^[15]^[16] Maluku o kwa kgorong ya kgampu, kwa lekadiba la Malebo le tshwayang tshimologo ya noka ya Congo e e tsamaegang go ya Mbandaka, Makanza, Bangui le go ya bokgakala jwa Kisangani, fa kwa tlase ga Bgaliema Bay, noka e feta ka makhubu a mantsi a a itsegeng ka leina la diphororo tsa Livingstone, go ya kwa tlase dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mararo go ya kwa maemelong a dikepe a Matadi.^[3]^[17]

Ditso

Ditso tsa pele

Kamano ya ma Yuropa le noka ya Congo e simologile ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a robabobedi le boraro, fa mokgweetsi wa dikepe wa mo Potokisi Diogo Cao a goroga kwa molomong wa noka a tlhama botsalano gareng ga bogosi jwa portugal le bogosi jwa Kongo. Botsalano jo bo ne jwa fedisa go kgapelwa kwa thoko ga legare la Aforika mo mafaratlhatlheng a dikgaolo ga tshwaya tshimologo ya go kwalwa ka kgaolo e.^[6] Dipatlsiso tsa marope le puo, boglo jang ya dipuo tsa Bantu, di supa fa , le fa go ntse jalo, go nna ga batho kwa kgampung ya Congo go ne go le teng le pele ga ma Yuropa ba tla, ka bosupi jwa temothuo, le madirelo a tshipi le kopore a ka batlelwa kwa morago dingwaga di le dikete pedi. Go tswa ka sedikadike sa dingwaga di le lesome le borataro go ya kwa pele, kgaolo e ne ya amangwa le kgwebo ya Atlantic, bogolo jang kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic.^[6] Tsela ya kgwebo e tona e ne ya tlhamega kwa lotshitshing lwa noka ya Congo, e e atologang go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic go ya legareng la kgampu. Lekadiba la Malebo e ne e le ntlha e e botlhokwa ya go isa dithoto mo mafaratlhatlheng a, e a kgaoganya gabedi go nna mafelo a mabedi. Lefelo le le kwa bophirima le tswa kwa lotshitshing go ya lekadibeng, le ne le ikaegile thata ka ditsela tsa lefatshe e bereka e le mosele wa tsamaiso ya dithoto, ka mafelo a a botlhokwa a Tungwa, Tshela, Sao Salvador, Kimongo le Ludima a kopantswe ke mafaratlhatlha a tsela. Lefelo le le kwa botlhaba, le tswa kwa lekadibeng la Malebo go ya Ubangi-Uele, e ne e le lefelo la madirelo, le isa dithoto di tshwana le dinkgwana, letswai, sukiri ya lotlhaka, bojalwa, dinaka tsa tlou, raba le copal.^[6]

Lefelo le le dikologileng lekadiba la Malebo go ya kwa bogosing jwa Tio, jobatho ba jone ba le ka fa tlase ga Bateke. Jan Vansina o o kwadileng patlisiso ka bogosi jo, o tlhalosa fa Bateke e ka tswa e le lefoko le le dirisiwang mo ditlhopheng tsa bogosi jwa Tio kgotsa go tlhalosa mekgwa ya bone.^[6] Go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Kongo, plateau ya Bateke, le mokgatsha wa legare la Congo, lefoko Teke le amanngwa le kakanyo ya go rekisa. Ka puo ya Kikongo, teke o raya go rekisa, le amangwa le mokgwa mogolo wa itsholelo wa batho ba Tio, thekiso, le ka fa batho ba ba mabapi ba neng ba ba bona ka teng: e le barekisi. Vansina o supa gore batho ba Tio e ne e le setlhopha se se tlwaelesegileng kwa legareng la Aforika mo bathong ba Yuropa le ba America ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga bone go dikologa lekadiba la Malebo.^[6] Batho ba le bantsi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba rekisediwa ma America, ga mmogo le dinaka tsa tlou go tswa kwa kgampung ya Congo, ba ne ba feta ka lefelo le. Bogosi jwa Tio ka bo bone bo ka tswa bo simologile fa merafe ya sepolotiki e ne e kopana ka fa tlase ga gmoeteledipele a le mongwe Makoko. Go ya ka Isidore Ndaywel e Nziem, mongwe wa merafe e e ne e akaretsa matlotla a bogosi jwa bogologolo jwa N'guunu, kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Tsamaiso e ya go kopanan e diragetse ka lekgolo la dingwag di le lesome le borataro. Mo tsamaong ya nako, bogosi jwa Tio bo ne jwa aga botsalano jo bo nonofileng jwa kgwebo le mafatshe a a mabapi jaaka Kingdom of Kongo le Loango, mo go netefadisteng go tsamaya ga dithoto fa gare ga lotshitshi lwa Atlantic le mo gae. Lekadiba la Malebo le ne le bereka e le lefelo le go bewang kwa go lone gape e le le le kopanyang tsela ya kgwebo, e le lefelo la boremelelo la kgwebo.^[6]

