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Libya

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Libya, semmuso ke lefatshe la Libya,[c] ke lefatshe le le kwa kgaolong ya Maghreb kwa Afrika Bokone. E bapile le Lewatle la Mediterranean kwa bokone, Egepeto kwa botlhaba, Sudan kwa borwabotlhaba, Chad kwa borwa, Niger kwa borwabophirima, Algeria kwa bophirima, le Tunisia kwa bokonebophirima, mmogo le melelwane ya lewatle le Greece, Italy le Malta kwa bokone. Libya e na le dikgaolo di le tharo tsa ditso: Tripolitania, Fezzan, le Cyrenaica. Ka bogolo jwa 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi), ke lefatshe la bone le letona go gaisa mo Afrika le lefatshe la Maarabia, le ya bo lesome le borataro e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.[1]Libya e ipolela gore e na le 32,000 square kilometres tsa borwabotlhaba jwa Algeria, borwa jwa toropo ya Ghat ya Libya.[2][3] [ Bodumedi jwa semmuso jwa lefatshe ke Boiselamo, ka 96.6% ya baagi ba Libya e le Bamoseleme ba Ba-Sunni. [2]Puo ya semmuso ya Libya ke Searabia, ka puo ya Searabia ya Se-Libya e buiwa thata. Bontsi jwa baagi ba Libya ke Baarabia.[4]Toropokgolo le motsemogolo, Tripoli, e kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Libya mme e na le batho ba ba fetang milione wa batho ba le dimilione di le supa ba Libya. [5]

Libya e nnile le Ba-Berber go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa Motlha wa Boronse jaaka ditlogolwana tsa ditso tsa Iberomaurusian le Capsian. [6]Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, Bafonekia ba ne ba tlhoma metse ya puso le mafelo a kgwebo kwa bophirima jwa Libya, fa metse e le mmalwa ya Gerika e ne ya tlhomiwa kwa Botlhaba. Dikarolo dingwe tsa Libya di ne di busiwa ke Ba-Carthage, Ba-Numidia, Baperesia le Bagerika pele ga kgaolo yotlhe e nna karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Roma. Libya e ne e le lefelo la bogologolo la Bokeresete. Morago ga go phutlhama ga Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma, kgaolo ya Libya e ne e laolwa ke Ba-Vandal go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo supa la dingwaga fa tlhaselo e ne e tlisa Boiselamo mo kgaolong eo. Go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele, makgolokgolo a dingwaga a go fudugela ga Baarabia kwa Maghreb go ne ga fetola palo ya batho ba kwa Libya go nna Baarabia. Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, Mmusomogolo wa Spain le Knights of St John ba ne ba gapa Tripoli go fitlha puso ya Ba-Ottoman e simologa ka 1551. Libya e ne ya nna le seabe mo Dintweng tsa Barbary tsa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Puso ya Ottoman e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka Ntwa ya Italo-Turkey, e e neng ya felela ka go thopiwa ga Libya ke Italy le go tlhomiwa ga dikolone tse pedi, Italy Tripolitania le Italy Cyrenaica (1911 - 1934), moragonyana di ne tsa kopanngwa go nna kolone ya Italy ya Libya go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mararo le metso e mene (1934) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mane le metso e meraro (1943).

Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II, Libya e ne e le lefelo le go neng go lowa mo go lone mo Ntweng ya Bokone jwa Afrika. Go tswa foo, palo ya baagi ba kwa Italy e ne ya fokotsega. Libya e ne ya ikemela jaaka bogosi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a matlhano le bongwe ( 1951). Kgololo ya sesole e e senang tshololo ya madi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le metso e robabongwe (1969), e e neng ya simololwa ke lekgotla la sesole le le neng le eteletswe pele ke Mokolonele Muammar Gaddafi, le ne la menola Kgosi Idris I mme la tlhoma repaboliki. [7] Gaddafi o ne a tlhalosiwa ke batshwayadiphoso jaaka mmusaesi, mme e ne e le mongwe wa baeteledipele ba lefatshe ba ba neng ba direla nako e telele go gaisa ba e seng ba bogosi, a busa dingwaga di le masome a mane le bobedi.[8] O ne a busa go fitlha a fenngwa le go bolawa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Libya ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), e e neng e le karolo ya Dikgakologo tsa Searabia tse di atolositsweng, ka taolo e e fetiseditsweng kwa Khanseleng ya Bosetšhaba ya Phetogelo mme morago kwa Khonkereseng ya Bosetšhaba e e tlhophilweng. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso ( 2011), Libya e ntse e le mo mathateng a sepolotiki le a botho, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone ( 2014), balaodi ba babedi ba ba ganetsanang ba ne ba re ba busa Libya, [9][10] [11]se se neng sa isa kwa ntweng ya bobedi ya selegae, ka dikarolo tsa Libya di kgaogane magareng ga dipuso tsa Tobruk le Tripoli gammogo le masole a a farologaneng a merafe le a Islamist. [12] Ditlhakore tse pedi tse di lwang di saenetse tumalano ya go emisa ntwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), mme puso ya tshwaragano e ne ya tsaya taolo ya go rulaganya ditlhopho tsa puso ya batho ka batho, le fa go ganetsana ga sepolotiki go tsweletse go diegisa seno. [13] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le bobedi ( 2022), Ntlo ya Baemedi e ne ya emisa go amogela Puso ya Kopano ya Bosetšhaba mme ya itsise ka puso e nngwe, Puso ya Botsetedi jwa Bosetšhaba (GNS). Dipuso tseno ka bobedi di ntse di dira ka nako e le nngwe fa e sa le ka nako eo, e leng se se dirileng gore go nne le puso e le nngwe kwa Libya. Setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba se tsweletse go amogela puso ya tshwaragano jaaka puso e e maleba ya lefatshe. [14]

Libya ke lefatshe le le tlhabologang e e leng mo maemong a bo masome a robabongwe le bobedi go ya ka HDI,[15] e e nang le maduo a a kwa godimo go gaisa mo kontinenteng ya Aforika, mme e na le dijanaga tsa oli tse di supilweng go nna tsa bo lesome go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.[16] Libya ke leloko la United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, le OPEC.

