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Letsha la Tanganyika

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Letsha la Tanganyika[1] ke nngwe ya Matsha a Magolo a Afrika.[2] Ke letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi,le ka boteng, ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke Lake Baikal kwa Siberia.[3][4] Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.[5] Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng.[6] Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Congo, e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya Banana go tsena mo Lewatleng la Atlantic.[7]

Jeokorafi

Lake Tanganyika ke letsha la bogologolo thata, mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.[8]

Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya Albertine Rift, e leng lekala la bophirima la East African Rift. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa rift mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.[9][7]

Letsha la Tanganyika lena le mokgatšha wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke Lukuga River, e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River. Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.[10]

Noka e kgolo ke Ruzizi River, e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo Lake Kivu.[11] Malagarasi River ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.[11] Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya Lualaba River, e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.[10] Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke Lufubu River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.[12]

Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka “endorheic ka bontsi”. Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.[11] Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.[10]

Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.[13] Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.[14][15]

Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo Lake Rukwa e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le Lake Malawi, mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya Nile River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.[16]

Dikarolo tsa metsi

Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le alkaline e e kwa godimo, ka pH e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.[17] Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.[17] Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo phitisong ya motlakase, e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.[17]

Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.[18] Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.[19] Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya go gotela ga lefatshe fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.[20]

Letsha le kgaogane ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.[18] Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo. Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.[21] Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang metsi a bogologolo[22] a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na oksijene . Ka jalo ditlhapi le diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa[23][24] jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa hydrogen sulfide, gase e e botlhole.[17][25]

Baeloji

Digagabi

Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa Nile crocodile (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang Gustave), Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia, Serrated hinged terrapin, Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)[26]. Storm’s water cobra, e leng mofuta o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.[26][27]

Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid

Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la bonyenyane mefuta e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid[28] tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe ke baitseanape.[29] Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng, le kafa botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.[30][31] Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Matsha a Magolo a Afrika, go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya adaptive radiation mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.[32] Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga Lukuga River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo tsamaisong ya Congo River. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le mekgacho le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a alkaline gape ana le pH e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le calcium le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le asiti e ntsi, a tletse seretse, a tletse matlakala a dimela le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le metsi a masweu, metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang metsi a mantsho, ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le tannins tse dintsi mme ga a siamele[33] ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika.

Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la Malawi kgotsa Letsha la Victoria—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e e potlakileng ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—[34]ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo popegelong ya mmele le mo dijining.[35][36] Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.[37] Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo go feta tsotlhe ya genera tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.[35] Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang Pseudocrenilabrinae. Mo ditlhopheng tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini le Tropheini fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: Haplochromini, Tilapiini le Tylochromini.[38] Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: Bathybatini,Benthochromini,Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini,Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini le Trematocarini mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.[35]

Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.[39] Mefuta ya Trematocara yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.[40] Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka Bathybates, Gnathochromis, Hemibates le Xenochromis e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.[41] Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa botlaseng jwa letsha, kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.[42] Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates[39] e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe. Mefuta e mebedi e, Bathybates fasciatus le Bathybates leo dija thata ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika.[39][41] Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka tsela e di iphedisang ka yone. Go na le mefuta e e jang dimela, e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing, e e jang plankton, e e jang ditshenekegi, e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing, e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng, e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.[43] Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata.[44] Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja Stolothrissa tanganicae le Limnothrissa miodon fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le tse di godisang mae mo molomong.[45] Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, Neolamprologus multifasciatus le Neolamprologus similis (tse tsotlhe di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.[46][47] Go na gape le nngwe ya cichlid tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.[43][48]

Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: Altolamprologus, Cyprichromis, Eretmodus, Julidochromis, Lamprologus, Neolamprologus, Tropheus le Xenotilapia. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.[45] Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga setshwano sa diatla sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.[45][49]

Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika

Bathybatini (E): Bathybates ferox ke tlhapi e e nnang thata gaufi le botlase jwa letsha mme e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.[50] Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, Hemibatini le Trematocarini.[51][52]

Benthochromini (E): Benthochromis horii e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le Benthochromis tricoti.[53]

Boulengerochromini (E): Boulengerochromis microlepis ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid[54] tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng gape ke yone fela mofuta o o leng mo setlhopheng sa Boulengerochromini.[55]

Cyphotilapiini (E): Cyphotilapia frontosa ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi fela e e tshwanang e e leng mo setlhopheng[56] seno.

