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Letamo la Aswan High

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Letamo la Aswan High, le gantsi le bidiwang letamo la Aswan fela, ke lengwe la matamo a matona a lefatshe a a ikagetsweng, le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tsena 1970 go kgabaganya noka ya Nile kwa Aswan, Egypt. Porojeke e agilwe ke puso ya Egypt ka thuso ya Soviet Union go laola merwalela botoka, go oketsa peo ya metsi a a nosetsang le go fetlha motlakase. Letamo le ne le bonwa le le botlhokwa thata mo mananeong a lefatshe a go dira madirelo. Jaaka kago ya pele, letamo le le nnile le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo itsholelong le mo ngwaong ya Egypt.

Fa le fediwa, e ne e le lone le le leele go feta matamo otlhe mo lefatsheng, le feta letamo la Chatuge kwa United States.[1] Letamo, le le tlhamileng letangwana la bodutlelo la Nasser, le agilwe le le dikhilomithara di supa kwa godimo ga letamo la Aswan Low, le le feditsweng ka 1902 le setse le dirisiwa ka botlalo.

Ka letamo la bogologolo le santse le le teng, go tshologa ga Nile ga ngwaga le ngwaga ka nako ya selemo go ne go tsweletse ka go tshologa le sa eme mo mokgatsheng go tswa kwa kgampung ya Aforika botlhaba. Merwalela e, e tsisitse metsi a a nang le dikotla le menontshane e e neng e nontsha mmu o o mo lotshitshing lwa dipoa tsa lone le letsha; go itse se ka lone go ne ga dira gore mokgatsha wa Nile o siamele temothu go tswa goo lowe. Le fa go ntse jalo, morwalela o wa tlholego o ne o farologana, ka dingwaga tsa metsi a a kwa godimo di ne di ka senya dijalo tsotlhe fa metsi a a kwa tlase a ka baka komelelo le leuba. Ditiragalo tse tsotlhe di ne di diragala gangwe le gape.

Jaaka palo ya batho ba Egypt e ne e gola le maranyane a oketsega, keletso le kgonagalo e ne ya nna teng ya go laola merwalela, ka jalo tsotlhe di sireletsa di bo di ema nokeng ditshimo le sejalo sa koo se se botlhokwa sa letsela. Ka seelo sa letangwana se oketsegile ka ntlha ya letamo le, merwalela e ka laolwa metsi a bewa gore a ntshiwa kwa morago mo dingwageng tse dintsi.

Letamo la Aswan leano la lone le dirilwe ke Nikolai Aleksandrovich Maleyshev wa Hydroproject Institute kwa Moscow.[2][3] Le agetswe go nosetsa le go fetlha motlakase, letamo le, le na le dilo di le mmalwa tse di neng di le disha ka dingwaga tsa 1960, di akaretsa sesiro kwa tlase. Le ntswa letangwana le tlaa felela le tlala ka motlhaba, le dikakanyetso di supa fa letamo le tlaa dirisiwa sebaka sa dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi.[4]

Ditso tsa kago

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Maiteko a ntlha a a gatisitsweng a go aga letamo gaufi le Aswan ke ka sedikadike sa dingwaga di le lesome le motso, fa moitseanape gape e le moinjeneere Ibn al-Haytham a ne a bilediwa kwa Egypt ke moeteledipele Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah go laola morwalela wa Nile, tiro e e neng e tlhoka maiteko a ka pele kwa letamong la Aswan.[5] Morago ga gore dipatlisiso tsa gagwe di mo supegetse gore porojeke e ka se bereke,[6] le go tshaba tshakgalo ya moeteledipele, o ne a re o na le bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo. O ne a tshwarwa a le mo ntlong go tswa ka 1011 go fitlhelella al-hakim a tlhokafala ka 1021, ka nako e a neng a kwala buka ya gagwe e e nang le thotloetso ya Book of Optics.[7]

Letamo la Aswan Low, 1898 - 1902

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Ba Britain ba simolotse kago ya letamo la ntlha go kgabaganya Nile ka 1898. Kago e dirilwe go fitlhelela ka 1902 letamo la bulwa ka Morule a le lesome ngwaga wa 1902. Leano la porojeke le dirilwe ke Sir William Willcocks a akaretsa mainjeneere a le mmalwa a tlhwatlhwa, a akaretsa Sir Benjamin Baker le Sir John Aird, o kompone ya gagwe ya John Aird & Co, e neng e le yone ya boremelelo mo porojekeng e.[8][9]