Tshimologo ya Libya

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Lefelo la thutamarope la Sabratha, kwa Libya

Tshimologo ya leina "Libya" e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo mokwalong wa ga Ramses II, o o kwadilweng e le rbw ka mokwalo wa bogologolo. Leina le le tswa mo botlhaleng jo bo akaretsang jo bo neetsweng lekgotla le legolo la Ba-Berber ba kwa botlhaba ba bogologolo ba "Libya", batho ba Afrika Bokone le merafe e e neng e nna go dikologa dikgaolo tse di nonneng tsa Cyrenaica le Marmarica. Masole a banna ba le 40 000 [17] le lekgotla la merafe e e itsegeng e le "Babusi ba Bagolo ba Libu" ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Kgosi Meryey yo o neng a lwa ntwa kgatlhanong le pharaoh Merneptah ka ngwaga wa botlhano (1208 BCE). Ntwa eno e ne ya umakiwa mo Mokwalong o Mogolo wa Karnak o o neng o le kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa noka ya delta ka dingwaga tsa botlhano le borataro tsa puso ya gagwe mme ya felela ka gore Meryey a fenngwe. Go ya ka Mokwalo o Mogolo wa Karnak, setlhopha seno sa sesole se ne se akaretsa Ba-Meshwesh, Ba-Lukka le "Batho ba Lewatle" ba ba itsegeng e le Ba-Ekwesh, Ba-Teresh, Ba-Shekelesh le Ba-Sherden.

Mokwalo o Mogolo wa Karnak o balega jaana:

the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryey, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen — Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children — leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire."

Leina "Libya" le ne la dirisiwa gape ka ngwaga wa 1903 ke moithutafatshe wa Mo-Italy e bong Federico Minutilli. Go ne go ikaeletswe go emisetsa mafoko a a dirisitsweng mo go Ottoman Tripolitania, kgaolo e e fa lotshitshing ya se gompieno e leng Libya, e e neng e busiwa ke Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1551 go ya go 1911 jaaka Eyalet ya Tripolitania. [18]

Libya e ne ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga 1951 jaaka United Kingdom ya Libya (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), e fetola leina la yone go nna Kingdom of Libya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), ka tlhamalalo "Libyan Kingdom", ka ngwaga wa 1963. [19]Morago ga coup d'état e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Muammar Gaddafi ka ngwaga wa 1969, leina la lefatshe le ne la fetolwa go nna Rephaboliki ya Libya ya Arabia (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). Leina la semmuso e ne e le "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" [20]go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1977 go fitlha ka 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), le "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" [21]al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Ud listmáeni) go tloga ka ngwaga 1986 go fitlha ka ngwaga 2011.

Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Kgabaganyo, e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa 2011, e ne ya bitsa naga eo e re ke "Libya". Lekgotla la Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng le ne la lemoga semmuso naga e le "Libya" ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 2011[22] go ikaegile ka kopo go tswa kwa Bothating jo bo sa Feleng jwa Libya e e nopolang Kgoeletso ya Molaotheo ya nakwana ya Libya kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola ga raro,ngwaga wa 2011. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga 2011, ISO 3166-1 e ne ya fetolwa go bontsha leina le lesha la naga "Libya" ka Seesimane, "Libye (la) " ka Sefora. [23]

Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2017 kemedi ya leruri ya Libya kwa United Nations e ne ya itsise United Nations gore leina la semmuso la naga e ne e le "State of Libya"; "Libya" e ne ya sala e le sebopego se sekhutshwane sa semmuso, mme lefatshe le ne la tswelela go kwalwa ka fa tlase ga "L" mo lenaaneng la dialefabete. [24]

Ditso

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Leptis Magna

Libya ya Bogologolo

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Lefelo le le fa thoko ga lewatle la Libya le ne le nniwa ke batho ba motlha wa Neolithic go tloga ka 8000 BC. Go akanngwa gore bagologolwane ba Ba-Berber ba ba tswang kwa Afrika le Asia ba ne ba anamela mo lefelong leno ka nako ya Motlha wa Boronse. Leina la ntlha le le itsegeng la lotso lo lo ntseng jalo e ne e le la Ba-Garamantes, ba ba neng ba nna kwa Germa. Ba-Fenisia e ne e le bone ba ntlha go tlhoma mafelo a kgwebo kwa Libya. [25] Ka lekgolo la botlhano la dingwaga B.C.E., naga e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ya Bafonekia, e leng Carthage, e ne e setse e laola karolo e kgolo ya Afrika Bokone, koo go neng ga nna le tlhabologo e e tlhomologileng, e e neng e itsege e le Punic.

