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Letlhalerwa (ntsa ya naga ya Aforika)

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Letlalerwa kwa Africa Borwa

Letlhalerwa (Lycaon pictus), le gape le bidiwang ntša e e pentilweng le ntša e e tsomang ya Kapa, ​​ke ntša ya naga e e tlholegileng kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ke ntša e kgolo ya naga mo Aforika mme ke yone fela leloko le le santseng le le teng la mofuta wa Lycaon, e e farologaneng le Canis ka meno a a kgethegileng thata a dijo tsa hypercarnivorous le ka go tlhoka dinala tsa monyo.

Go fopholediwa gore tse di godileng di le dikete tse thataro, makgolo a mararo le borataro (go akaretsa le tse godileng sentle di le sekete le makgolo a mane) di nna mo ditlhopheng tse dinnye di le masome a mararo le boferabongwe, tsotlhe di tshosediwa ke go kgaogana ga mafelo a bonno, go bogisiwa ke batho le go runya ga malwetse. Ka gonne palopotlana e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe e ka tswa e na le ditshedi tse di kwa tlase ga makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano, ntša ya naga ya Aforika e kwadilwe mo lenaaneng le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela mo Lenaaneng la IUCN Red List fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe.

Ntša ya naga ya Aforika ke motsomi yo o kgethegileng wa diphologolo tse di nnang mo lefatsheng, bontsi jwa tsone di tsoma ka mahube le maitseboa, fela gape e bontsha tiro ya motshegare. E tshwara diphologolo tsa yone ka go dirisa maatla le go tsoma ka tirisanommogo go di lapisa. Bagaisani ba yone ba tlholego ke ditau le diphiri tse di marontho; tsa pele di bolaya dintsa fa go kgonagala, fa tsa morago e le tse di utswang dijo kgapetsakgapetsa. Fela jaaka di-canid tse dingwe, ntša ya naga ya Aforika e kgwela bana ba yone dijo, fela gape e atolosa tiro e go tse dikgolo jaaka karolo e e botlhokwa ya loago ya setlhopha. Tse dinnye di na le tshiamelo ya go ja pele.

Ntša ya naga ya Aforika e ntse e tlotliwa mo merafeng e le mmalwa ya batsomi le babapadi, segolobogolo ya batho ba San le Egepeto wa pele ga ditso.

Letshwao le leina

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Puo ya sekgowa e na le maina a le mmalwa a ntša ya naga ya Aforika, go akaretsa ntša ya go tsoma ya Aforika, ntša ya go tsoma ya Kapa,[1] ntša ya go tsoma e e takilweng,[2] ntša e takilweng,[3]phiri e takilweng,[4]le phiri e takilweng.[5]Le fa leina la African wild dog le dirisiwa thata,[6] "wild dog" go akanngwa ke ditlhopha tsa tshomarelo go nna le bokao jo bo sa siamang jo bo ka senyang setshwantsho sa yona; mokgatlho mongwe o rotloetsa leina "painted wolf",[7][8] [9]fa leina "painted dog" le lemogilwe fa le ka kgona go lwantsha megopolo tse di sa siamang.[10]

Ditso tsa go nna teng ga ditshedi le go fetoga ga tsone

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Tlhatlhobo

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Go bonala fa mokwalo wa ntlha o o buang ka mofuta ono wa phologolo e le wa ga Oppian, yo o neng a kwala ka phologolo ya thoa, e leng phologolo e e kopaneng le phiri le lengau, e e tshwanang le phiri ka popego le lengau ka mmala. Collectanea rerum memorabilium ya ga Solinus ya lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga AD e tlhalosa phologolo e e mebalabala, e e tshwanang le phiri e e nang le mane e e tlholegileng kwa Ethiopia. [5]

Letlhalerwa le ne la tlhalosiwa ka maranyane ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi ke Coenraad Jacob Temminck morago ga go tlhatlhoba seka-sekao go tswa kwa lotshitshing lwa Mozambique, se a neng a se bitsa Hyaena picta.[11]Moragonyana Joshua Brookes o ne a e lemoga e le canid ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le bosupa mme a e bitsa Lycaon tricolor. Lefoko la ntlhantlha la Lycaon ke la Segerika λυκαίος (lykaios), le le rayang gore o tshwana le phiri. Lebitso le ikgethang la pictus (Latin for painted), le tswang ho picta ya pele, hamorao le ile la kgutlisetswa ho lona, ho latela melao ya International Rules on Taxonomic Nomenclature.[12]