Mo borwa jwa lekadiba go ne go nna batho ba merafe ya Mfumu le Humbu (Bahumbu), ba ka puo le ngwao ba neng ba sikana le Bateke mme ba na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng. Vansina o supa fa Bahumbu ba ne ba laola dikgaolo tse di kwa borwa jwa lekadiba. Magae a bone ka bontsi a ne a le mo gae kwa morago ga dithaba, toropokgolo ya bone e le kwa Lemba.^[6] Moeteledipele wa Lemba, a le kwa Mbanza-Lemba, o ne a bereka e le mookamedimogolo wa lotshitshi lo lo kwa borwa lwa lekadiba. Mo dingwageng tse dintsi, ma Yuropa a ne a sa kgone go tsenelela kwa kgaolong ya lekadiba la Malebo. Fa le tshwangtshanngwa le mafelo a bophirima jwa Aforika, kgampu ya Congo e dirilwe kolone morago ga sebaka. Dipopego tsa lefatshe tsa tlholego e ne e le sekgoreletsi, mme tshwetso e tserwe ke maiteko a bagwebi ba Bakongo le Bateke a go kganela ma Yuropa, a bagwebi kgotsa barongwa go tsena kwa lekadibeng. Se se bonagala mo tshupong ya ga Francois Bontinck, e e tlhalosang maitemogelo a barongwa ba Italy ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa fa ba leka go tsena kwa bogosing jwa makoko ka go kgabaganya bogosi jwa Kongo.^[6] Maiteko a bone a ntlha a ne a retelelwa, ka morongwa mongwe a ne a betswa a bo a tshosediwa gore o tlaa bolawa. Ba ne ba goroga kwa lekadibeng ka maiteko a bobedi, mme le ka nako eo tsela ya bone ya go tshaba e ne ya felela kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa, ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go kgabaganya noka go kopana le Makoko. Barongwa ba bangwe ba ne ba kopantshiwa ke go gana mo go tshwanang. Morago ga maiteko a le mmalwa a retetseng, ba ne ba leka go tsena kwa bogosing jwa Makoko ka mosele wa Ngobila, kgaolo ya Bateke, mme ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke balwantwa ba ba utlwang ka kgosi. Motse wa bone o ne wa tshubiwa, kgosi morago a o aga sesha go sele, kgakala le bone. Batlhasedi ba ne ba batla go kganela barongwa, ba tshaba gore kolobetso le thotloetso ya BaKeresete e tlaa nyenyafatsa serodumo sa bone mo kgwebong.^[6] Batho ba Tio ba ne ba nna kwa lotshitshing lwa bogosi jwa Kongo ka ba ne ba tshwentswe ke gore barongwa ba ba setseng morago tsela ya maPotokisi ya kgwebo ba tlaa bona ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo tsa lefelo tse, jaaka ditshwanelo tsa tsela le madi a a lopiwang mo go ba ba kgabaganyang. Barongwa ba ne ba felela ba boela kwa Kongo ba sa kopana le Makoko. Bogosi jwa Makoko bo ne jwa tswelela ka go rekisetsa barongwa ba ba kwa Kongo, ba ba neng ba eletsa go dira mafelo a borongwa koo, mme go gana ga bagwebi go ne ga netefatsa gore dikeletso tse di seka tsa diragala.^[6]