Cyprichromini (E): Cyprichromis microlepidotus le mefuta e mengwe ya setlhopha seno di tshela mo metsing a a bulegileng a letsha gape dija thata plankton.[57][58]

Ectodini (E): Ophthalmotilapia nasuta e bontsha sexual dimorphism, ke gore e namagadi le e tonanyana ga di tshwane ka ponalo. Mo mofuteng ono ditonanyana di na le mebala e e phatsimang le e e kgatlhang go feta, di na le maphego a maleele go feta gape di na le nko[59] kgotsa sebopego sa tlhogo se se leele go feta sa tse namagadi.

Eretmodini (E): Eretmodus cyanostictus e nna gaufi le botlase jwa letsha mo mafelong a lotshitshi a a nang le makhubu le metsi a a tsamayang ka maatla,[60] jaaka mefuta e mengwe yotlhe ya setlhopha sa yone.[61]

Haplochromini: Astatotilapia burtoni ke nngwe ya mefuta e mmalwa fela ya setlhopha[62] seno e e fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Seno se farologane le se se diragalang mo matsheng a mangwe a magolo a Afrika, jaaka Lake Malawi le Lake Victoria, kwa bontsi jwa cichlid bo leng mo setlhopheng sa Haplochromini.[63]

Lamprologini (E): Julidochromis marlieri ke tlhapi e e tumileng thata mo kgwebong ya ditlhapi tsa ditanka kwa batho ba ba godisang ditlhapi gantsi ba bitsa mefuta ya setlhopha sa Julidochromis ka leina la khutshwafatso la “Julies.”[64]

Limnochromini (E): Gnathochromis permaxillaris ke tlhapi e e jang ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di phaphamalang mo metsing. E na le molomo o o sa tlwaelegang o o kgonang go otlologa kgotsa go sutela kwa ntle.[65]

Perissodini (E): Perissodus microlepis ke tlhapi e e ikgethileng ka gonne e ja makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe.[66]

Tilapiini: Oreochromis tanganicae ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng thata mo mabopong a Letsha la Tanganyika gape gantsi e fitlhelwa mo mebarakeng ya ditlhapi ya mo lefelong leo.[67]

Tropheini (E): Tropheus moorii (segolobogolo mofuta wa “red Chimba morph”) e bontsha pharologano e kgolo mo mebaleng le mo popegelong ya mmele. Ka ntlha ya pharologano eno, baitseanape bangwe ba belaela gore dingwe tsa morphs tse di tsewang jaaka karolo ya mofuta o le mongwe di ka nna tsa bo e le mefuta e e farologaneng.[68][69][70]

Ditlhapi tse dingwe

Lamprichthys tanganicanus, e e bidiwang Tanganyika killifish, ke yone fela mofuta mo setlhopheng sa yone.[60]

Letsha la Tanganyika le na le mefuta e e fetang 80 ya ditlhapi tse e seng tsa cichlid, mme mo e ka nnang 60% ya tsone di fitlhelwa fela mo letsheng leno.[71][72][73][74]

Metsi a a bulegileng a letsha a laolwa ke mefuta e le mene e megolo ya ditlhapi tse e seng cichlid. Tse pedi tsa tsone ke Limnothrissa miodon le Stolothrissa tanganicae tse tsotlhe di bidiwa “Tanganyika sardines.” Ditlhapi tseno di dira karolo e kgolo go feta tsotlhe ya boima jwa ditlhapi mo metsing a a bulegileng, mme di botlhokwa thata jaaka dijo tsa Lates microlepis le Lates stappersii.[75] Go na le gape mefuta e mengwe e mebedi ya Lates mo letsheng, Lates angustifrons le Lates mariae mme mefuta eno e mentsi e tsoma thata gaufi le botlase jwa letsha, le fa ka dinako dingwe e ka tsena mo metsing a a bulegileng.[75] Mefuta yotlhe e mene ya Lates e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Le fa go ntse jalo, e tshwerwe thata ke batshwari ba ditlhapi mo dingwageng tse dintsi , mme ka ntlha ya seno ditlhapi tse dikgolo tsa mefuta eno ga di tlhole di bonwa gantsi jaaka pele.[75]

