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Letamo la Akosombo

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Letamo la Akosombo, le le itsegeng gape ka leina la letamo la Volta, ke letamo le go fetlhiwang motlakase mo go lone kwa nokeng ya Volta kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa Ghana kwa mokgatsheng wa Akosombo le bontlha jwa Volta River Authority.[1] Kago ya letamo e ne ya baka morwalela kwa bontlheng jwa kgampu ya noka ya Volta se sa baka lekadiba la Volta. Lekadiba la Volta ke lone lekadiba le letona le le iteretsweng mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete di robabobedi, makgolo a matlhano le bobedi, mo e leng 3.6% wa lefatshe la Ghana, se se le dira lekadiba le le itiretsweng le letona go fetisa a mangwe otlhe mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[2] Ka seelo sa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le borobabobedi, lekadiba la Volta ke la boraro ka seelo le le itiretsweng o lefatsheng lotlhe; le letona go a fetisa otlhe ke lekadiba la Kariba le le tshwarang metsi a dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, masome a robabobedi le botlhano.[3]

Tirisokgolo ya letamo la Akosombo e ne e le go fetlhela madirelo a aluminiamo motlakase.[4] Letamo la Akosombo le ne le bidiwa peletso e tona go fetisa tse dingwe mo tlhabololong ya Ghana.[5] Letamo le mosola mo go direleng mafatshe a Togo le Benin motlakase, le ntswa kago ya letamo la Adjarala (kwa nokeng e e nosi ya Togo) go solofetsa go fokotsa go ikaega ka motlakase o o rekilweng ga mafatshe a.[6] Letamo le pele le ne le ntsha motlakase wa dimegawatts di le makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le bobedi, o o neng wa tokafadiwa go nna dimegawatts di le seke le masome a mabedi mo porojekeng e e feditsweng ka 2006.[7]

Morwalela o o neng wa baka lekadiba la Volta o ne wa baka phudugo ya batho ba le bantsi gape o ne wa nna le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo tikologong,[8] di akaretsa tiragalo e e bakileng kgothego ya lotshitshi;phetogo mo motsamaong wa metsi e bakile diphetogo mo seemong sa loapi ka pula e e sa neng ka bontsi le bothito jo bo kwa godimo. Mmu o o dikaganyeditseng lekadiba ga o a nona jaaka o o kwa tlase ga lone, tiriso ya tsa temothuo e tlhoka tiriso ya dinontshane, mo go bakileng gore di kgobokane golo go le gongwe mo lekadibeng, mo go bakileng,mo go tse dingwe go gola thata ga mohero o o dirang gore go tsamaya mo metsing go nne thata, gape go bakile malwetsi a metsi a tshwana le bilharzia, bofofu jwa noka le malaria. Go batlela ba ba fudusitsweng magae a masha go ne go le thata, dinako tse dingwe go sa kgonege gotlhelele; go lema ga tlwaelo go ne ga nyelela lehuma la oketsega.

Moalo

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Letamo le simolotswe ka 1915 ke moitseanape wa majwe Albert Kitson, mme ga goa ke ga diriwa maano ape go fitlhelela ka dingwaga tsa 1940.[9][10] Go tlhamiwa ga kgampu ya noka ya Volta go akanyeditswe ka 1949, mme ka madi a ne a sa lekana, kompone ya America ya Volta Aluminum Company e ne ya adimisa lefatshe la Ghana madi gore letamo le kgone go agiwa. Tautona Kwame Nkrumah o ne a tsaya porojeke ya go fetlha motlakase kwa nokeng ya Volta ya nna mo bookameding jwa gagwe,[5] a thapa motshwantshi wa kwa Australia Keneth Scott go mo direla lefelo la bonno kwa a kgonang go lebelela letamo teng.[11]

