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Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba

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Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba, le le tlhamilweng ka leina la lekgotla la bokgoba jwa mafatshe a sele la kwa Britain ka ngwaga wa 1839,[1][2] ke lekgotla le le ikemetseng le le tlhomamisitsweng, ebile e le setlhopha se se buelelang batho[3] kwa United Kingdom. Ke lone lekgotla le legologolo thata la ditshwanelo tsa setho, le bereka le itebagantse le bokgoba le ditshotlo tse di tsamaelang le bone.[4]

Ka ngwaga wa 1909, lekgotla le ne la kopana le lekgotla la Aborigines Protection go dira lekgotla la tshireletso la kgatlhanong le bokgoba,[2] le leloko la lone la tlhwatlhwa e neng e le Kathleen Simon, mohumagatsana Simon. E ne ya nna lekgotla la kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa 1947,[5] mme go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1956 go tsena 1990 le ne la bidiwa lekgotla la tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa setho kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Ka ngwaga wa 1990, le ne la fiwa leina le lešha la lekgotla la mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba le tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa setho, ka ngwaga wa 1995 la ntšhafadiwa go nna lekgotla la mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba.[6]

Motheo wa lone o tswa mo lekgotleng la bogologololo le le neng le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba la phemelo le kemiso ya bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Britain, le le neng le atlegile mo go emiseng bokgoba kwa bogosing jwa Britain ka kwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa 1838.[1]

Mokgatlho o mošha wa Britain kgatlhanong le bokgoba o ne o tlhametswe go dira letsholo kgatlhanong le bokgoba mo mafatsheng a mangwe.

Ditso

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Motheo

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Mokgatlho wa go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba o o tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa 1787, o gape o bidiwang mokgatlho wa kemiso ya bokgoba, maikaelelo a one e ne e le go atlega mo go emiseng bokgoba mo mafatsheng otlhe, fa puso ya Britain e fetisa molao wa kgwebisano ya makgoba wa 1807.

Mokgatlho wa phemelo le kemiso ya bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Britain, o morago o neng wa bidiwa mokgatlho wa kemiso ya bokgoba o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga ya 1823, mme wa itebaganya le kemiso ya bokgoba kwa bogosing jwa Britain, mo go kgonagetseng ka ngwaga ya 1838 ka fa tlase ga molao wa go fedisa bokgoba wa 1833.

Lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe

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Ka go atlega ga go emisa bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Britain, ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba ba Britain mo komiting ee kgatlhanong le bokgoba, ba ne ba bona go tshwanela gore go nne le lekgotla le le tlhatlhamang, go lwantsha bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Ka kgakololo ya molweladitshwanelo wa Moesemane Joseph Sturge, komiti e ne ya tlhama mokgatlho o mošha wa kgatlhanong le bokgoba jwa mafatshe a sele le Britain ka ngwaga wa 1839, Moranang a le lesome le bosupa,[7][8] o o neng wa bereka go dira gore bokgoba bo seka jwa na ka fa molaong mo mafatsheng a mangwe. O ne wa itsege jaaka mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, jaaka wa pele.

Sehikantswe sa segopotso sa kwa Buxton, go ipelelwa kgololo ya makgoba kwa bogosing jwa Britain ngwaga wa 1834, kwa Victoria Gardens, London

Mokwaledi wa ntlha e ne e le John Hartfield Tredgold, motshwara madi wa ntlha e le Georde William Alexander wa kwa Stoke Newington. Komiti e e simolotseng, e e neng e akaretsa Thomas Fowell Buxton wa kereke ya Anglican, modumedi Wiliam Allen, le mokereki Josiah Conder ba ne ba rulaganya bokopano jwa ntlha jwa mafatshe kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa London ngwaga wa 1840, bo bo neng jwa tsenelelwa ke batho go tswa mo mafatsheng ka go farologana (a akaretsa la United States of America, kwa borwa kwa bokgoba bo neng bo bidiwa motheo wa rona o o faphegileng) kwa ntlo lohalahaleng ya Freemasons kwa London ka ngwaga wa 1840, Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi. Batseneledi ba bokopano joo e ne e le ba ba kgatlhanong, Thomas Clarkson e le sebui sa tlhwatlhwa, mme senepe sa bokopano se ne sa tsewa mo setshwantshong se se santseng se le mo lebotaneng kwa London ntlong ya ditshupo tsa botaki ya National Potrait Gallery.[9] Bokopano jo bo ne bo itsisitswe fa e tla nna bokopano jwa mafatshe otlhe, mme baemedi ba ba neng ba emetse makgotla a a kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa United States ba ne ba akaretsa basadi ba le mmalwa, gareng ga bone e le Lucretia Mott le Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ba kwa morago ba neng ba nna le seabe mo letsholong la ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Baeteledipele ba bokopano ba ne ba gana go nna le basadi go tswa kwa America, mme banna ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba jaaka Thomas Knight ba ne ba galefile. O ne a ya go tlhama mokgatlho wa gagwe.