Kgwebo ya noka le phetogo ya itsholelo

Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, kgwebo ya noka ya mosepele o moleele e ne ya gola thata, le ntswa kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e kganetswe semmuso, le kwa lekadibeng la Malebo, dikolotsana tsa batlamedi di ne tsa tsaya dithoto go di isa kwa mafelong a thekiso gaufi le molomo wa noka ya Congo kwa Lower Congo. Bakaedi ba Congo ba ba neg ba kgabaganya kgaolo ba ne ba etelela pele dikete tsa dikolotsana tse di neng di tshotse batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ga mmogo le chili pepper, dikungwa tsa palm, manoko, sesame le dinaka tsa tlou, le morago raba. Ka sebaka sa malatsi, ditshaba tse di kwa Congo kwa tlase di ne di isa dithoto tsa gin, letsela, ditlhobolo le marumo kwa ma Yuropeng a a neng a bakile borotho ka ditofo tse ditona.^[6] Ka motlha o, ba Bobangi ba ne ba kopane le Bateke mo kgwebong kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Ba fuduga kwa Ubangi kwa ba neng ba neng b nna teng pele, ba ne ba fudugela kwa legareng la Congo go ya kwa lekadibeng ka dingwaga di le lekgolo le le lesome le bosupa go tsena lekgolo le borobabongwe. E ne e se batlhasedi, mme ba ne ba ngokiwa ke kgwebo mo kgaolong eo. Ba ipitsa batho ba noka, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba tsisa maatla a masha mo kgwebong. Mogwebi wa Bobangi o ne a ka folosa dithotho di le dintsi ka ngwaga kwa lekadibeng,di le bokete jwa ditonne di le masome mane ka ngwaga. Kgwebo ya bone e ne e ikaegile thata ka dinaka tsa tlou le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba yang kwa lotshitshing, tse di neng di fetolwa go nne tse di dirilweng ke ma Yuropa jaaka ditlhobolo le matsela.^[6] Kgwebo ya makgoba e tsweleste go fitlhelela ka 1850 go tsena 1860, fa ba beelediwa ka dilo d tshwana le motsoko. Ka dingwaga tsa 1870, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba isa dikete di le tlhano go tsena di le thataro tsa dinaka tsa tlou kwa lekadibeng la Malebo. Ba ne ba iponela serodumo sa go nna batsamaisi ba dikepe ba bo maitseanape kwa Congo le metswedi ya noka ya Alima, Likouala le Ikelemba, fa gare ga lekadiba la Malebo le lefelo la Bangala kwa mokgatsheng wa Ubangi. Dikolotsana tsa bone tsa kgwebo di ne di dira mekoro e mebotlana e le lesome go tsena masome a marataro e tshwere dithoto, e ne e tsamaya mo nokeng.^[6] Puo ya Lilanga, e ne e tsaya mo puong ya kgwebo e e neng e dirisiwa mo Congo le Ubangi, e ne ya anama go nan puo ya boremelelo ya kgwebo mo mafelong a a tletseng batho, le ntswa e tlhamegile ka setlhopha se se botlana sa batho ba noka. Mo nakong, batho ba Bobangi ba ne ba tsaya karolo ba tloga ba okamela kgwebo mo mafaratlhatlheng a kgwebo, maemo a ba nnileng mo go one go fitlhelela go tlhamiwa lefelo la Leopoldville le go simololwa ga go tsamaya ka phefo ke Henry Morton Stanley ka 1881, ditiragalo tse di kganetseng, mme di sa emisa gotlhelele mafaratlhatlha a bone a kgwebo.^[6]

