Letsholo la kganetso
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Letsholo la kganetso kgatlhanong le melao e e gobelelang le ne la bewa pele ke African national Congress (ANC) kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Bloemfontein, Aforika Borwa, ka Morule ngwaga wa 1951.[1] Letsholo le, le ne le na le ditso mo ditiragalong tse di diragetseng pele ga bokopano. Megwanto, e e diragetseng ka ngwaga wa 1952, e ne e le ya ntlha ya selekanyo se se kalo, ya batho ba merafe e e farologaneng kgatlhanong le melao ya tlhaolele mo pusong e nngwe fela.[2]
Tse di diragetseng pele
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ka ngwaga wa 1948, National Party (NP) e ne ya fenya ditlhopho kwa Aforika Borwa ya simolola go dirisa melao ya tlhaolele kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, batho ba India le batho bape fela ba ditso tse di tlhakaneng.[3] NP e ne e neela batho basweu ba le nosi nonofo ya sepolotiki, ebo e kgaoganya Aforika Borwa ka merafe e e farologaneng ya batho.[4] Babereki, makgotla a a buelela babereki le ba bangwe ba buile ka Phalane a tlhola malatsi a marataro ka ngwaga wa 1949,kgatlhanong le ditsela tse tsa tlhaolele, ba simolola go buisana ka kgonagalo ya go gwanta.[3] Ka Morule ngwaga oo, baeteledipele ba African national Congress Youth League (ANCYL), ba tshwana le Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu le Oliver Tambo, ba ne ba tsaya taolo e ne ya amogela lenaneo la tiragalo ka Morule a le lesome le bosupa, le le neng le buelela tiriso dikgoka mo go gwanteng kgatlhanong le tlhaolele.[3]
Ka ngwaga wa 1950, ANC e ne ya simolola go rotloetsa megwanto, go bereka ka mogoso, dikeletso le go tlhoka go dirisana sentle. Ka nako eo, batho bantsho ba le dikete di le somearobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa go bo ba tlhodile melao le melawana ya puso ya tlhaolele.[3] Lekgotla la South African Indian Congress (SAIC) le berekile le la ANC.[5] NP e ne e dirisa molao wa go kwadisa batho go netefatsa gore batho ba supilwe ka lotso ebile ba letlelelwa go nna fela kwa mafelong a a supilweng ke molao wa ditlhopha. Lekgotla la ANC le ne la kopa batho gore ba seka ba ya ditirong e le tsela ya go ganetsa.[6] Maduo a mogwanto e ne ya nna tatlhegelo ya ditiro, mme ANC e ne ya bula letlole go ba thusa.[6]
Letsholo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Letsholo la kganetso le tlhamilwe ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 1952, letsatsi le le nneng la nna letsatsi la lefatshe la go gwanta le go lela.[3] Mapodisi a Aforika Borwa a ne a tlhagisiwa ka tiragalo e, ba bo ba tshotse dibetsa ba ipaakantse. Mo ditoropong tse ditona, batho le makgotla ba ne ba dira ditiragalo tsa go ganetsa le go tlhoka tsebe. Megwanto e ne e se dikgoka mo letlhakoreng la batsaya karolo, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba apere megala mo mabogong ya mebala e meraro e e supang ANC. Baithaopi ba batho bantsho ba ne ba tshuba dibukana tsa bone tsa mesepele. Baithaopi ba bangwe ba bantsho ba ne ba ya kwa mafelong a a neng a seegetswe kwa thoko go nna a batho basweu fela, mo go neng go le kgatlhanong le molao. Baithaopi ba ba ne ba tshwarwa, ka palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba tshwerweng (ba feta dikete tse pedi) e dirwa ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1952.
Puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne e bitsa megwanto e ditiro tsa go tlola molao ka ntlha ya go retelelwa ga puso. Pampiri ya dikgang tsa bosetshaba ya Oosterlig e ne ya kwala gore "batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ba bona kgolegelo e le lefelo le le siameng. Batho ba ba tlhaloganya go betswa fela.[7]" Mapodisi gangwe le gape a ne a dirisa dithupa tsa dikubu go pateletsa batho ba ba gwantang go ineela. Ka Ngwanatsele a le metso e robabongwe ngwaga wa 1953, mapodisi a ne a thuntsha setlhopha sa batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ba bantsho kwa Kimberley, ba bolaya batho ba le lesome le bone ba gobatsa ba le masome a mararo le borobabongwe. Ditaelo tse dingwe tsa fo thuntsha batho ba ba gwantang di ne di filwe ke tona wa tshiamiso wa Aforika Borwa Charles Swart. Go tshwarwa ga batho ba ba neng ba gwanta ka kagiso go ne ga seka ga tsaya sentle bontlha jwa batho basweu. Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 1952, go ne ga nna le ditlhaselo mo diofising tsa ANC le SAIC.
NP e ne ya simolola go dirisa melao e e setlhogo mo bathong ba ba gwantang, e le maduo a megwanto,morago ba dira molao wa pabalesego ya setshaba. Maikaelelo a letsholo la kganetso a ne a seka a fitlhelelwa, mme megwanto e ne ya supa kganetso e kgolo ebile e golela pele ya puso ya tlhaolele. Lekgotla la United Nations le ne la ela tlhoko la bitsa molao wa tlhaolele "matshosetsi a kagiso".
Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1953, Kgosi Albert Luthuli, tautona wa ANC, o ne a itsise gore letsholo la kganetso le tlaa phatlaladiwa gore ditlhopha tsa kganetso di ka rulaganya sesha di lebile seemo sa polotiki se sesha mo Aforika Borwa.
Matsholo a kganetso, a akaretsa dikiletso kwa Aforika Borwa, a ne a gwetlha balweladitshwanelo ba United States. Albert Luthuli o ne a sekisediwa go thankgola puso, a itewa a bo a tseelwa maemo a gagwe a bogosi jwa morafe wa gagwe wa ma Zulu. Mandela o ne a etelela pele ANC morago ga ga Luthuli.
Tlhaolele e ne ya fedisiwa ka dingwaga tsa 1990 di simologa, jaaka go tshwailwe ke ditlhopho tsa Aforika Borwa tsa ngwaga wa 1994, ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Aforika Borwa tse di neng di tshwerwe go dirisiwa molao wa mafatshe wa bagolo.
Letsholo la kganetso la Port Elizabeth
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Letsholo la kganetso kwa Port Elizabeth. Lefelo le lehibidu ke lengwe la makeishane a magologolo a Port Elizabeth kwa Nelson Mandela Bay. Nelson Mandela Bay kwa Aforika Borwa. E tsaya leina la yone mo dikagong tse di bapileng thata tsa disenke, tse di rusitseng bohibidu jo bo gateletseng. Lefelo le lehibidu le ne le na le mafelo a a farologaneng a le mararo a Gubbs, Coopers Kloof le Strangers. Mafelo a a ne a na le batho ba le bantsi a se mo seemong se se siameng.
Ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 1952, Florence Matomela le ba bangwe ba ne ba kopanela letsholo la kganetso, kgatlhanong le melao ya bukana ya mesepele ya tlhaolele kwa seporong sa New Brighton, le le neng le akaretsa Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba le Vuyisile Mini le banna ba bangwe. Ke ene mosadi wa ntlha go tshwarwa.
Batsaya karolo ba tlhwatlhwa mo letsholong le la kganetso ba ne ba akaretsa:
Nosipho Dastile
Nosipho Dastile (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1938 a tlhokafala ka 2009) e ne e le motho o a neng a tumile mo go tsa sepolotiki ebile e le motlhami wa United Democratic Front. E ne e le tautona wa ntlha wa makgotla a basadi a Uitenhage, gape e le modulasetilo wa lekgotla la basadi la ANC kwa Uitenhage, morago ga go emisiwa kganelo ya metsamao ka dingwaga tsa 1990.
Lilian Diedericks
Lilian Diedericks ( o o tshotsweng ka 1925 a tlhokafala ka 2021) o tsholetswe kwa Port Elizabeth gaufi le seporo kwa Red Location.