Mo ditlhaping tse di sa tlwaelegang tse di fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la Tanganyika go na le ditlhapi tsa catfish tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno mme di dirisa mokgwa o o sa tlwaelegang wa tsalo, o o tshwanang le wa nonyane ya cuckoo. Tseno di akaretsa Synodontis grandiops le Synodontis multipunctatus.[76][77] Tse dingwe tsa go nna le setshwano e leng S.lucipinnis le S.petricola di eta di nna lego tlhakatlhakangwa, gosa tlhalosege sentle gore a dina le boitshwaro jo bo tshwanang.[76][78] Ditlhapi tseno di dira gore mefuta e mengwe e gole bana ba tsone. Di beela mae ka nako e e tshwanang le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di godisang mae mo melomong ya tsone, Cichlid e phutha mae ao ka molomo, e akanya gore ke a yone. Fa mae a catfish a phatloga, bana ba catfish ba simolola go ja mae kgotsa bana ba cichlid ba ba mo molomong oo.[76][77] Ditlhopha tsotlhe tse di latelang di fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Letsha la Tanganyika: Bathybagrus, Dinotopterus, Lophiobagrus, Phyllonemus, Pseudotanganikallabes le Tanganikallabes.[79][80] Le fa ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa Chrysichthys di fitlhelwa le mo mafelong a mangwe, mefuta e le thataro ya tsone e fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Tanganyika. Ditlhapi tseno di tshela mo metsing a a seng boteng le mo a a boteng thata.[79] Mo mafelong a a boteng, ke dingwe tsa dibatana tse dikgolo[81] le basweuledi ba ba botlhokwa mo tsamaisong ya tikologo ya letsha. Letsha le gape le na le mongwe wa mehlala e e kgatlhang ya evolutionary radiation (go anamela ga mefuta go tswa mo motsweding o le mongwe). Go na le mefuta e le 15 ya Mastacembelus mme tsotlhe ntle le o le mongwe di fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Letsha la Tanganyika.[82][83] Le fa matsha a mangwe a magolo a Afrika le one a na le, ditlhapi tsa Synodontis, catfish tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo le di-spiny eel tsa Mastacembelus, pharologano e kgolo ya mefuta eno e e bonwang mo Lake Tanganyika ga e tshwanwe le ya letsha lepe le lengwe. Baitseanape ba dumela gore seno se bakilwe ke bogologolo jo bogolo jwa letsha leno.[83]

Mo ditlhaping tse di sa fitlhelweng fela mo Lake Tanganyika, dingwe di anametse mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa Afrika mme dingwe di fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika le mo mekgatšheng ya dinoka tsa Malagarasi le Congo, tse di akaretsang: Polypterus congicus (Congo bichir), Hydrocynus goliath, Citharinus citharus, Distichodus sexfasciatus le Tetraodon mbu.[84]