Ka ngwaga wa 1850, ka fa tlase ga ga Louis Chamerovzow, mokgatlho o ne wa thusa John Brown go kwala le go gatisa buka ya botshelo jwa gagwe, lesome la dingwaga pele ga ntwa ya selega ya America e fedisa bokgoba kwa United States.

Lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi

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Sephatlho sa ntlha sa lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi e ne e le legato la bofelo la letsholo kgatlhanong le bokgoba jwa dithoto. Bokgoba jwa dithoto jo bo ka fa molaong bo ne jwa emisiwa kwa Arabian peninsula gareng ag dingwaga tsa 1937 go stena ka 1970. Lefatshe la mauritaniale fedisitse bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1981. Sephatlho sa bobedi sa lekgolo la dingwaga tse di masome mabedi go ne ga nna le phetogo mo letsholong le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba jwa sešha, diemo tsa pereko tse di tlontlololang le thekiso e e seng ka fa molaong.

Pele ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe

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Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga tse di masome mabedi, lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne le bolotsa letsholo kgatlhanong le ditiro tsa bokgoba tse di neng di dirwa kwa Congo Free State ke Kgosi Leopold wa bobedi wa kwa Belgium. E ne e le letsholo la ntlha mo ditsong le le neng le dirisa dinepe go kwala ka tshotlo (dinepe di ne di tserwe ke morongwaAlice Seeley Harris). Letsholo le le ne la thusa go fedisa kgatelelo ya ga Leopold.

Ka ngwaga wa 1909, lekgotla le le ne la kopana le la Aborigines Protection Society go tlhama lekgotla la kemiso ya bokgoba le tshireletso ya one. Kathleen Simon, mohumagatsana Simon, e ne e le leloko la tlhwatlhwa le le tsepameng.[10][11][12]

Ka dingwaga tsa 1920, lekgotla le e ne la thusa go fedisa pereko e e senang dituelo kwa dikolone g tsa Britain morago ga go bolotsa letsholo kgatlhanong le tiriso ya dituelo tse di kwa tlase tsa India le China.Ka ngwaga wa 1921, le ne la nna le seabe se segolo mo go fediseng ditiro tsa kompone ya Peruvian Amazon, e e neng e dirisa bokgoba jwa pereko mo go direng raba, e dirisa beng gae.

Lekgotla le le atlegile gape mo go gwetlheng lekgotla la League of Nations go tlhotlhomisa bokgoba, mo go neng ag baka bokopano jwa bokgoba jwa ngwaga ya 1926, jo bo neng jwa gwetlha mafatshe otlhe go fedisa bokgoba. Fa lekgotla la league of nations le tsaya dintlha go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1922 go tsena ka 1923, lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le makgoba la mafatshefatshe le lekgotla la tshireletso ya merafe ya mo gae, a ne a le gareng ga batsaya karolo ba tlhwatlhwa.[13] Morago ga dipatlisiso, lekgotla le ne la tlhama komiti ya bokgoba jwa nakwana ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1924. Komiti e e ne ya bega ka ngwaga wa 1925 ka kgakololo ya go dira gore bokgoba jwa dikgomo le kgwebo ya bokgoba[14] di seka tsa nna ka fa molaong, mo go neng ga baka bokopano jwa tumalano ya 1926 ya bokgoba.