Fa lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le tla bokhutlong, kgwebo ya noka ya Congo e ne ya phutlhama. Go phutlhama ga yone e ne e le ka ntlha ya go kgaogana ga mafelo a noka mo bookamedi jwa France le jwa Belgium, go simololwa ga mafelo a masha a kgwebo kwa metseng e e mo lotshitshing lwa noka, go simololwa ga go tsamaya ka mowa, le go agiwa ga diporo. Kgwebo ya pele e ne e kopantse Aforika, Yuropa le America e amanya lekadiba la Malebo le itsholelo ya lefatshe mo lekgolong le le lesome le bosupa.^[6] Mme kgwebo e ne e laolwa ke palo potlana fela ya baokamedi, bontsi e le banni ba ba gaufi le lekadiba ba ba neng ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go rekisa makgoba le dinaka tsa tlou. Dikgosi tse di ne di na le khumo e kgolo ya batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba, dibetsa, le dithoto tse di rekilweng go tswa kwa ntle. Dikgosi tse di neng di le kwa teng ga lefatshe di ne di sena thotloetso e kalo ya itsholelo, ka di ne di tsaya karolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo fela ka go romela baemedi kwa lekadibeng.^[6] Ga mmogo le kgwebo ya lekadiba, go itshetsa mo gae le go betla go ne go ntse go le mosola. Botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe bo ne bo ikaegile thata ka maungo a temothuo le tiro ya diatla, tse di neng di ntsha dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tse di tlhokafalang go ema bagwebi le badiri ba diatla nokeng. Diphetogo tsa itsholelo tse di agileng sesha lefelo leo ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe di ne tsa ama itsholelo, temothuo le tiro ya diatla. Temothuo e ne ya gola thata. Go fetola cassava go nna dijo go rekisa kwa marekisetsong a noka go ne go tlhoka bomme ba ba berekang, fa go dira motsoko wa thekiso go ne go tlhoka borre, ba bontsi e neng e le makgoba. Dithoto tse di rekilweng tsa tshipi go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic tlhwatlhwa ya tsone e ne ya wela tlase go emela didirisiwa tsa tshipi, digai, le bora tse di dirilweng mo gae. Le go diriwa ga mekoro mo go neng go tlwaelesegile mo bathong ba Bobangi fa ba tshwara ditlhapi le go tsamaya mo metsing go ne ga nyelela. Go bopa dinkgwana gone go ne ga nna botlhokwa le go gaisa.^[6]