Ka 630 BC, Bagerika ba bogologolo ba ne ba nna mo lefelong le le dikologileng Barca kwa Botlhaba jwa Libya mme ba tlhoma motse wa Cyrene. [26]Mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mabedi, go ne ga tlhomiwa metse e mengwe e le menè e e botlhokwa ya Gerika mo lefelong le le neng la itsege e le Cyrenaica. [27]Lefelo leno e ne e le legae la sekolo se se itsegeng thata sa filosofi sa Ba-Cyrena. Ka 525 B.C.E., masole a Baperesia a ga Cambyses II a ne a gapa Cyrenaica, e e neng ya nna kafa tlase ga puso ya Baperesia kana ya Baegepeto ka makgolo a mabedi a dingwaga a a neng a latela. Alexander yo Mogolo o ne a fedisa puso ya Baperesia ka 331 B.C.E. mme a amogela lekgetho go tswa kwa Cyrenaica. Libia e e kwa botlhaba e ne ya boa gape ya busiwa ke Bagerika, mme mo lekgetlong leno e ne e le karolo ya Bogosi jwa Ba-Ptolemy.

Morago ga go wa ga Carthage, Baroma ga ba a ka ba thopa Tripolitania (lefelo le le dikologileng Tripoli), mme ba ne ba e tlogela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya dikgosi tsa Numidia, go fitlha metse e e gaufi le lotshitshi e kopa le go bona tshireletso ya yone.[28] Ptolemy Apion, mmusi wa bofelo wa Mogerika, o ne a tlogelela Roma Cyrenaica, e e neng ya gapa kgaolo eo ka 74 BC mme ya e kopanya le Crete jaaka porofense ya Roma. Jaaka karolo ya porofense ya Afrika Nova, Tripolitania e ne e atlegile,[28] mme e fitlhile mo dingwageng tsa yone tsa go huma ka lekgolo la bobedi le la boraro la dingwaga, fa toropo ya Leptis Magna, legae la bogosi jwa Severan, e ne e le kwa godimo thata.[28]

Kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba, metse ya ntlha ya Sekeresete ya Cyrenaica e ne ya tlhomiwa ka nako ya ga Mmusimogolo Claudius.[29]E ne ya senngwa thata ka nako ya Ntwa ya Kitos[30] mme e ne e batla e se na baagi ba Bagerika le Bajuta ka go tshwana.[31] Le fa gone e ne ya agiwa sesha ke Trajan ka dikolone tsa sesole,[30]go tloga ka nako eo e ne ya simolola go fokotsega.[29] Libya e ne e le ya ntlha go sokologela mo Bokereseteng jwa Nicaea mme e ne e le legae la Mopapa Victor I; le fa go ntse jalo, Libya gape e ne e le legae la mefuta e mentsi e e seng ya Nicaea ya Bokeresete jwa pele, jaaka Arianism le Donatism.

Islamic Libya: 647 -1556

Mosque wa Atiq kwa Awjila ke mosque wa bogologolo go gaisa otlhe mo Sahara.

Ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Amr ibn al-As, masole a Rashidun a ne a gapa Cyrenaica.[32] Ka 647 masole a a neng a eteletswe pele ke Abdullah ibn Saad a ne a gapa Tripoli go tswa go Ba-Byzantine ka tsela e e feletseng.[32]Fezzan e ne ya fenngwa ke Uqba ibn Nafi ka 663. Ditso tsa Ba-Berber tsa kwa morago ga naga di ne tsa amogela Boiselamo, le fa go ntse jalo ba ne ba ganetsa puso ya sepolotiki ya Maarabia. [33]

Mo masomeng a le mmalwa a dingwaga a a neng a latela, Libya e ne e le kafa tlase ga taolo ya Umayyad Caliph ya Damaseko go fitlha Ba-Abbasid ba menola Ba-Umayyad ka 750, mme Libya e ne ya nna kafa tlase ga puso ya Baghdad. Fa Khalifa Harun al-Rashid a ne a tlhoma Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab jaaka mmusi wa gagwe wa Ifriqiya ka 800, Libya e ne e na le boipuso jo bo lekaneng jwa selegae ka fa tlase ga bogosi jwa Aghlabid. Ka lekgolo la bo 10 la dingwaga, Ba-Fatimids ba Ba-Shia ba ne ba laola Bophirima jwa Libya, mme ba busa kgaolo yotlhe ka 972 mme ba tlhoma Bologhine ibn Ziri jaaka mmusi. [28]

Kgabagare, losika lwa segosi lwa Ba-Berber lwa ga Ibn Ziri lwa Ba-Zirid lo ne lwa kgaogana le Ba-Fatimids ba Ba-Shiite, mme ba amogela Ba-Abbasid ba Ba-Sunni ba kwa Baghdad e le Ba-Caliph ba ba tshwanetseng. Ka go ipusolosetsa, Ba-Fatimide ba ne ba dira gore diketekete tsa batho ba ba tswang mo merafeng e mebedi ya Baarabia ya Ba-Qaisi, e leng Ba-Sulaym le Ba-Hilal ba fudugele kwa Afrika Bokone. Tiragalo eno e ne ya fetola thata tsela e metsana ya Libya e neng e le ka teng, mme ya dira gore setso le puo ya lefelo leo e nne ya Searabia.[28]

Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya Ba-Zirid kwa Tripolitania e ne ya nna ya nakwana fela, mme ka 1001 Ba-Berber ba Banu Khazrun ba ne ba kgaogana le bone. Tripolitania e ne ya nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone go fitlha ka 1146, fa kgaolo e ne e gapiwa ke Ba-Norman ba Sicily. Mo dingwageng tse masome a matlhano tse di latelang, Tripolitania e ne ya nna lefelo la dintwa tse dintsi magareng ga Ayyubids, babusi ba Almohad le batsuolodi ba Banu Ghaniya. Moragonyana, mogenerale wa Ba-Almohad, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, o ne a busa Libya go tloga ka 1207 go fitlha ka 1221 pele ga go tlhomiwa ga Bogosi jwa Ba-Hafsid ba Tunisia[34]jo bo ikemetseng ka nosi go tswa mo Ba-Almohad. Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le bone la dingwaga, losika lwa segosi lwa Ba-Banu Thabit lo ne lwa busa Tripolitania pele ga lo boela mo taolong e e tlhamaletseng ya Ba-Hafsa. Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, Ba-Hafsa ba ne ba simolola go nna le seabe se segolo mo kgogakgoganong e e neng e le teng fa gare ga Spain le Mmusomogolo wa Ba-Ottoman.