Ka ngwaga wa 1932, komiti ya bogakolodi ya baitseanape ka ga bokgoba e ne ya tlhamiwa go batlisisa ka go tlhoka go tswa maduo ga bokopano kwa 1926 jwa tumalano ya 1926 ya bokgoba[15], mo go neng ga baka tlhamo ya komiti ya bogakolodi ya baitseanape ka ga bokgoba.[16]

Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne la ipelela tlhamo ya komiti ya bogakolodi ya baitseanape ka ga bokgoba e e neng e tlhametswe mo lekgolong la dingwaga la molao wa go fedisa bokgoba wa 1833, jaaka phelelo ya bokgoba, Reginald Coupland o ne a supa fa a na le tsholofelo ya gore tse di tshwanetseng go netefatsa gore bokopano jwa ngwaga wa 1926 bo a diragadiwa, le gore ga a na pelaelo epe ya gore gongwe kwa mafelong a a kwa teng le a a sa itshetlelang, phediso ya bokgoba e tla diragadiwa.[17]

Tshekatsheko ya mafatshe otlhe ya bokgoba le kgwebo ya jone e e neng e dirwa ke komiti ya bogakolodi ya baitseanape ka ga bokgoba ya lekgotla la League of Nations gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1934 go tsena ka 1939 e ne ya kgaupediwa ke go tlhaga ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, mme e ne e se motheo wa tiro kgatlhanong le bokgoba e e dirilweng ke lekgotla la United Nations morago ga ntwa.[18]

Ka ngwaga wa 1944, mmega dikgang james Ewing Ritchie o ne a ntsha pampiri a e neela lekgotla le ya bokgoba jwa thekiso ya sukiri.[19]

Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi

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Gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1945 le 1962, lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne la lwa go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehbidu le bokgoba kwa Arabian peninsula, la dira botsalano mo leaftsheng ka kakaretso le kwa United States go fitlhelela seelo go fitlhelela bokgoba kwa Saudi Arabia mo fedisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1962.[20]

Fa lekgotla la League of Nations le tlhatlhamiwa ke la United Nations morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, Greenidge wa lekgotrla le o ne a berekela United Nations go tsweledisa dipatlisiso tsa bokgoba mo mafatsheng mo go neg go dirwa ke komiti ya ACE ya lekgotla leo, mme ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1950, komiti ya bokgoba ya United Nations e ne ya tlhomamisiwa.[21] Ka dingwaga tsa 1950, bokgoba jo bo ka fa molaong jwa dithoto le kgwebo ya makgoba di entsa emisiwa semmuso ka fa molaong mo leaftsheng ka bophara, kwa ntle ga Arabian Peninsula. Bokgoba jwa dithoto bo ne bo santse bo le ka fa molaong kwa Saudi Arabia, Yemen, le Oman, fa bokgoba kwa Qatar bo ne jwa emisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1952, makgoba a neelwa ba Arabian Peninsula ba kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu.

Komiti ya UN ya bokgoba e ne ya dira pego ya bkgoba jwa mafatshe kwa khanseleng ya Unted Nations ya itsholelo le matshelo ka ngwaga wa 1951, e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1953, mme bokopano jwa tlaleletso jwa kemiso bokgoba jwa kwalwa ka ngwaga wa 1954, jwa itsisiwe ka ngwaga wa 1956.[22]

Lekgotla le le kagtlhanong le bokgoba le ne le botsolosa matsholo kgatlhanong le bokgoba le kgwebo ya bokgoba kwa Arabian Peninsula go tswa ka phelelo ya nwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1970, ya baya mo pontsheng seabe sa lefatshe la Saudi Arabia mo bokgobeng jwa dithoto jwa lekgolo la dingwaga tse di masome mabedi mo United Nations, mme maiteko a bone a ne a emisiwa ke go tlhoka kemo nokeng go twa kwa Lodon le Washington.[23] Dipego tsa ofisi ya mafatshe a sele ya Britain di ne tsa supa go ya godimo ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Saudi Arabia morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafsteh, mme ya itlhophela go itlhokolosa se go itsa gore lefatshe le itse fa ba ne le seabe mo kgwebong ya bokgoba.[23]

Tsamaiso ya ga Eisenhower e ne ya ikaelela go nyatsa phetolo ya Bricker ka bokopano jwa kwa UN, mme ba dira Saudi Arabia boremelelo jwa dikwalo tsa eisenhower, ka jalo ba itsheegela kwa thoko mo bokopanong jwa tlaleletso jwa kemiso ya bokgoba le kgwebo ya makgoba le ditiragalo tse di tshwanang.[20] Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne la retelelwa ke go fetisa melao e e gagametseng kwa bokopanong jwa tlaleletso jwa UN ka ngwaga wa 1956, mme kgang e e ne ya simolola go kgatlha leitlho la mafatshe.[24]