Borwa jwa lekadiba la Malebo go ne go na le metse e le mmalwa ya botlhokwa le selekanyo se se farologanang: mengwe e ne e le mo lotshitshing lwa noka, fa e mengwe e ne e le kwa teng. Mo metseng e e mo lotshitshing go ne go na le Ntassa (Kinshasa) le Ntamo (Kintambo), e e neng e bereka e le marekisetso kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa.^[6] Metse e tshwana le Nolo, Kingabwa, Mokilao le Kinsuka yone e ne e le mo lotshitshing lwa noka go nna Bateke kwa go yone. Metse e e kwa teng e ne e le ya Bahumbu. Motse mogolo wa bone e ne e le Mbanza-Lemba, lefelo le le botlhokwa la thekiso. Metse e mengwe ya Bahumbu e ne e akaretsa Kimbanza le Kimwenza. Itsholelo le botshelo jwa selegae di ne di farologana mo metseng go ya ka gore a ba nna mo lotshitshing kana kwa teng. Go ya ka Jan Vansina, metse e e mo lotshitshing gaufi le lekadiba la Malebo e ne e ka nna ditoropo tsa thekiso. Go sa tshwane le metse e ekwa teng metse e e ene e le ditlhopha tsa metsana e le thataro kgotsa e supa. Sekai, Kinshasa o ne a dirilwe ka metsana e le mmalwa e gasame le dikgampu tsa Kalina le Ndolo. Bontsi jwa metse e e mo lotshitshing e ne e na le batho ba ba farologaneng ba Tio le Bobangi.^[6] Go nna ga bone go ne go faphegile: palo potlana ya banna ba ne ba nna kwa lefelong la bokgoba ebile ba le okametse. Bontsi jwa mafelo a a mo lotshitshing a ne a na le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ka nna makgolo. Metse e metona thata jaaka Kinshasa le Kintambo, e ka tswa e ne e na le makgolo a matlhano go tsena sekete sa baago ba akaretsa basadi. Metse e metona e gangwe le gape e ne e amogela dikolosana tsa bagwebi go tswa go kgabaganya noka ya Congo, ba dikampa tsa bone di neng di nna sebaka sa dibeke ka nako.^[6] Banni ba lotshitshi ba ne ba lema lefatshe le se kalo mme ba reka dijo mo bathong ba ba kwa teng ba Bahumbu. Banna ba se kae ba ne ba tshwara ditlhapi, mme bontsi bo ne bo ikaegile ka go gweba mo gae. Basadi mo metseng eo ba ne ba bona diphetogo tse ditona mo seabeng sa bone mo itsholelong ka go oketsga ga kgwebo ya noka. Ka masimo a se kae a ne a le gaufi le bonno jo, bomme ba ne ba ikaega ka ditiro tsa diatla, bogolo jang go bopa dinkgwana, le go dira borotho jo bontsi jwa cassava go rekisetsa bakgweetsi ba dikolotsana kwa metseng. Ba ne gape ba tsaya karolo mo marekisetsong, ba rekisa dijo tse di rekilweng mo go bomme ba ba nnang kwa teng. Le ntswa ba ne ba dira tiro e, ditiro tsa bone tsa letsatsi le letsatsi di ne di ba fa nako ya go ikhutsa go gaisa bomme ba ba nnang kwa teng.^[6]

Popego

Seemo sa loapi

Lekadiba la Malebo le itemogela seemosa loapi se sa dipula tse dintsi go ya kwa go sa komelelo le pula nako nngwe se tshwaiwa ke dipaka tse pedi. Paka ya komelelo e nna sebaka sa dikgwedi tse tharo, go tswa ka Seetebosigo go tsena Phatwe, fa paka ya pula e tswa ka Lwetse go tsena Motsheganong, e kgaupediwa ka nakwana ke motlha wa komelelo ka Firikgong go tsena Tlhakole.^[13] Pula e ntsi ka Ngwanatsele, Morule le Mopitlo, fa Phukwi e le kgwedi e e omeletseng go gaisa dikgwedi tse dingwe. Ka ntlha ya go nna kwa tlase, Kinshasa o na le seemo sa loapi se se molelo mme go le bongola, ka paka ya komelelo go tswa ka Seetebosigo go tsena Lwetse le paka ya pula go tswa ka Lwetse go tsena Motsheganong.^[13]

Dimela

Setlhare sa palm le sa papyrus di apesitse lotshitshi lwa noka le lekadiba la Malebo, fa dithunya tsa metsi di kokobetse mo moseleng wa noka gape di tsamaya mo lekadibeng. ^[18]