Letamo le boleele jwa dimithara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a marataro, le bo kwa godimo jwa dimithara di le lekgolo, lesome le bone, le na le letangwana le le agilweng ka majwe. Kwa tlase le bophara jwa dimithara di le makgolo a mararo, masome a mararo le borataro le selekanyo sa didkadike di supa, dikete di le makgoloa robabongwe. Lekadiba le le dirilweng ke letamo la Volta, le na le selekanyo sa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le borobabobedi le bophara jwa dikete di robabobedi, makgolo a matlhano le bobedi ka boleele. Seelo sa lekadiba le tletse ke dimithara di le masome a robabobedi le bone, mme fa le sa tlala le na le seelo sa masome a supa le boraro.[12] Kwa botlhaba jwa letamo ke ditselana tse di tshololang metsi a dimithara di le dikete di le masome a mararo le bone. Tselana nngwe le nngwe e na le dikgoro di le thataro tse di bophara jwa dimithara di le lesome le motso, le boleele jwa dimithara di le lesome le boraro.[13][14]

Madirelo a motlakase a letamo le a na le difetlhamotlakase tsa dimegawatts di le lekgolo le bosupa, di le thataro. Lefatlhamotlakase lengwe le lengwe le tshelwa metsi ka diphaepe tsa di mithara di le lekgolo, lesome le bobedi ka boleele, le bophara jwa dimithara di le supa le bobedi.[12]

Moalo wa bofelo o ne o supa kago ya go nyerolosa aluminamo kwa Tema, letamo le agilwe kwa Akosombo go direla motshine o o nyerolosang motlakase, le mafaratlhatlha a megala ya motlakase a tsentswe kwa borwa jwa Ghana. Motshine o o nyerolosang aluminiamo o ne o solofetswe go ntsha dipoelo tse di tlhokafalang go ka tlhama meepo ya bauxite, mo go tlaa letlang go dira alominiamo kwa ntle le go reka alumina. Go tlhamiwa ga madirelo a alominiamo mo Ghana go ne go ikaegile ka motlakase wa metsi o o neng o akantswe.[5] Motshine o o nyerolosang alominiamo o ne o tlhokometswe ke kompone ya kwa America ya Kaiser Aluminum, o dirisiwa ke valco. Motshine o, o ne wa amogela madi go tswa kwa ba ba tshwaraganetseng Valco, ka kemo nokeng ya banka ya theko le thekiso ya kwa United States. le fa go ntse jalo, Valco ga e a beeletsa ntle le go batla ditsholofetso mo pusong ya Ghana, di tshwana le go sa duele lekgetho ga kompone eo le go reka motlakase ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa tlase. Madi a a dirisetsweng mo porojekeng a akanyediwa a ka nna didkadike di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi jwa di dolara.[5]

Kago

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Letamo la Aksombo le butswe ditsela tse di tshololang metsi

Ka Motsheganong 1960, puso ya Ghana e ne ya re dikompone di supe kgatlhego mo kagong ya letamo le la motlakase. Ka ngwaga wa 1961, kompone ya kwa Italy ya Imprelifo e e neng e sa tswa go fetsa letamo la Kariba, e ne ya fenya konteraka. Ka ngwaga wa 1961, Volta River Authority e ne ya tlhamiwa ke palamente ya Ghana ka go fetisa molao wa tlhabololo noka ya Volta. Lekgotla le, le ne le bereka ka maloko a lekgotla la bookamedi a le marataro, Nkrumah e le modulasetilo wa lone. Tiro e tona ya VRA e ne e le go okamela tlhabololo ya kgampu ya noka ya Volta, e e neng e akaretsa kago le go okamela letamo, go fetlha motlakase le mafaratlhatlha a go isa motlakase. VRA e okametse lekadiba le le dirilweng ke letamo, go tshwara ditlhapi mo lekadibeng, go tsamaya ka dikepe kgotsa mekoro mo go lone, ditlhaeletsanyo, le go nna sentle ga ba ba dikologileng lekadiba.[3]

Letamo le agilwe ka dingwaga tsa 1961 go tsena 1965.[12] Kago ya lone e ne e diriwa ke puso ya Ghana, ka thuso ya 25% ya madi go tswa kwa bankeng ya mafatshefatshe ya kago le ditlhabololo kwa World Bank, United States le United Kingdom.[15] Impreligo e ne ya gopa metsi kwa moalong wa noka le go ntsha metsi mo meseleng, ya fetsa letamo kgwedi pele ga nako e e neng e beilwe le ntswa go nnile le morwalela wa noka ya Volta k 1963 mo go neng ga diya tiro ka dikgwedi di feta tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1961 go stena 1966, babereki ba le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ba Impreligo ba ne ba tlhokafala ka nako ya kago ya letamo. Go beilwe difikantswe kwa Akosombo le kereke ya St Barbara Catholic e le segopotso sa bone.