Dikgopa le dikgapetla tsa metsi

Go fitlhetswe mefuta e le 83 ya dikgopa tsa metsi a a foreshe, mme 65 ya tsone ke tsedi fitlhelwang mo letsheng le fela, le mefuta e le 11 ya dikgapetla tse di nang le dikarolo tse pedi , mme 8 ya tsone e le e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng le fela le tsona.[85] Mo dikgapetleng tseno go na le ditlhopha tse tharo tse mongwe le mongwe wa tsone o nang le mofuta o le mongwe fela: Grandidieria burtoni, Pseudospatha tanganyicensis le Brazzaea anceyi[86]. Dikgopa tse dintsi tsa Tanganyika ga dia tlwaelesega ka gore dikgapetla tsa tsone di tenya thata, di na le mekgabiso kgotsa methalo e e bonalang sentle mo dikgapetleng. Dikarolo tseno gantsi di bonwa mo dikgopeng tsa lewatle, e seng mo dikgopeng tsa metsi a a foreshe. Ka ntlha ya seno, dikgopa tseno di bidiwa thalassoids, e leng lefoko le le ka rayang “tse di tshwanang le tsa lewatle.”[86] Di thalassoids tsotlhe tsa Tanganyika tse di amanang gape le Prosobranchia, di bonwa mo letsheng le fela.[86] Baitseanape ba ne ba kile ba akanya gore dikgopa tseno di amana le dikgopa tsa lewatle tse di tshwanang le tsone mme gompieno go itsiwe gore ga di amane. Ponalo ya tsone e tshwanetse ya bo e bakilwe ke mafelo a a farologaneng thata mo Letsheng la Tanganyika, le kgatelelo ya tlholego e e tswang mo dibataneng tse di jang dikgopa, segolobogolo makhala a Platythelphusa.[87][86][88] Go na le ditlhopha di le 17 tsa dikgopa tse di fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika, go akaretsa Hirthia, Lavigeria, Paramelania, Reymondia, Spekia, Stanleya, Tanganyicia le Tiphobia.[86] Go na le mefuta e ka nnang 30 ya dikgopa tse e seng thalassoid mo letsheng mme mo go tseno, ke 5 fela tse di endemic, go akaretsa Ferrissia tanganyicensis le Neothauma tanganyicense.[86] Neothauma tanganyicense ke yone kgopa e kgolo go tsotlhe mo Letsheng la Tanganyika e bile dikgapetla tsa yone tse di se nang sepe fa kgopa e sena go swa gantsi di dirisiwa e le mafelo a bonno kgotsa mafelo a go beela mae ke ditlhapi tse dinnye tsa cichlid tse di nnang mo dikgapetleng.[89]

Dikokonyana tsa metsi tse di nang le dikgapetla tse di thata le tsone di farologane thata. Go itsege mefuta e e fetang 200, mme e feta halofo ya yone e fitlhelwa fela mo letsheng leno.[90] Tseno di akaretsa makhala a metsi a a foreshe go bo go nna le mefuta e le 10, e e akaretsang: Platythelphusa (mefuta e le 9) le Potamonautes platynotus[91] mme tsotlhe tse di fitlhelwa fela mo letsheng le. Go na le bonnye mefuta e le 11 ya di-shrimp tse dinnye tsa mofuta wa atyid, go akaretsa Atyella, Caridella, Limnocaridina[92] le macrobrachium moorei[93] e leng mofuta wa shrimp o o fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go boa gape go nna le mefuta e ka nnang 100 ya Ostracoda[94] mme bontsi jwa yone ke endemic.[95][96] Go na le gape mefuta e mmalwa ya Copepoda[97] e e tshelang mo letsheng.Limnocaridina iridinae e nna mo gare ga dikarolo tsa mmele tsa Pleiodon spekei, mo teng ga kgapetla ya mussel eno e sa e gobatse. Shrimp eno ke nngwe ya mefuta e le mebedi fela e e itseweng mo lefatsheng ya di-shrimp tsa metsi a a foreshe tse di tshelang ka mokgwa ono.[98][99]

Fa go bapisiwa le matsha otlhe a Rift Valley, Letsha la Tanganyika le feta tsotlhe ka palo ya mefuta ya crustaceans, palo ya mefuta ya dikgopa tsa metsi a a foreshe le palo ya mefuta e e fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo.[100] Matsha a mangwe fela a Rift Valley a a nang le makhala a metsi a a endemic ke Lake Kivu le Lake Victoria mme lengwe le lengwe la tsone le na le mefuta e le 2 fela ya makhala a endemic.[101][102]

Ditshedi tse dingwe tse di se nang marapo

Pharologano ya ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa ditshedi tse di se nang marapo mo Letsheng la Tanganyika gantsi ga e ise e itsege sentle, mme go na le bonnye mefuta e e tlhalositsweng ya: dileech tse 20 (12 endemic),[103] disepontšhe tse 9 (7 endemic), bryozoa tse 6 (2 endemic), diboko tse di sephaphathi tse 11 (7 endemic), nematode tse 20 (7 endemic), annelid tse 28 (17 endemic),[104] le jellyfish e nnye ya hydrozoan e e bidiwang Limnocnida tanganyicae.[105]