Fa puso ya Ba-Abbasid e sena go koafala, Cyrenaica e ne e le kafa tlase ga dinaga tsa Egepeto tse di jaaka tsa Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Ayyubids, le Mamluks pele ga Ba-Ottoman ba e gapa ka 1517. Fezzan e ne ya ikemela ka fa tlase ga bogosi jwa ga Awlad Muhammad morago ga puso ya ga Kanem. Kgabagare Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba gapa Fezzan magareng ga 1556 le 1577.

Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556 -1911

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Go dikaganyediwa ga Tripoli ka 1551 go ne ga dira gore Ba-Ottoman ba gape motse oo mo diatleng tsa Ba-St. John.

Morago ga tlhaselo e e atlegileng ya Tripoli ke Spain ya Habsburg ka 1510,[34] le go neelwa ga yone go Knights of St. John, yo e neng e le mookamedi wa masole a Ottoman e bong Sinan Pasha o ne a laola Libya ka 1551.[34]Motlhatlhami wa gagwe Turgut Reis o ne a bidiwa Bey wa Tripoli mme moragonyana a bidiwa Pasha wa Tripoli ka 1556. Ka 1565, taolo ya tsamaiso jaaka mmusi wa kwa Tripoli e ne e le mo go pasha yo o neng a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke mmusi wa kwa Constantinople/Istanbul. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1580, babusi ba Fezzan ba ne ba ineela mo go sultan, mme le fa puso ya Ottoman e ne e seyo kwa Cyrenaica, go ne ga tlhomiwa mookamedi kwa Benghazi kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo le le latelang la dingwaga go dira jaaka moemedi wa puso kwa Tripoli. [29]Makgoba a Yuropa le palo e kgolo ya makgoba a Bantsho a a neng a tswa kwa Sudan le one e ne e le karolo ya botshelo jwa letsatsi le letsatsi kwa Tripoli. Ka 1551, Turgut Reis o ne a dira batho ba le dikete tse tlhano makgoba kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Malta sa Gozo, a ba romela kwa Libya. [35][36]

Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, maatla a mmatota a ne a nna mo diatleng tsa masole a Janissaries a ga pasha. [34]Ka 1611 di-deys di ne tsa leka go menola puso, mme Dey Sulayman Safar o ne a tlhomiwa go nna tlhogo ya puso. Mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tse di neng tsa latela, go ne ga nna le dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di neng tsa busa Tripolitania. Ba babedi ba ba neng ba le botlhokwa thata e ne e le Mehmed Saqizli (r. 1631 ⁇ 49) le Osman Saqizli (r. 1649 ⁇ 72), boobabedi e ne e le Ba-Pasha, ba ba neng ba busa kgaolo eo ka katlego.[37] Ba ne ba fenya le Cyrenaica.[37]

Moalo wa Tripoli le ditoropo tsa yone kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesomethataro la dingwaga AD, ka Piri Reis

Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka kaelo go tswa kwa pusong ya Ottoman, Tripoli e ne ya wela mo nakong ya go tlhoka taolo ga sesole mo go neng ga latelwa ke go menolwa ga puso mme go ne ga nna le babusi ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba kgona go nna mo maemong a bone go feta ngwaga. E nngwe ya ditlhaselo tseo e ne ya etelelwa pele ke modiredimogolo wa Mo-Turkey Ahmed Karamanli. [37] Ba Karamanlis ba ne ba busa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1711 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1835 segolo thata kwa Tripolitania, mme ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso kwa Cyrenaica le Fezzan le mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Baruaboswa ba ga Ahmed ba ne ba itshupa ba se na bokgoni go mo feta, le fa go ntse jalo, tekatekano e e sa tlhomamang ya maatla mo kgaolong eo e ne ya dira gore Karamanli e kgone go busa. Ntwa ya selegae ya kwa Tripolitania ya 1793-95 e ne ya diragala mo dingwageng tseo. Ka ngwagwa wa 1793, modiredimogolo wa Mo-Turkey Ali Pasha o ne a tlosa Hamet Karamanli mo setulong mme a busetsa Tripolitania ka bokhutshwane mo pusong ya Ba-Ottoman. Morwarraagwe Hamet e bong Yusuf (r. 1795- 1832) o ne a busetsa boipuso jwa Tripolitania.