Kago ya letamo la Akosombo e ne ya baka morwalela kwa kgampung ya noka ya Volta le masimo a yone, le go dira lekadiba la Volta le le apesang 3.6% wa lefatshe lotlhe la Ghana.[3] Lekadiba la Volta le tlhamilwe ka dingwag tsa 1962 go tsena 1966 la gwetlha phuduso ya batho ba le dikete di le masome arobabobedi, ba ba neng ba emetse 1% wa batho botlhe ba lefatshe leo.[16] Batho ba metse e le makgolo a supa ba ne ba fudusiwa go isiwa kwa metsing e le masome a matlhano le bobedi dingwaga di le pedi pele ga letamo le fediwa; lenaneo la phuduso le ne le le mo ketelelong pele ya VRA.[3][4][8][17] 2% wa batho ba ba fudusitsweng e ne e le batshwara ditlhapi, bontsi e le balemi barui.[4] Kgaolo e e kwa botlhaba jwa Ghana le batho ba ba tsentsweng mo dikgaolong tseoke bone ba ba neng ba amilwe thata ke ditlamorago tsa porojeke.[18]

Go fetlha motlakase

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Letamo la Akosombo kwa morago ga madi a cedi e le nngwe ya 2007

Letamo le isa motlakase kwa Ghana le mafatshe a bophirima jwa Aforika a a mabapi jaaka a Togo le Benin.[18] Pele 20% ya motlakase wa letamo la Akosombo o ne o neelwa banni ba Ghana, 80% o neelwa Valco. Puso ya Ghana e ne ya gwetlhega ka konteraka go duelela 50% ya tlhwatlhwa ya kago ya Akosombo, mme lefatshe le ne le letlelelwa 20% fela wa motlakase o o fetlhiwang. Baakgedi bangwe ba tshwenyegile ka gore se ke sekai sa kgatelelo ya lefatshe mo go le lengwe. Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, motlakase o o tswang mo pitseng ya Valco o ile tlase go letla seelo se se kwa Akosombo go dirisiwa go fitlhelela letlhoko la mo gae.[19]

Pele, kgonagalo ya go fetlha motlakase e ne e feta letlhoko go menagane; fa letlhoko fa e sale letamo le simologa le bakile go oketsega gabedi ga motlakase o o fetlhiwang.[20] Go atologa ga madirelo le itsholelo ya Ghana go ne ga baka letlhoko le le kwa godimo la motlakase, go feta selekanyo se se ka kgongwang ke pitsa ya Akosombo. Ka ngwaga wa 1981, letangwana le ne la agiwa kwa Kpong, kwa tlase ga Akosombo, tlhabololo ya Aksombo e ne ya tlhokega go tshegetsa motlakase o o fetlhiwang koo.[3]

Go oketsega ga batho ba ba tlhokang motlakase go ne go feta o o ka ntshiwang ke kago e e teng. Letlhoko la motlakase, ga mmogo le diemo tse di sa solofelwang, di bakile go simololwa ga mananeo a kgaolo motlakase.[3][21] Seelo se se kwa tlase sa makadiba se itemogetswe, ka dinako tse dingwe a le kwa tlase ga seelo se se tlhokafalang.[20]

Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2007, matshwenyego a ne a nna teng ka go fetlhiwa ga motlakase kwa letamong ka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa tlase sa metsi kwa lekadibeng ya Volta.[21] Ka sephatlo sa bofelo sa ngwaga wa 2007, matshwenyego a, a ne a tokafala fa pula e na ka bontsi kwa lefelong la noka ya Volta.[22] Ka ngwaga wa 2010, go ne ga gatisiwa seelo se se kwa godimo go gaisa se se kileng sa gatisiwa pele kwa letamong leo. Se se ne sa gwetlha go bulwa ga dikgoro tsa morwalela kwa seelong sa lekadiba sa dimithara di le masome a robabobedi le bone dibeke di le mmalwa, metsi a ne a tshololwa mo lekadibeng, mo go neng ga baka morwalela kwa tlase.[23]