Fa tautona Kennedy a pagama setilo sa botautona, kgang ya bokgoba mo tsaleng ya United Staes Saudi Arabia, e ne e bakile kgatlho leitlho ya mafsteh ebile e bakile tshenyo mo tsamaisong ya ga Kennedy le tirisano mmogo le Saudi Arabia, kennedy a pateletse babusi ba Saudi Arabia go fetoga fa ba batla thuso ya sesole sa United States ka ntwa ya selegae ya Yemeni.[20] Tautona Kennedy o ne a eletsa go thatafatsa United Nations mo go neng ga thatafatsa le letsholo la go emisa bokgoba la lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba la Britain mo UN.[25]

Tshoboko

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Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke lone le legologolo la go lwela ditshwanelo tsa setho, le ikaegile ka melao le ditumalanotsa United Nations kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Le na le bogakolodi jwa khansele ya United Nations ya itsholelo le matshelo a batho, le go ela tlhoko le lekgotla la tsa pereko la mafatshe, Ke lekgotla le e seng la tumelo epe, polotiki epe, le le ikemetseng. le bereka le makgotla a mangwe go tswa mo lefatsheng ka bophara go lwantsha dikgang tsa bokgoba.

Dikgatiso

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Lekgotla le gatisitse pampiri ya mmegi o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1838, ba tlhatlhama lekgotla la pele.[26][27]

Seetsele sa kgatlhanong le bokgoba

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Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne la tlhomamisa seetsele sa go nnakgatlhanong le bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1991, go tsibosa batho ka bothata jo bo tsweletseng mo leaftsheng gompieno jwa bokgoba le go dira gore batho ba nne ba lemoge seo, le go bolotsa matsholo ke makgotla kgotsa batho mo mafatsheng a a amegang.

  • 1991: Lekgotla la pereko la kwa Inia
  • 1992: Ricardo Rezenze
  • 1993: Lekgotla la kemiso go gweba ka mebele ya bana kwa Asia

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sharman, Anne-Marie, ed. (1993). "Anti-Slavery Reporter". The Anti-Slavery Reporter. 13 (8). London: Anti-Slavery International.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "[Search name authorities]: British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [Authority record]". Library of Congress Authorities. Library of Congress. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  3. ↑ "Anti-Slavery International, registered charity no. 1049160". Charity commission for England and Wales. accessed 26 June 2025.
  4. ↑ "Anti-Slavery International: UNESCO Education". 21 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June2025.
  5. ↑ "[Search name authorities]: Anti-slavery Society (Great Britain) [Authority record – click on Heading IXX)]". Library of Congress Authorities. Library of Congress. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2025. ...name changed from Anti-slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, July 1947...British Library name authority is Anti-slavery Society; [with] reference from Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights
  6. ↑ Kaye, Mike (2005). 1807–2007: Over 200 years of campaigning against slavery (PDF). Anti-Slavery International. p. [i]. ISBN 0-900918-61-6.
  7. ↑ "About Anti-Slavery International". antislavery.org. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2025
  8. ↑ Patricia Hollis, Ed. (1974). Pressure from without in early Victorian England. Pub. Edward Arnold p.39. ISBN 9780713157307
  9. ↑ "The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  10. ↑ Pennybacker, Susan D. (2009). From Scottsboro to Munich: Race and Political Culture in 1930s Britain. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691088280.(Chapter 3, Lady Kathleen Simon and Antislavery, pages 103–145)
  11. ↑ Matera, M. (2015). Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century. California World History Library. University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-520-28430-2. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  12. ↑ "Our history". Anti-Slavery International. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  13. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 100-121
  14. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 120-121
  15. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 197-215
  16. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216
  17. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 217
  18. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 294
  19. ↑ James Ewing Ritchie (1944). "Thoughts on Slavery and Cheap Sugar". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 26 June 2025
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 DeAntonis, Nicholas J. (2021). Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade AAI28499257 (PhD thesis). Fordham University.
  21. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 323-324
  22. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p, 326
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 DeAntonis, 2021. p. 3
  24. ↑ DeAntonis, 2021. p. 4-5
  25. ↑ DeAntonis, 2021. p. 4-5
  26. ↑ "[Search name authorities]: "Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions"".Library of Congress Authorities. Retrieved 26 June 2025. (Click on the link labelled "Heading (1XX)" for further detail)
  27. ↑ "The Anti-slavery reporter / under the sanction of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [1846–1909] [Catalogue entry]". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 26 June 2025 New ser., vols. 3–8 (1855–1860) include the 16th–21st annual reports of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society. The 22nd–24th annual reports are appended to v. 9-11 (1861–1863)...Volume title pages for 1846–1852 read: The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter.
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