Mo tshiimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga ntwa e ne ya runya magareng ga United States le Tripolitania, mme go ne ga latela metseletsele ya dintwa tse di neng tsa bidiwa Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Barbary le Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Barbary. Ka ngwaga wa 1819, ditumalano tse di farologaneng tsa Dintwa tsa ga Napoleon di ne di pateleditse dinaga tsa Barbary go tlogela bokebekwa ka mo go feletseng, mme ikonomi ya Tripolitania e ne ya simolola go phutlhama. Fa Yusuf a ntse a koafala, go ne ga nna le makoko mo gare ga bomorwawe ba bararo. Go ise go ye kae go ne ga tsoga ntwa ya selegae.[38]

Sultan wa Ottoman Mahmud II o ne a romela masole a gagwe go busetsa thulaganyo, a tshwaya bokhutlo jwa bogosi jwa Karamanli le Tripolitania e e ikemetseng ka nosi. [38]Thulaganyo e ne ya se ka ya busetswa bonolo, mme go tsuologa ga Ma-Libya ka fa tlase ga Abd-El-Gelil le Gûma ben Khalifa go ne ga tswelela go fitlha loso lwa yo wa bofelo ka 1858.[38]Paka ya bobedi ya puso ya Ottoman e ne ya bona diphetogo tsa tsamaiso, le thulaganyo e kgolwane mo pusong ya diporofense tse tharo tsa Libya. Puso ya Ba-Ottoman kgabagare e ne ya busetsa Fezzan magareng ga 1850 le 1875 go bona lotseno go tswa mo kgwebong ya Sahara.

Bokoloniale jwa Italy le go thopiwa ke Ba-Allied (1911 -1951)

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Omar Mukhtar e ne e le moeteledipele yo o itsegeng wa go ganetsa puso ya Italy kwa Libya.

Morago ga Ntwa ya Italo-Turkey (1911 -1912), Italy ka nako e le nngwe e ne ya fetola dikgaolo tse tharo tseno go nna dikolone.[39]Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1912 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1927, kgaolo ya Libya e ne e itsege jaaka Italy ya Afrika Bokone. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1927 go ya go 1934, naga eno e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka dikolone tse pedi, e leng Cyrenaica ya Italy le Tripolitania ya Italy, tse di neng di busiwa ke babusi ba kwa Italy. Ba-Italy ba ba ka nnang 150,000 ba ne ba nna kwa Libya, ba ba dirang 20% ya palogotlhe ya baagi. [40]

Omar Mukhtar o ne a itsege jaaka moeteledipele wa kganetso kgatlhanong le bokoloniale jwa Italy mme a nna mogaka wa setšhaba le fa a ne a tshwarwa le go bolawa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borataro,ngwaga wa 1931.[41] Sefatlhego sa gagwe ga jaana se gatisitswe mo pampitshaneng ya dinara di le lesome ya Libya go mo gopola le go mo leboga ka ntlha ya go rata naga ya gaabo. Moeteledipele yo mongwe yo o itsegeng wa kganetso, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (moragonyana e ne ya nna Kgosi Idris I), Emir wa Cyrenaica, o ne a tswelela go etelela pele kganetso ya Libya go fitlha Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe e simologa.

Se se neng se bidiwa "pacification of Libya" ke Ba-Italy se ne sa felela ka dintsho tsa bontsi jwa batho ba ba tlholegileng kwa Cyrenaica, ba bolaya mo e ka nnang kwatara ya baagi ba Cyrenaica ba le 225 000. [42]Ilan Pappé o fopholetsa gore magareng ga ngwaga 1928 le 1932 sesole sa Italy "se bolaile halofo ya baagi ba Ba-Bedouin (ka tlhamalalo kgotsa ka bolwetse le tlala mo dikampeng tsa pogisetso tsa Italy kwa Libya)". [43]

Poso karata ya Italy e e neng e bontsha go tlhaselwa ga Libya ke Italy ka ngwaga wa 1911

Ka ngwaga wa 1934, Italy e ne ya kopanya Cyrenaica, Tripolitania le Fezzan mme ya tsaya leina la "Libya" (le le neng le dirisiwa ke Bagerika ba bogologolo go kaya Afrika Bokone yotlhe kwa ntle ga Egepeto) go dira kolone e e kopaneng, Tripoli e le motsemogolo wa yone. [44]Ba-Italy ba ne ba gatelela go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha le ditiro tsa setšhaba. Go ya pele, ba ne ba atolosa thata diporo tsa seporo le ditsela tsa Libya go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1934 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1940, ba aga dikilometara di le makgolokgolo tsa ditsela tse disha le diporo tsa seporo le go rotloetsa go tlhomiwa ga madirelo a masha le metse e mentsi e mesha ya temothuo.

Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1940, Italy e ne ya tsenela Ntwa ya Lefatshe II. Libya e ne ya nna lefelo le go neng ga lwelwa Ntwa e Kgolo ya Bokone jwa Afrika mo go lone, e kgabagare e neng ya felela ka gore Italy le mmaba wa yone wa Mojeremane ba fenngwe ka ngwaga 1943.

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1943 go ya go ngwaga wa 1951, Libya e ne e le kafa tlase ga puso ya Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng. Masole a Boritane a ne a laola diporofense tse pedi tsa bogologolo tsa Italy tsa Libya tsa Tripolitana le Cyrenaïca, fa Bafora bone ba ne ba laola porofense ya Fezzan. Ka ngwaga wa 1944, Idris o ne a boa go tswa kwa botshwarong kwa Cairo mme a gana go nna kwa Cyrenaica go fitlha go tlosiwa dilo dingwe tse di neng di laolwa ke batswakwa ka ngwaga wa 1947. Ka fa tlase ga tumelano ya kagiso ya 1947 le mafatshe a Kopaneng, Italy e ne ya tlogela go batla go nna le Libya.[45]

Bogosi jo bo Ikemetseng (1951 -1969)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kgosi Idris wa Libya