Ditlamorago

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Se fetlha motlakase mo lekadibeng la Volta

Letamo la Akosombo le boetswe ke ditirelo tsa madirelo le itsholelo mo go simolodiseng mekoro mo lekadibeng, koketsego ya go tshwara ditlhapi, ditirelo tse disha tsa temothuo mo lotshitshing, ga mmog le bojanala.[8]

Tikologo ya ditshedi

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Setshwantsho sa lekadiba la Volta fa le lebilwe kwa godimo

Morago ga kago ya letamo, go nnile le kwelo tlase ya dipoelo tsa temothuo gaufi le lekadiba le dinoka tsa di amanng le lone.[8] Lefatshe le le dikaganyeditseng lekadiba la Volta ga le a nona jaaka lefatshe la pele le le neng le tlhagotswe mme jaanong le le kwa tlase ga lekadiba, ditiro tse di masetla tsa temothuo di feditse mmu o o neng o ntse o sa lekana. Mafaratlhatlha a tsa temothuo a latlhegelwa ke mmu o o nonneng ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go nna teng ga merwalela ya gangwe le gape e e eneng e tsisa menontshane mo mmung pele ga go elela ga metsi ga tlhogelo go emisiwa ke letamo.[24] Go gola ga temothuo ya thekiso go dirile gore menontshane e elelele mo nokeng. Se, ga mmogo le leswe la dikgomo le kgotlhelesego ya metsi a a leswe, go bakile go kgobokana ga menontshane mo metsing a noka.[8] Go nna gontsi ga menontshane, le go tlhoka go elela thata ga metsi, go bakile go gola thata ga mehero. Mehero e, e bakile bothata mo go tsamaeng mo metsing le dipalamo tsa metsi.[3]

Pabalesego ya batho

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Go nna teng ga mohero mo lotshitshing lwa lekadiba le mo dinokeng tse di tshelang mo go lone go bakile mathata a mantsi mo botsogong jwa batho. Mohero o dira gore go nne le ntshi e ntsho, monang le dikgopa, tse di bakang malwetsi a metsi a tshwana le bilharzia, bofofu jwa metsi le malaria.[8][24] Fa e sale letamo le agiwa, malwetsi a,a a oketsegile thata. Metse e batho ba fuduseditsweng kwa go yone e supile koketsego ya malwetsi fa e sale go simololwa lekadiba la Volta, kgonagalo ya go amiwa ke bolwetse ya motse e tsamaelana le gore motse o o o gaufi go le kae le lekadiba.[4] Bana le batshwara ditlhapii segolo jang ba amilwe thata ke go oketsega ga malwetsi.[4] Fa godimo ga foo, go amega ga bonno mo metsing go bakile kwelo tlase ya ditlhapi tsa shrimp le clam.[3] Botsogo jwa batho ba magae bo nyeleditswe ke go tlhoka ditlhapi tse, ka di ne di ntsha motswedi wa poroteini e e tlhokegang mo dijong. Ka mo go tshwanang, itsholelo ya magae le madirelo e itemogetse kwelo tlase ka ntlha ya go ya tlase ga temothuo e e amanang le metsi.[8]

