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Letlhatso le Letshololo

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Cholera
Maina a mangweAsiatic cholera, epidemic cholera[1]
A person with severe dehydration due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
DikaiLarge amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps[2]
DitamoragoDehydration, electrolyte imbalance[3]
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegileng2 hours to 5 days after exposure[4]
DurationA few days[3]
CausesVibrio cholerae spread by fecal-oral route[3]
Risk factorsPoor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, poverty[3]
Diagnostic methodStool test[3]
PreventionImproved sanitation, clean water, hand washing, cholera vaccines[5][6]
TreatmentOral rehydration therapy, zinc supplementation, intravenous fluids, antibiotics[3][7]
Frequency1.3–4 million people a year[3]
Deaths28,800 (2015)[8]

Letlhatso le Letshololo ke tshwaetsego ya mala a mannye ka mefuta mengwe ya baketeria ya Vibrio cholerae.[2][4] Dikai e ka nna tse di ko tase, tse di fa gare ya ko go tse di masisi.[4] Sekai sa bogologolo ke letshololo le lentsi le le metsi le le tsayang malatsi a le mmalwa.[3] Go kgwa le go tshwarwa ke dikerempe le gone go ka diragala.[4] Letshololo le ka nna maswe thata mo diureng di se kae fela mo le felelang ka go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng le go tlhoka tekatekano ga eleketerolaete.[3] Seno se ka felela ka gore matlho a wele, letlalo le nne tsididi, letlalo le se ka la tlhola le ela le go tsutsubana ga diatla le maoto.[6] Go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng go ka dira gore letlalo le fetoge go nna botala jwa llewapi.[9] Dikai di ka simolola diura di le pedi go ya go malatsi a matlhano morago ga go iponatsa.[4]

Letlhatso le Letshololo le bakwa ke mefuta e le mmalwa ya Vibrio cholerae, mme mefuta mengwe e ntsha bolwetse jo bo maswe thata go feta e mengwe.[3] E anamisiwa thata ke metsi a a sa babalesegang le dijo tse di sa babalesegang tse di kgotletsweng ke mantle a batho a a nang le baketeria eno.[3] Dijo tsa lewatle tse di sa apewang sentle ke motswedi o o tlwaelegileng.[10] Batho ke bone fela diphologolo tse di amegang.[3] Dintlha tse di kotsi tsa bolwetse jo di akaretsa kgeleloleswe e e bokoa, go tlhoka metsi a a lekaneng a a phepa a a nowang, le lehuma.[3] Go na le matshwenyego a gore go tlhatloga ga lemogiwa ka go dira diteko tsa mantle.[3] Teko ya dipstick e e bonako e teng mme ga e a nepagala jalo.[11]

Mekgwa ya thibelo kgatlhanong le Letlhatso le Letshololo e akaretsa go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe le phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa.[6] Mekento ya Letlhatso le Letshololo tse e e nowang ka molomo e fa tshireletso e e utlwalang mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le thataro.[3] Di na le molemo o o oketsegileng wa go sireletsa kgatlhanong le mofuta o mongwe wa letshololo o o bakiwang ke E.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbA">&nbsp;</span>coli.[3] Kalafi ya konokono ke go tsenya metsi mo mmeleng ka molomo —go emisetsa diedi ka metswako e e botshe le e e letswai go sekae.[3] Ditharabololo tse di theilweng mo raese di a ratwa.[5] Zinc tlatsetso e na le thuso ka bana.[7] Mo maemong a a maswe thata, go ka tlhokega gore go tsenngwe diedi mo ditshikaneng, tse di jaaka Ringer’s lactate, mme dibolayamegare tse di jaaka doxycycline di ka nna molemo.[3][12] Go dira diteko go bona gore ke sebolayamegare sefe se Letlhatso le Letshololo le ka se tlhaselang bonolo go ka thusa go kaela go tlhopha.[4]

Letlhatso le Letshololo le ama batho ba ba ka nnang 1.3 go ya go 4 batho ba le dimilione lefatshe ka bophara mme e baka batho ba le 21 000–143 000 dintsho ka ngwaga.[3][8] Le fa e tsewa e le leroborobo Tempolete:As of , ga se bonwe thata mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.[3] Bana ke bone ba ba amegang thata.[3][13] Letlhatso le Letshololo le tlhagelela ka go runya le ka nako e telele mo mafelong a a rileng.[3] Dikgaolo tse di nang le kotsi e e tswelelang ya malwetse di akaretsa Aforika le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia.[3] Kotsi ya loso mo go ba ba amegang gantsi e kwa tlase ga 1% mme e ka nna kwa godimo go fitlha go 5%.[3] Go tlhoka go bona kalafi go felela ka gore go nne le dintsho tse di kwa godimo.[3] Ditlhaloso tsa kholera di fitlhetswe go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC ka Sesanskrit.[6] Thutopatlisiso ya kholera kwa Engelane e e dirilweng ke John Snow fa gare ga ngwaga wa 1849 le wa 1854 e ne ya dira gore go nne le kgatelopele e e bonalang mo thutong ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.[6][14] Go nnile le ditiragalo tse ditona di le supa mo dingwageng di le makgolo a maeditse di fetileng mme tsa bolaya dimilionemilione tsa batho.[3]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "textbook".
  2. 1 2 Weil, Ana A.; Ryan, Edward T. (2022). "66. Cholera". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (in Sekgoa) (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 384–389. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017". Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire. 92 (34): 477–98. 25 August 2017. PMID 28845659. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 6, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 85 (13): 117–128. March 26, 2010. PMID 20349546. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Harris, JB; LaRocque, RC; Qadri, F; Ryan, ET; Calderwood, SB (30 June 2012). "Cholera". Lancet. 379 (9835): 2466–76. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x. PMC 3761070. PMID 22748592.
  7. 1 2 "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  9. ↑ Bailey, Diane (2011). Cholera (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
  10. ↑ "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Diagnosis and Detection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 10, 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Changing the game for Acute Infectious Diarrhea — IDP for the win! | This Changed My Practice". thischangedmypractice.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  13. ↑ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  14. ↑ Timmreck, Thomas C. (2002). An introduction to epidemiology (3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7. Archived from the original on 2016-12-03.
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