E ne e le motlhokomedi wa lebelentlele le leloko la Federation of South African Women ka ngwaga wa 1954. Lolwapa lwa gagwe lo ne lwa patelediwa go tswa mo New Brighton ka dinako tsa 1940. Ke mongwe wa basadi ba bane ba ba neng ba eteletse pele mogwanto wa basadi kwa dikagong tsa Union go ganetsa melao ya dibukana tsa mesepele ka ngwaga wa 1956.
Nontuthuzelo Mabala
Nontuthulelo Mabala o ne a gwanta kgatlhanong le melao ya dibukana tsa mesepele ka ngwaga wa 1956. O ne a isiwa kgolegelong a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bone ka seabe se a nnileng le sone mo go kgaratlheng kgatlhano le tlhaolele.
Florence Matomela
Florence Matomela ( o o tshotsweng la ngwaga wa 1910 a tlhokafala ka 1969), e ne e le molweladitshwanelo wa Aforika Borwa o o kgatlhanong le molao wa dibukana tsa mesepele, ele motho wa pele wa ANC, morutabana le motsadi o a neng a lebagantse botshelo jwa gagwe le lwa kgatlhanong le melao ya tlhaolele kwa Aforika Borwa. Matomela e ne e le morulaganyi wa kgaolo wa lekgotla la basadi la ANC gape e le mothusa tona wa lekgotla la basadi ba Aforika Borwa ka dingwaga tsa 1950.
Veronica Sobukwe
Veronica Sobukwe ( o o tshotsweng ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1927, a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2018), mosadi wa ga Robert Sobukwe, a nnile le seabe se setona mo letsholong la kganetso. Lolwapa lwa gagwe lo ne lo tshwenngwa ke mapodisi.
Ditlotla
Diofisi kgolo tsa kgaolo tsa ANC kwa Nelson Mandela Bay di ne tsa fetolwa leina go bidiwa Florence Matomela House ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2012. Angie Motshekga, tona wa thuto go tswa kwa moding ebile e le tautona wa lekgotla la basadi la ANC, o ne a tlhalosa Florence Matomela mo thutong ya segopotso sa ga Florence Matomela, a ne a lole kgatelelo ga raro ebong ya bokolone, ya go etelelwa pele ke banna le go etelelwa pele ga maemo. Mabolokelo a ditso a Red Location kwa New Brighton a ne a tshwara ditshupo tsa lobaka lwa ngwaga di lebagane le basadi ba ba lwetseng kgololesego, ka go gakologelwa Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks le Nosipho Dastile.
Batsaya karolo ba tlhwatlhwa
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Annie Silinga
Yusuf Dadoo
Nosipho Dastile
Veronica Sobukwe
Patrick Duncan
Bettie du Tiot
Bertha Gxowa
Ahmed Kathrada
Albert Luthuli
Elizabeth Mafekeng
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Bertha Mkhize
Florence Mkhize
Florence Matomela
Govan Mbeki
Raymond Mhlaba
Vuyisile Mini
Walter Sisulu
Lilian Ngoyi
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Lodge, Tom (1983). Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. London and New York: Longman. p. 39. ISBN 0-582-64327-9.
- ↑ "The Defiance Campaign". South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid Building Democracy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2025
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Defiance Campaign Timeline 1948-1952". South African History Online. Retrieved 31 July 2025
- ↑ "National Party (NP)". South African History Online. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2025
- ↑ Phalen, Anthony (11 June 2009). "South Africans disobey apartheid laws (Defiance of Unjust Laws Campaign), 1952-1953". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved 31 July 2025
- 1 2 Mandela, Nelson (1990). The Struggle is My Life. Popular Prakashan Private Limited. ISBN 8171545238.
- ↑ South Africa Armed Police Altered as Non-Whites Prepare Defiance Acts". Newport Daily News. 26 June 1952. Retrieved 31 July 2015 – via Newspapers.com
- ↑ "South Africa Armed Police Altered as Non-Whites Prepare Defiance Acts". Newport Daily News. 26 June 1952. Retrieved 31 July 2025 – via Newspapers.com.