Moitsaanape wa diphologolo George G. Simpson o ne a baya Letlhalerwa, dhole, le ntša ya sekgwa mmogo mo lelapeng la Simocyoninae ka ntlha ya gore mefuta yotlhe e meraro e na le di-carnassials tse di bogale ka go tshwana. Mokgatlho ono o ne wa ganetswa ke Juliet Clutton-Brock, yo o neng a re ntle le meno, go na le dipharologano tse dintsi thata magareng ga mefuta e meraro eno gore e kgone go ka bewa mo lelapeng le le lengwe fela. [13]

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Letlhalerwa le na le mekgwa e e kgethegileng thata ya go tlwaela mebala ya boboa jwa yone le dijo tsa yone le go latelela phologolo e e e tsomang ka bokgoni jwa yone jwa go taboga. E na le marapo a mantle, mme fa e latlhegelwa ke monwana wa ntlha mo dinaong tsa yone tsa kwa pele, e kgona go tsamaya ka lobelo lo logolo. Tsela eno e e dirang gore e kgone go tsamaya sekgala se seleele e lebile phologolo e e e tsomang e le mo lefelong le le bulegileng. Meno a yone gantsi a bopegile jaaka a phologolo e e bidiwang carnassial, mme meno a yone a a fa pele a magolo go gaisa a phologolo epe fela e e jang nama fa a bapisiwa le bogolo jwa mmele wa yone, kwantle fela ga phologolo e e bidiwang spotted hyena. Mo dinonyaneng tse di kwa tlase tsa nama (di-molar tsa ntlha tse di kwa tlase), thamo e fetogile go nna thipa e e segang nama, e e fokotsang kana e latlhegelwa ke dinonyaneng tse di kwa morago ga dinonyaneng. Mokgwa ono wa go iphetogela ga ditshedi go nna tse dingwe o bonwa le mo diphologolong tse dingwe tse pedi tse di jan[14]g nama e ntsi tse di bidiwang di-canid, e leng dhole le bush dog.Letlhalerwa le na le mebala e e farologaneng ya boboa go gaisa diphologolo tse dingwe tse di amusang. Batho ba farologana ka dipopego le mebala, e leng se se bontshang gore go na le dijini tse di farologaneng mo go bone. Maikaelelo a dipopego tseno tsa diaparo e ka nna go di fetola gore di kgone go buisana le batho, go iphitlha kgotsa go laola themperetšha. Patlisiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe e bontshitse gore losika lwa lycaon lo ne lwa kgaogana le Cuon le Canis dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1,7 tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya diphetogo tseno, mme di ne tsa direga ka nako e le nngwe fela le tsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse di nang le diphuka (ditlhabelo tsa tsone) tse di farologaneng. Dipatlisiso di supa gape gore Letlhalerwa le kgaogane thata le go fetisiwa ga dijini go tswa mo mefuteng e mengwe ya dintša. [15]

Fossil ya Letlharerwa e kgologolo go di gaisa tsotlhe e na le dingwaga di le dikete tse le makgolo a mabedi mme e ne ya fitlhelwa kwa HaYonim Cave, kwa Iseraele. [16]Tlhabololo ya ntša ya naga ya Afrika ga e tlhaloganngwe sentle ka ntlha ya go tlhaela ga masalela a dilo tse di fitlhetsweng. Bakwadi bangwe ba akanya gore mofuta wa Canis o o nyeletseng wa Xenocyon ke wa losika lwa Lycaon le lwa Cuon,[17][18][19][20]149 e e neng e tshela go ralala Eurasia le Afrika go tloga ka Pleistocene ya Bogologolo go fitlha ka Pleistocene ya Bogare. Ba bangwe ba akantsha gore Xenocyon e tshwanetse go tlhalosiwa gape jaaka Lycaon. [16] Mofuta wa Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri o ne o na le methacarpal ya ntlha e e neng e seyo ya ntša ya naga ya Afrika (dewclaw), le fa tota meno a yone a ne a sa ntse a sa tlhomama.[16] Mokwadi mongwe o ne a gana kamano eno ka gonne C. Go tlhoka metacarpal ya ntlha ga (X.) falconeri ke sesupo se se bokoa sa go nna gaufi ga phylogenetic le Letlhalerwa, mme meno a ne a farologane thata go kaya gore ke bagologolwane ba yone. [21]