Metswedi

↑ William Graham Lister Randles, L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle, Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44
↑ Sylvie Ayimpam, Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930), Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Okeseleke, Raymond (23 August 2022). "Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville" [Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville]. Heshima Magazine (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 26 June 2026
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Malu-Malu, Muriel Devey (21 July 2024). "Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d'une grande zone commerciale" [From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area]. Makanisi (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2026
1 2 3 "Malebo Pool". Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 26 June 2026.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ayimpam, Sylvie (2006). "Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)" [Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930)]. Hal.science (in French). Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf). pp. 4–23. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Guiral, Léon (1889). Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville [French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville] (in French). Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Paris, France: Plon. p. 106.
↑ Le Gallois, Albert (1912). "Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français" [Contribution to the cartography of French Congo]. Annales de géographie (in French). 21 (115). Paris, France: Armand Colin: 60–69. doi:10.3406/geo.1912.7291.
↑ Dapper, Olfert (1668). Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen [An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions]. Getty Research Institute. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Jacob van Meurs. p. 533.
↑ Kapagama, Pascal; Waterhouse, Rachel (July 2009). "Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge" (PDF). Lse.ac.uk (in French). London, England: Crisis States Research Centre. p. 2. ISSN 1749-1797. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Mantuba-Ngoma, Pamphile Mabiala; Etambala, Mathieu Zana Aziza (2017). "La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut" [Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut] (PDF). Api.pageplace.de (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-2-343-11120-9. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Stanley, Henry Morton (1878). Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean. Harold B. Lee Library. Harper & Brothers.
1 2 3 Mukendi, Michael Tshibangu; Mbale, Henri Kunzi; Ntumba, Jean-Métis; Luyeye, Félicien Lukoki (2020). "Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)" (PDF). Globaljournals.org. Framingham, Massachusetts, United States: Global Journals. p. 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Buron, Thierry (22 November 2020). "Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées". Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique (in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Jennings, Ken (6 November 2017). "The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart". Condé Nast Traveler. New York, New York, United States. Retrieved 26 June 2026
↑ Nordine, Michael (18 July 2024). "These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities". Daily Passport. Retrieved 26 June 2206
↑ Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One ISBN 0486256677, Vol. Two ISBN 0486256685
↑ "Malebo Pool" Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World". The Nature Conservancy. Accessed 26 June 2206

[1] William Graham Lister Randles, L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle, Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44

[2] Sylvie Ayimpam, Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930), Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4

[:0-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Okeseleke, Raymond (23 August 2022). "Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville" [Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville]. Heshima Magazine (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[:1-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Malu-Malu, Muriel Devey (21 July 2024). "Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d'une grande zone commerciale" [From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area]. Makanisi (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2026

[:2-5] 1 2 3 "Malebo Pool". Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 26 June 2026.

[:3-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ayimpam, Sylvie (2006). "Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)" [Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930)]. Hal.science (in French). Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf). pp. 4–23. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[7] Guiral, Léon (1889). Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville [French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville] (in French). Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Paris, France: Plon. p. 106.

[8] Le Gallois, Albert (1912). "Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français" [Contribution to the cartography of French Congo]. Annales de géographie (in French). 21 (115). Paris, France: Armand Colin: 60–69. doi:10.3406/geo.1912.7291.

[9] Dapper, Olfert (1668). Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen [An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions]. Getty Research Institute. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Jacob van Meurs. p. 533.

[10] Kapagama, Pascal; Waterhouse, Rachel (July 2009). "Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge" (PDF). Lse.ac.uk (in French). London, England: Crisis States Research Centre. p. 2. ISSN 1749-1797. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[11] Mantuba-Ngoma, Pamphile Mabiala; Etambala, Mathieu Zana Aziza (2017). "La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut" [Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut] (PDF). Api.pageplace.de (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-2-343-11120-9. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[12] Stanley, Henry Morton (1878). Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean. Harold B. Lee Library. Harper & Brothers.

[:4-13] 1 2 3 Mukendi, Michael Tshibangu; Mbale, Henri Kunzi; Ntumba, Jean-Métis; Luyeye, Félicien Lukoki (2020). "Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands)" (PDF). Globaljournals.org. Framingham, Massachusetts, United States: Global Journals. p. 31–44. ISSN 2249-4626. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[14] Buron, Thierry (22 November 2020). "Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées". Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique (in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[15] Jennings, Ken (6 November 2017). "The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart". Condé Nast Traveler. New York, New York, United States. Retrieved 26 June 2026

[16] Nordine, Michael (18 July 2024). "These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities". Daily Passport. Retrieved 26 June 2206

[17] Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One ISBN 0486256677, Vol. Two ISBN 0486256685

[18] "Malebo Pool" Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World". The Nature Conservancy. Accessed 26 June 2206

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