Ketapele ya letamo la Aswan High, 1954 - 1960

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Ka ngwaga wa 1952, moinjeneere wa ditso tsa Greek-Egyptian Adrian Daninos o ne a simolola go dira leao la letamo la Aswan le lesha. Le ntswa letamo le le kwa tlase le ne le tloga le tlala ka 1946, puso ya ga kgosi Farouk e ne ya seka ya supa kgatlhego mo leanong la ga Danino. Mo boemong leano la mokgatsha wa Nile ka moistseanape wa metsi Harold Edwin Hurst le ne le ratiwa go gaisa, le le neng le tsisa kakanyetso ya go baya metso kwa Sudan le kwa Ethiopia, kwa go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi ga metsi ho leng kwa tlase thata. Maemo a ba Egypt a ne a fetoga gotlhelele morago ga go thankgolwa ga bogosi, bo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke letsholo la Free Officers go akaretsa Gamal Abdel Nasser. Ba Free Offcers ba ne ba dumela gore metsi a Nile a ka bewa kwa Egypt ka ntlha ya mabaka a sepolotiki, mo dikgweding di le pedi, leano la Daninos le ne la amogelwa.[10] Pele, lefatshe la United States le USSR be ne ba na le kgatlhego mo go thuseng ka ditlhabololo tsa letamo. Tlhakatlhakano e ne ya tlhaga ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go utlwana ka nako ya ntwa ya serame, le go golela pele ga kgogakgogano gareng ga mafatshe a Arabea.

Ka ngwaga wa 1955, Nasser o ne a re ke ene moeteledipele wa ma Arabea, a le kgatlhanong le dikgosi tsa setso, bogolo jang bogosi jwa Iraq morago ga gore bo beye monwana tumalano ya Baghdad ya 1955. Ka nako eo ba U. ba ne ba tshaba gore go eteletsa morafe pele go tlaa anama kwa Botlhaba legare, ba bona Nasser e le moeteledipele wa lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le go nna morafeo le mongwe. Mafatshe a America le United kingdom a ne a kopa go thusa kago ya letamo ka madi, ka madi a kadimiso a didikadike di le makgolo mabedi le bosupa, mme ba boelwe ke boeteledipele jwa ga Nasser mo go rarabololeng ntwa ya Israele le ma Arabea. Le ntswa a ne a le kgatlhanong le semorafe, go huma ka bongwe le okamela mafatshe a mangwe, Nasser o ne a itshupa a le fa gare a sa tseye lotlhakore,a batla go bereka le lefatshe la U.S ga mmogo le UUSR go tswela mosola Egypt le mafatshe a Arabea.[11] Morago ga gore lekgotla la UN le kgale tlhaselo ya Israel kgatlhanong le masole a Egypt kwa Gaza ka 1955, Nasser o ne a lemoga gore o ka se itshupe e le moeteledipele wa merafe ya Arabea e e kopaneng fa a sa kgone go sireletsa sesole sa lefatshe la gagwe kgatlhanong le Israel. Fa godimo ga maano a gagwe a tlhabololo, o ne a batla go ntšhafatsa sesole sa gagwe, a leba pele kwa lefatsheng la U.S go mo tswa thuso.

Mokwaledi wa lefatshe la America John Foster Dulles le tautona Dwight Eisenhower ba ne ba bolelela Nasser gore lefatshe la U.S le tlaa mo neela dibetsa fela fa di ka dirisediwa go itshireletsa le fa a ka amogela bookamedi le katiso ya sesole sa America. Nasser o ne a seka a amogela dithulaganyo tse,a buisana le USSR go mo ema nokeng.

Le ntswa Dulles a ne a dumela fa Nasser a tshosetsa fela le gore USSR ek ase thuse Nasser, go ne ga seka ga nna jalo: USSR e ne ya tshepisa Nasser palo ya dibetsa e batla tuelo ya dijalo tsa Egypt le letsela. Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1955, Nasser o ne a itsise ka tumalano ya dibetsa le Czechoslovakia a dira e le o o golaganyang le kemo nokeng ya sesole. [12]Mo boemong jwa go tlhasela Nasser go bo a ile kwa sesoleng, Dulles o ne a batla go tokafatsa botsalano le ene. Ka Morule 1955, mafatshe a US le UK a ne a itlama go ntsha didikadike di le masome a matlhano le borataro le lesome le bone ka tatelano, mo kagong ya letamo la Aswan High.[13]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Moore, Carl S. (1 Jan 2007). "Impact of National Forest & TVA Chatuge Dam". Clay County, NC Then and Now: A Written and Pictorial History. Genealogy Publishing Service. ISBN 9781881851240.
  2. ↑ MIL-OSI (January 16, 2024). "Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev". foreignaffairs.co.nz.
  3. ↑ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. p. 694. ISBN 978-0679644293.
  4. ↑ "INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM" (PDF). October 1971.
  5. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582), Science magazine: 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, PMID 12161634
  6. ↑ Corbin, Henry (1993), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 978-0710304162
  7. ↑ Corbin, Henry (1993) [French 1964], History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 149, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1
  8. ↑ Egypt bond Archived May 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), "Subduing the Nile", The World's Work: A History of Our Time, V: 2861–2870, archived from the original on 2013-10-11, retrieved 2026-06-17
  10. ↑ Collins, Robert O. (2000). "In Search of the Nile Waters, 1900–2000". The Nile: Histories, Cultures, Myths. Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Lynne Rienner. pp. 255–256.
  11. ↑ Dougherty, James E. (March 1959), "The Aswan Decision in Perspective", Political Science Quarterly, 74 (1), The Academy of Political Science: 21–45, doi:10.2307/2145939, JSTOR 2145939
  12. ↑ Smith, p. 242
  13. ↑ Dougherty, p. 22
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