E nngwe e ka nna ya bo e ne e le Lycaon sekowei ya Plio-Pleistocene ya Afrika Borwa ka ntlha ya di-cusp tse di farologaneng tsa di-accesory mo di-premolar tsa yone le di-cusp tse di kwa pele tsa di-accesory mo di-premolar tsa yone tse di kwa tlase. Ditlwaelo tseno di fitlhelwa fela mo Lycaon mo dinonyaneng tse di tshelang, tse di bontshang gore le tsone di tlwaela go ja dijo tse di jang nama thata. L. sekowei e ne e ise e latlhegelwe ke metacarpal ya ntlha e e neng e seyo mo L. pictus mme e ne e nonofile go feta mefuta ya segompieno, e na le meno a magolo ka 10%.[21]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Woodroffe, R.; McNutt, J.W. & Mills, M.G.L. (2004). "African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus". In Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Hoffman, M. & MacDonald, D. W. (eds.). Foxes, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. pp. 174–183. ISBN 978-2-8317-0786-0. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011.
  2. ↑ Roskov Y.; Abucay L.; Orrell T.; Nicolson D.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.M.; Bourgoin T.; DeWalt R.E.; Decock W.; De Wever A.; Nieukerken E. van; Zarucchi J.; Penev, L., eds. (2018). "Canis lycaon Temminck 1820". Catalogue of Life 2018 Checklist. Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "Painted Dog Conservation - Main page". Painted Dog Conservation.
  4. ↑ "African wild dog facts and photos". National Geographic. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  5. 1 2 Smith, C. H. (1839). Dogs, W.H. Lizars, Edinburgh, p. 261–269
  6. ↑ Skinner, J. D. & Chimimba, C. T. (2005). "The African wild dog". The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 474–480. ISBN 978-0-521-84418-5.
  7. ↑ Scott, Jonathan (1991). Painted Wolves: Wild Dogs of the Serengeti-Mara. Viking Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-241-12485-9.
  8. ↑ Kristof, N. D. (2010). "Every (wild) dog has its day". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  9. ↑ "The Painted Wolf Foundation - A Wild Dog's Life". The Painted Wolf Foundation. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  10. ↑ Blades, B. (2020). "What's in a name? An evidence-based approach to understanding the implications of vernacular name on conservation of the painted dog (Lycaon pictus)". Language & Ecology. 2019–2020: 1–27.
  11. ↑ Temminck, C. J. (1820). "Sur le genre hyena, et description d'une espèce nouvelle, découverte en Afrique". Annales générales des sciences physiques. 3: 46–57.
  12. ↑ Bothma, J. du P. & Walker, C. (1999). Larger Carnivores of the African Savannas, Springer, pp. 130–157, ISBN
  13. ↑ Clutton-Brock, J.; Corbet, G. G.; Hills, M. (1976). "A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods". Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 29: 119–199. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.6922.
  14. ↑ Martínez-Navarro, B. & Rook, L. (2003). "Gradual evolution in the African hunting dog lineage: systematic implications". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (8): 695–702. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2..695M. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.002.
  15. ↑ Chavez, Daniel E.; Gronau, Ilan; Hains, Taylor; Kliver, Sergei; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Wayne, Robert K. (2019). "Comparative genomics provides new insights into the remarkable adaptations of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8329. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8329C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44772-5. PMC 6554312. PMID 31171819.
  16. 1 2 3 Stiner, M. C.; Howell, F. C.; Martınez-Navarro, B.; Tchernov, E. & Bar-Yosef, O. (2001). "Outside Africa: Middle Pleistocene Lycaon from Hayonim Cave, Israel" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 40 (2): 293–302.
  17. ↑ Moulle, P.E.; Echassoux, A.; Lacombat, F. (2006). "Taxonomie du grand canidé de la grotte du Vallonnet (Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France)". L'Anthropologie. 110 (#5): 832–836. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2006.10.001. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2008.in french
  18. ↑ Baryshnikov, Gennady F (2012). "Pleistocene Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Paleolithic Kudaro caves in the Caucasus". Russian Journal of Theriology. 11 (#2): 77–120. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.11.2.01.
  19. ↑ Cherin, Marco; Bertè, Davide F.; Rook, Lorenzo; Sardella, Raffaele (2013). "Re-Defining Canis etruscus (Canidae, Mammalia): A New Look into the Evolutionary History of Early Pleistocene Dogs Resulting from the Outstanding Fossil Record from Pantalla (Italy)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 95–110. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9227-4. S2CID 17083040.
  20. ↑ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  21. 1 2 Hartstone-Rose, A.; Werdelin, L.; De Ruiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. & Churchill, S. E. (2010). "The Plio-pleistocene ancestor of Wild Dogs, Lycaon sekowei n. sp". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (2): 299–308. Bibcode:2010JPal...84..299H. doi:10.1666/09-124.1. S2CID 85585759.
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