Kopano ya bosetšhaba e ne ya dira molaotheo o o neng wa tlhoma puso ya segosi le go neela Sayyid Idris, [46]Emir wa Cyrenaica, setulo sa bogosi. Sayyid Idris o ne a tshwere maemo a a tlotlegang jaaka moeteledipele wa setlhopha sa bodumedi sa Senussi, se se neng sa tlhomiwa ke rremogolo wa gagwe mo ngwagakgolong o o fetileng jaaka karabo ya tlhotlheletso ya Bophirima mo lefatsheng la Searabia. Mokgatlho o o ineetseng wa Boiselamo o ne wa bona tshegetso e kgolo go tswa go Ba-Bedouin ba sekaka mme wa nna maatla a magolo a sepolotiki kwa Libya. Mo dingwageng tse di neng di wela tlase tsa Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman, o ne wa busa ka tsela e e nang le matswela mo teng ga Libya. [46]O tsholetswe kwa oasis kwa Cyrenaica ka ngwaga wa 1890, Sayyid Idris o ne a nna moeteledipele wa Senussi a sa le monnye. O ne a fetsa lobaka lo loleele a le kwa botshwarong kwa Egepeto ka fa tlase ga puso ya Italy mme a boela kwa Libya morago ga gore maatla a Axis a tlosiwe ka ngwaga wa 1943.[46] Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bone,ngwaga wa 1951, jaaka Kgosi Idris I, o ne a bua le setšhaba ka radio go tswa kwa Benghazi.[46] Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mabedi le bongwe,ngwaga wa 1949, General Assembly ya UN e ne ya fetisa tshwetso e e reng Libya e tshwanetse go ikemela pele ga kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola bongwe,ngwaga wa 1952. [47] Idris o ne a emela Libya mo ditherisano tse di latelang tsa UN. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1951, Libya e ne ya itsise boipuso jwa yone jaaka United Kingdom of Libya, puso ya segosi ya molaotheo le ya boswa ka fa tlase ga Kgosi Idris.[48]

Le fa go ntse jalo, bogosi jo bosha bo ne jwa lebana le dikgwetlho tse di masisi.[46] E ne e sena madirelo a a botlhokwa le metswedi ya temothuo. [46] Dithekiso tsa ntlha tsa bogosi e ne e le matlalo, wulu, dipitse le mafofa a nonyane ya lefatshe . [46] Le fa e na le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase go gaisa mo lefatsheng lotlhe, gape e na le palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba ba sa itseng go bala le go kwala.[46] Kgosi Idris I, yo o neng a setse a le mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bo masome a marataro, o ne a sena moruaboswa yo o tlhamaletseng go mo tlhatlhama. Go begwa gore ntsalae, yo a neng a mo nyala ka ngwaga wa 1932, o ne a senyegelwa ke mpa ka makgetlo a le mantsi, mme morwa wa bone, yo o neng a tsholwa ka ngwaga wa 1953, o ne a tlhokafala ka tshoganetso morago ga go tsholwa. Kgosana Rida, morwarraagwe Idris, o ne a tlhophilwe go nna moruaboswa, mme lelapa la segosi le ne le na le dikgotlhang tse di sa feleng. Boitsholo jwa ga Kgosi Idris jwa go nna modumedi wa Momoseleme, jo bo neng jwa dira gore a tshegediwe ke Ba-Bedouin, bo ne jwa thulana le mekgwa ya segompieno le ya botlhalefi ya kwa metsesetoropong kwa Libya.[46] Go rarabolola kgotlhang e e neng e le teng magareng ga Cyrenaica le Tripolitania, Benghazi le Tripoli di ne di nna motsemoshate ka go refosana dingwaga dingwe le dingwe tse pedi.

Go tlhagelela ka bonako ga palo e kgolo ya badiredi ba puso go ne ga felela ka puso e e turang ya segosi. [46]Go ribololwa ga ditlamelo tsa oli tse di botlhokwa ka ngwaga wa 1959 le lotseno lo lo neng lwa latela go tswa mo thekisong ya peterolo go ne ga kgontsha nngwe ya dinaga tse di humanegileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng go tlhoma naga e e humileng thata. [48] Le fa oli e tokafaditse thata madi a puso ya Libya, letlhoo la batho le ne la simolola go gola ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga khumo ya setšhaba mo diatleng tsa Kgosi Idris le ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba setšhaba.[47] [48]Go sa kgotsofala gono go ne ga tswelela go gola ka go tlhatloga ga Nasserism le bosetšhaba jwa Searabia go ralala Bokone jwa Afrika le Botlhaba-Gare.[48]

Rephaboliki ya Libya ka fa tlase ga Gaddafi (1969 - 2011)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Muammar Gaddafi,moeteledipele wa Libya(r. 1969–2011)

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa 1969, setlhopha sa masole a batsuolodi ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Muammar Gaddafi ba ne ba simolola coup d'état kgatlhanong le Kgosi Idris, e e neng ya itsege jaaka Al Fateh Revolution. [49][50] o ne a bitswa "Motsamaisi wa Moena le Motataisi wa Phetohelo" ka polelo ya mmuso le boralitaba ba semmuso ba Libya.[51][50]O ne a simolola go laola hisetori le dipolotiki tsa Libya mo dingwageng tse di masome a mane tse di latelang. Go fokotsa tlhotlheletso ya Italy, ka Phalane 1970 dithoto tsotlhe tse di neng di le tsa Italy di ne tsa gapiwa mme morafe wa Italy wa batho ba le 12 000 o ne wa kobiwa go tswa kwa Libya mmogo le morafe o monnye wa Bajuta ba Italy ba Libya. [50] Letsatsi leo le ne la nna letsatsi la boikhutso la bosetšhaba le le itsegeng jaaka "Letsatsi la Pusoloso";[50]moragonyana le ne la fetolwa leina go nna "Letsatsi la Botsalano" ka ntlha ya go tokafala ga dikamano magareng ga Italy le Libya.[52]