Go oketsega ga phudugo ya batho mo lefelong le go bakiwa ke lehuma le mafelo a a sa nnang sentle a ba fuduseditsweng mo go one.[8][20] Phudugo e e okeditse kanamo ya mogare wa HIV kwa ditshabeng tsa kgampu ya Volta.[18] Dikgaolo tsa Manya Krobo le Yilo Krobo, tse di mo kgaolong e e kwa borwa bophirima jwa kgampu ya Volta, ke ditshaba tsa koo di na le kanamo e e kwa godimo ya HIV,[18] se se supa ka fa diemo di amileng dikgaolo tse ka teng. Thekiso ya mmele e ne ya golela pele e le go tsibogela dikete tsa babereki ba borre ba ba neng ba le mo lefelong leo go aga letamo.[18] Lesome mo lekgolong la batho ba bomme ba dingwaga tsa pelegi go tswa mo dikgaolong tse pedi tse ba fudugetse kwa ntle ga dikgaolo ka nako eo.[18] Ka ngwaga wa 1986, 90% ya batswasetlhabelo ba AIDA kwa Ghana e ne e le bomme, 96% ya bone ba ne ba sa tswa go nna kwa ntle ga lefatshe.[18]

Tsa itsholelo

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Tatlhegelo ya lefatshe ga batho ba ba dikete di le masome a robabobedi ba ba neng ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka go ne go raya tatlhegelo ya ditirelo tsa bone tsa itsholelo tsa go tshwara ditlhapi le temothuo, tatlhegelo ya mabitla a malwpaa a bone, tatlhegelo ya go itshetlela ga setshaba, le tatlhegelo ya ditshetlana tsa botshelo.[8] Lenaneno la phuduso le ne le supa dikgwetlho tse di tlang le go tlhama ditshaba tse di tshwaraganeng.[8] Go tlhoka go rulaganya sentle go ne ga baka phuduso ya ditshaba go ya mafelong a a sa tsamaelaneng le botshelo jwa bone jwa pele le ngwao.[8] Tatlhegelo ya mmu o o nonneng kwa tlase ga lekadiba la Volta go ne ga ama ditsela tsa temo tsa ngwao.[8] Diemo tse di kwa tlase tsa botshelo tse di neng di le kwa metseng e ba neng ba fuduseditswe kwa go yone di supagala mo phokotsegong ya palo ya batho fa e sale ba fudusiwa. Motse mongwe o batho ba neng ba fuduseditswe kwa go one o ne wa itemogela kwalo tlase ya palo ya batho ka 50% mo dingwageng tse di masome mabedi le boraro morago ga phuduso.[8] Go ya kwa godimo ga borai jwa itsholelo le maitemogelo a lehuma di amanngwa le metse e e amilweng thata ke tlhabololo ya noka ya Volta.[3] Phudugo ya batho le go ya tlase ga ditsa tlholego kwa kgampung ya Volta go bakile lehuma le le amangwang le kgatelelo mo bathong.[20]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go supilwe ga fo na le thoromo tsa lefatshe kwa lekadibeng la Volta ka ntlha ya gore metsi a mantsi mo lekadibeng a imela lefatshe.[8] Go na le phudugo ya molomo wa noka go ya botlhaba ka ntlha ya diphetogo tse di dirilweng mo molomongwa noka, se se bakile kgothego e e tsweletseng ya lotshitshi. Diphetogo mo metsing a noka di fetotse bothitho mo go bakileng diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi jaaka go fokotsega ga pula le bothitho jo bo kwa godimo kgwedi le kgwedi. Ditlamorago tse tsotlhe tsa tikologo di dira dikgoreletsego mo ditirelong tsa itsholelo le seemo sa botshelo jwa batho.[8] Patlsiiso ka basekaseki ba mafatshefatshe e ne ya supa fa letamo le nnile le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo kgothegong ya lotshitshi lwa sekganedi se se farologanyang Keta Lagoon le lewatle. Dr. Isaac Boateng o baleletse phokotso ya seretse go tswa kwa didkadikeng di le masome a supa le motso ka ngwaga wa go nna didikadike di supa fela ka ngwaga.[25]

Go tshologa

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Letamo la Akosombo le tsholola metsi

Go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 2023, la bofelo batho ba ba nnang fa letamong la Akosombo ba itemogela morwalela ka ntlha ya go tlhatsa mo go laolwang ga letamo ke ka ngwaga wa 2010.[26]