Go tshwara ditlhapi

Letsha la Tanganyika le tshegetsa tiro e kgolo ya go tshwara ditlhapi, e e nayang batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong eo 25–40%[106] kgotsa mo e ka nnang 60% ya poroteine ya diphologolo mo dijong tsa bone.[107][108]

Ditlhapi tsa Letsha la Tanganyika di romelwa kwa dikarolong tsotlhe tsa Afrika Botlhaba. Go tshwara ditlhapi ka kgwebo go simolotse bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1950, mme seno, mmogo le go gotela ga lefatshe, se amile thata palo ya ditlhapi, sa baka go fokotsega go go bonalang.[107][108][109] Ka 2016, go ne ga akanyediwa gore tsotlhe tse di neng di tshwarwa di ne di fitlha go ditone di le 200,000.[107]

Go na le mekgwa e mentsi e baagi ba lefelo leo ba neng ba e dirisa ka setso go tshwara ditlhapi. Bontsi jwa yone bo ne bo akaretsa go dirisa lebone go gogela ditlhapi tse di gogelwang ke lesedi. Mo mafelong mangwe, mabone a a fetang lekgolo a ne a ka bonwa mo letsheng bosigo. Go ne go na le mekgwa e meraro ya motheo: O mongwe o ne o bidiwa Lusenga, e leng letloa le legolo le le dirisiwang ke motho a le mongwe a le mo mokorong. Wa bobedi e ne e le go dirisa letloa le le tsholediwang. Seno se ne se dirwa ka go folosa letloa boteng jwa metsi kafa tlase ga mokoro go dirisiwa mekoro e mebedi e e tsamayang e bapile, morago ba bo ba le goga kwa godimo ka nako e le nngwe. Wa boraro o ne o bidiwa Chiromila, o o neng o dirisa mekoro e meraro. Mokoro mongwe o ne o ema mo lefelong le le lengwe o tshwere lebone, fa mokoro o mongwe o tshwere ntlheng nngwe ya letloa mme o mongwe o dikologa mokoro o o emeng go kopana le letloa leo.[110]

Hisetori

Go akanyediwa gore batho ba ntlha ba Homo sapiens ba ne ba simolola go nna le tlhotlheletso mo kgaolong eno ka nako ya Stone Age. Nako ya go tswa mo Middle Stone Age go ya mo Late Stone Age e tlhalosiwa jaaka motlha wa batsomi le bakgobokanyi ba ba neng ba setse ba tsweletse pele.[111]

Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga, bagwebi ba Maarabia ba Baswahili ba ba tswang kwa Zanzibar ba ne ba tlhoma tsela ya dikharabane go tswa kwa Bagamoyo ba feta Tabora go ya kwa Ujiji mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Ba ne ba tlisa mekepe ya matsela go tsamaya mo letsheng mme ba gweba ka makgoba, manaka a tlou, ditlhobolo le khothone. Mo bagwebing bano, yo o neng a itsege thata e ne e le Tippu Tip mo seripeng sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo-19 la dingwaga, yo o neng a tlhoma puso kwa bophirima jwa letsha.[112]

Batho ba ntlha ba Bophirima ba ba itsiweng go bona letsha e ne e le babatlisisi ba Baebele Richard Burton le John Speke ka 1858. Ba ne ba le bona fa ba ntse ba batla motswedi wa Noka ya Nile. Speke o ne a tswelela mme a bona motswedi wa nnete, e leng Letsha la Victoria. David Livingstone o ne a etela letsha makgetlo a le mmalwa mo loetong lwa gagwe lwa bofelo jwa 1866–73, le ene a batla motswedi wa Nile. O ne a sekaseka mabopo a bogare jwa bophirima, bokonebotlhaba le bokone jwa letsha a dirisa mokoro. O ne a kopana ka tsela e e tumileng le Henry Morton Stanley kwa Ujiji mo lotshitshing lwa botlhaba ka 1871, mme bobedi jwa bone ba tsamaya mmogo ka mokoro mo karolong ya bokone jwa letsha. Morago ga moo o ne a tsamaya ka lefatshe go bapa le lotshitshi lwa borwabotlhaba go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa borwa jwa letsha mme a tswelela bophirima go ya kwa Letsheng la Mweru. O ne a kwala leina “Liemba” bakeng sa karolo ya borwa ya letsha, lefoko le gongwe le tswang mo puong ya Fipa.[113][114] [115]Tanganyika e raya “dinaledi” mo puong ya Luvale.[116]