Muammar Gaddafi, moeteledipele wa Libya (r. 1969–2011) Koketsego ya katlego ya Libya e ne ya tsamaisana le go oketsega ga kgatelelo ya sepolotiki ya ka fa gare, mme go sa dumelane le sepolotiki go ne ga dirwa go se ka fa molaong ka fa tlase ga Molao wa bo masome a supa le botlhano,ngwaga wa 1973.[53]Tlhokomelo e e anameng ya baagi e ne ya dirwa ka Dikomiti tsa Phetogo tsa ga Gaddafi.[54][51][55]Gaddafi gape o ne a batla go fokotsa dithibelo tse di gagametseng tsa loago tse di neng di beilwe mo basading ke puso ya pele, a tlhoma Setlhopha sa Basadi ba Diphetogo go rotloetsa diphetogo.[53] Ka ngwaga wa 1970, molao o ne wa tlhagisiwa o o tlhomamisang tekatekano ya bong le tekatekano ya dituelo. [51] Ka ngwaga wa 1971, Gaddafi o ne a tshegetsa go tlhamiwa ga Lekgotla la Basadi la Kakaretso la Libya.[53] Ka ngwaga wa 1972, molao o ne wa fetisiwa o o neng o dira gore go nyalwa ga basetsana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le lesome le borataro e nne tlolomolao mme o dira gore tumelelo ya mosadi e nne selo se se tlhokegang pele ga lenyalo.[56]

Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le botlhano,ngwaga wa 1975, go ne ga dirwa maiteko a go menola puso ke setlhopha sa badiredi ba sesole ba le masome a mabedi, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba tswa kwa toropong ya Misrata. [57] Seno se ne sa felela ka go tshwarwa le go bolawa ga batho ba ba neng ba loga maano a go menola puso.[58] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ,ngwaga wa 1977, Libya e ne ya nna "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". [53]Gaddafi o ne a fetisetsa maatla a gagwe kwa Dikomiting tsa Batho tsa Kakaretso mme go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele o ne a ipolela gore ga se sepe fela fa e se tlhogo ya sesupo[59][[53]Mokgwa wa puso wa jamahiriya (Arabic for "republic") o a neng a o tlhoma o ne wa bidiwa semmuso jaaka "puso ya temokerasi ka tlhamalalo". [60]Gaddafi, mo ponong ya gagwe ya puso ya temokerasi le filosofi ya sepolotiki, o ne a gatisa The Green Book ka ngwaga wa 1975. Buka ya gagwe e khutshwane e ne e na le motswako o o tlhomologileng wa bososhiale jwa bo-utopia le bosetšhaba jwa Baarabia le go rata maemo ga Ba-Bedouin. F-4J ya VF-74 le MiG-23 ya Libya mo Gulf of Sidra ka ngwaga wa 1981.

F-4J of VF-74 with Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra in 1981

Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1977, Libya e ne ya simolola go isa dilwana tsa sesole go Goukouni Oueddei le People's Armed Forces kwa Chad.Ntwa ya Chad-Libya e simolotse ka nnete fa tshegetso ya Libya ya masole a batsuolodi kwa bokone jwa Chad e ne ya fetogela mo tlhaselong. [53]Moragonyana mo go one ngwaga oo, Libya le Egepeto ba ne ba lwa ntwa ya molelwane ya malatsi a le mane e e neng ya itsege jaaka Ntwa ya Egepeto-Libya. [53]Mafatshe ka bobedi di dumetse go emisa ntwa ka fa tlase ga botsereganyi jwa Tautona wa Algeria Houari Boumédiène. [61] Makgolokgolo a batho ba Libya ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo a bone mo tshegetsong ya naga ya Idi Amin's Uganda mo ntweng ya yone kgatlhanong le Tanzania. [53] Gaddafi o ne a duelela ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di farologaneng go tswa mo mekgatlhong e e kgatlhanong le nyutlelia go ya kwa mekgatlhong ya badiri ya Australia.[62]Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola bobedi ngwaga wa 1977, Libya e ne ya nna Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.[63]

Libya e ne ya amogela folaga ya yona ya bosetšhaba e e tala ka kgwedi Ngwanatsele e le lesome le borobabongwe 1977. [53]lefatshe le na le folaga e le nngwe fela ya mmala o o se nang mmala mo lefatsheng go fitlha ka 2011, fa Libya e ne e amogela folaga ya yone ya ga jaana. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1977 go ya pele, lotseno lwa motho a le mongwe mo nageng le ne la tlhatlogela go US$11,000, e le la botlhano le le kwa godimo mo Afrika,[64] fa Human Development Index e ne ya nna e e kwa godimo mo Afrika mme e feta ya Saudi Arabia.[65] Se se ne sa fitlhelelwa kwa ntle ga go adima madi go tswa kwa dinageng di sele, go dira gore Libya e se ka ya nna le dikoloto. Noka e Kgolo e e Dirilweng ke Motho le yone e ne ya agiwa go letla gore go nne le metsi a a phepa mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa naga. [65]Mo godimo ga moo, go ne ga tlamelwa ka madi go duelela dithuto tsa yunibesithi le mananeo a go thapa.[66]Bontsi jwa lotseno lwa Libya go tswa mo oli, e e neng ya tlhatloga ka bo ngwaga wa 1970, e ne ya dirisetswa go reka dibetsa le go tshegetsa makgolokgolo a masole le ditlhopha tsa dirukhutlhi go dikologa lefatshe.[67][68][69]