Ka Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2023, lekgotla la bookamedi jwa noka ya Volta le ne la simolodisa go tsholola metsi mo go laolwang mo letamong la Akosombo le Kpong kwa kgaolong e e kwa botlhaba. Go tsholola mo go laolwang mo go ne ga baka morwalela kwa metseng e e kwa kgampung ya Volta mo go neng ga kgoreletsa motlakase. Batswa setlhabelo ba le bantsi ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke dithoto le matshelo ka ntlha ya merwalela e.[27] Ditatlhegelo di ne di akaretsa masimo, matlo le dithoto tse di neng di sentswe ke merwalela.[27]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Mensah-Ayettey, Eric (17 May 2021). "Akosombo Dam could serve Ghana for another 50 years if well maintained – Kweku Awotwi".
  2. ↑ "The Largest Human-Made Lakes In The World"
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fobil, J.N., D.K. Attaquayefio, and Volta Basin Research Project [VBRP]. 2003. Remediation of the environmental impacts of the Akosombo and Kpong dams. HORIZON Solutions Site: Public Health. Yale University Department of Biology: HORIZON International.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Zakhary, K. 1997. Factors affecting the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Volta region of Ghana. McGill Journal of Medicine 3: 93–101.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "History of Akosombo dam". Ghana Home Page. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  6. ↑ Europa Publications (2014). Africa South of the Sahara 2014. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 9781857436983.
  7. ↑ "Akosombo Hydro Power Plant Retrofit". Volta River Authority. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gyau-Boakye, P. 2001. Environmental impacts of the akosombo dam and effects of climate change on the lake levels. Environment, Development and Sustainability 3(1): 17–29.
  9. ↑ "Guide to Electric Power in Ghana". 1Library.net. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  10. ↑ Okoampa-Ahoofe, Kwame (16 July 2009). "The False Ghanaian History of Paa Kwesi Nduom". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  11. ↑ Aidoo, Kwame (9 March 2018). "Ghana's Most Impressive Buildings". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  12. 1 2 3 "Akosombo Hydro Power Plant". Volta River Authority. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  13. ↑ "Akosombo Dam Brochure". Volta River Authority. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  14. ↑ "Annex 3". Alterra. p. 46. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  15. ↑ "Commonwealth Education". Archived from the original on 1 February 2002. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  16. ↑ Matthew Davis (30 May 2003). "Eyewitness: Waking up to water crisis". BBC.
  17. ↑ Jackson, Iain; Uduku, Ola; Addo, Irene Appeaning; Opong, Rexford Assasie (19 May 2019). "The Volta River Project: planning, housing and resettlement in Ghana, 1950–1965". The Journal of Architecture. 24 (4): 512–548. doi:10.1080/13602365.2019.1643389. ISSN 1360-2365.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Suave, N., A. Dzokoto, B. Opare et al. 2002. The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes [JAIDS] 20(4): 402–408.
  19. ↑ Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe (28 August 2007). "NPP cuts sod for Bui Dam". Statesman online. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  20. 1 2 3 4 Van De Giesen, N., M. Andreini, A. Van Edig and P. Vlek. 2001. Competition for water resources of the Volta basin. Regional Management of Water Resources. IAHS Publ. no. 268: 199–205.
  21. 1 2 Van De Giesen, N., M. Andreini, A. Van Edig and P. Vlek. 2001. Competition for water resources of the Volta basin. Regional Management of Water Resources. IAHS Publ. no. 268: 199–205.
  22. ↑ "Flood destroys farmlands in Bongo District". 29 August 2007.
  23. ↑ "VRA ends spillage from Volta Dam". GhanaWeb. 30 November 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2026
  24. 1 2 Van De Giesen, N., M. Andreini, A. Van Edig and P. Vlek. 2001. Competition for water resources of the Volta basin. Regional Management of Water Resources. IAHS Publ. no. 268: 199–205.
  25. ↑ Boateng, Isaac (2010). Spatial Planning in Coastal Regions: Facing the Impact of Climate Change. Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors.
  26. ↑ "Volta floods: Will the spillage end soon? - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2026
  27. 1 2 GTonline (13 October 2023). "Akosombo Dam spillage: 7 districts hit by floods …farmlands, houses, other properties affected in Greater Accra, Eastern, Volta regions". Ghanaian Times. Accra, Ghana. Retrieved 19 June 2026
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