Bokoloniale bo ne jwa goroga mo letsheng mo nakong tsa ngwaga tsa bo 19 di ela goya bokhutlong,fa Britain, Germany le Kgosi Leopold wa Belgium ba ne ba tlhoma mafatshe a bokoloniale mo letsheng. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dingwaga ba ne ba fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba, mme ka iketlo ba tsaya taolo ya kgwebo e nngwe mo letsheng mo diatleng tsa Maarabia a Baswahili.[117]

Letsha le ne la nna lefelo la Ntwa ya Letsha la Tanganyika nakong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha. Ka thuso ya sekepe sa Graf Goetzen, Majeremane ba ne ba laola letsha lotlhe mo mehatong ya ntlha ya ntwa. Sekepe seno se ne se dirisediwa go tsamaisa merwalo le batho go kgabaganya letsha, gape e le lefelo la go simolola ditlhaselo tsa tshoganyetso kgatlhanong le masole a Balekane.[118] Ka jalo go ne go le botlhokwa gore masole a Balekane a tseye taolo ya letsha. Ka taolo ya Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, Royal Navy ya Britain e ne ya fitlhelela tiro e kgolo ya go isa dikepe tse pedi tse di nang le dibetsa, HMS Mimi le HMS Toutou, go tswa Engelane go ya mo letsheng ka terena, tsela le noka go ya kwa Albertville (e e neng ya bidiwa Kalemie gape ka 1971) mo lotshitshing lwa bophirima jwa Letsha la Tanganyika. Dikepe tseno tse pedi di ne tsa leta go fitlha ka Sedimonthole 1915 mme tsa tlhasela Majeremane ka tshoganyetso, tsa tshwara sekepe sa ntwa Kingani. Sekepe sengwe sa Majeremane, Hedwig, se ne sa nwelela ka Tlhakole 1916, sa tlogela Götzen e le sona fela sekepe sa Majeremane se se neng se sa ntse se laola letsha.[118] Go tila gore sekepe sa gagwe sa botlhokwa se tshwarwe ke Balekane, Zimmer o ne a se nwetsa ka boomo ka Ferikgong 26, 1916. Moragonyana sekepe seno se ne sa ntshiwa mo metsing ka 1924 mme sa rewa gape leina la MV Liemba.[118]

  1. ↑ Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.
  2. ↑ Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). Burton and Lake Tanganyika. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. OCLC 180480726.
  3. ↑ "Lake Tanganyika". www.zambiatourism.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  4. ↑ Lewis, R. (16 May 2010). "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika". Brown University. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
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  102. ↑ Cumberlidge, N.; Clark, P.F. (2017). "Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (371): 1–19. doi:10.5852/ejt.2017.371. hdl:10141/622400.
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  104. ↑ Kelly West (28 February 2001). "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia". IW:LEARN | Documents. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  105. ↑ Salonen; Högmander; Langenberg; Mölsä; Sarvala; Tarvainen; and Tiirola (2012). Limnocnida tanganyicae medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): a semiautonomous microcosm in the food web of Lake Tanganyika. Hydrobiologia 690(1): 97–112.
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  109. ↑ O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". Nature. 424 (6950): 766–768. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..766O. doi:10.1038/nature01833. PMID 12917682. S2CID 1637315.
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  111. ↑ East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  117. ↑ Hall, Richard (1965). Zambia. London: Pall Mall Press.
  118. 1 2 3 Giles Foden: Mimi and Toutou Go Forth — The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika, Penguin, 2004.
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