Tlhaselo ya sefofane ya Amerika e e neng e eteletswe pele ke poresidente wa nako eo wa Amerika Ronald Reagan e e neng e ikaeletse go bolaya Gaddafi e ne ya retela ka ngwaga wa 1986. [53]Libya e ne ya bewa ka fa tlase ga dikotlhao ke Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng morago ga go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa kgwebo kwa Lockerbie ka ngwaga wa 1988 se se bolaileng batho ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa.[53] [70]Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, puso ya puso e ne ya tshosediwa ke Islamism ya ntwa le maiteko a a sa atlegang a go bolaya Gaddafi.Puso e ne ya tsibogela ka dikgato tsa kgatelelo. Dikhuduego le ditiro tsa Boiselamo di ne tsa gatakelwa ke Revolutionary Guard Corps. Le fa go ntse jalo, Cyrenaica magareng ga ngwaga wa 1995 le ngwaga wa 1998 e ne e sa tlhomama mo dipolotiking, ka ntlha ya go ikanyega ga merafe ya masole a selegae.Ka ngwaga wa 2003, Gaddafi o ne a itsise gore dibetsa tsotlhe tsa puso ya gagwe tsa tshenyo e e boitshegang di ne di tlhatlhamolotswe, le gore Libya e ne e fetogela mo maatleng a nuklea.[53]

Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Selegae ya Libya le go wa ga Gaddafi (2011)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Moemedi Cretz o eme ka letsogo a thubaganya setshwantsho sa sefofane sa ntwa sa US se se neng sa gapiwa morago ga go wa ga Tripoli

Ntwa ya ntlha ya selegae e ne ya runya ka nako ya mekgatlho ya Baarabia ya Dikgakologo e e neng ya menola babusi ba Tunisia le Egepeto. Libya e simolotse go nna le ditshupetso kgatlhanong le puso ya ga Gaddafi ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2011, mme go ne ga simololwa ditshupetso tse dikgolo ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bosupa.[71] Puso ya Libya e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Muammar Gaddafi e ne ya nna le kganetso e kgolo thata fa e bapisiwa le ya kwa Egepeto le kwa Tunisia. Le fa go menolwa ga dipuso kwa Egepeto le Tunisia e ne e le tiro e e potlakileng, letsholo la ga Gaddafi le ne la dira gore go nne le dikgoreletsi tse dikgolo mo tsogelong ya kwa Libya.[72] ya ntlha ya taolo ya sepolotiki e e gaisanang e ne ya tlhagelela mo inthaneteng mme ya bolela gore Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Kgabaganyo ya Nakwana ke puso e sele. Mongwe wa bagakolodi ba bagolo ba ga Gaddafi o ne a araba ka go kwala tweet, mo a neng a rola tiro, a tlogela, mme a gakolola Gaddafi gore a tshabe.[73] Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi, dikhuduego di ne di aname go ya kwa Tripoli. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa,ngwaga wa 2011, National Transitional Council e ne ya tlhomiwa go laola mafelo a Libya a a laolwang ke batsuolodi. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome,ngwaga wa 2011, United States le dinaga tse dingwe tse dintsi di ne tsa amogela Khansele e e eteletsweng pele ke Mahmoud Jibril jaaka tonakgolo e e dirang jaaka moemedi wa semolao wa batho ba Libya le go gogela morago go amogela puso ya ga Gaddafi. [74][75]

Go ne ga nna le boipelaetso kgatlhanong le ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le Gaddafi kwa Tripoli

Masole a a neng a tshegetsa Gaddafi a ne a kgona go tsibogela ka sesole go kgarametsa ga batsuolodi kwa Bophirima jwa Libya mme ba ne ba simolola tlhaselo e e kgatlhanong le lebopo go ya kwa Benghazi, e leng lefelo la konokono la tshoganyetso.[76] Toropo ya Zawiya, dikilometara tse masome a mane le borobabongwe go tswa kwa Tripoli, e ne ya thuntshiwa ke difofane tsa sesole sa difofane le ditanka tsa sesole mme ya thopiwa ke masole a Jamahiriya, "a dirisa maemo a bosetlhogo a a iseng a bonwe mo ntweng". [77] Mekgatlho ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng, go akaretsa Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng Ban Ki-moon[78]le Khansele ya Ditshwanelo tsa Botho ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng, ba ne ba kgala kgaratlho e ka gore e tlola molao wa boditšhabatšhaba, mme setheo sa bofelo se ne sa koba Libya ka tlhamalalo ka kgato e e iseng e ko e dirwe pele.[79][80] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome le bosupa,ngwaga 2011 Lekgotla la Tshireletso la UN le ne la fetisa Resolution 1973,[81]ka diboutu tsa lesome⁇ 0 le diboutu tse tlhano tse di neng di sa tseye karolo go akaretsa Russia, China, India, Brazil le Germany. Tshwetso e ne ya dumelela go tlhongwa ga lefelo le go sa kgoneng go fofa mo go lone le go dirisiwa ga "dilo tsotlhe tse di tlhokegang" go sireletsa baagi ba kwa Libya. [82] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome le borobabongwe, tiro ya ntlha ya bomphato ba NATO go sireletsa lefelo le le sa kgoneng go fofa e simolotse ka go senya dibetsa tsa go iphemela tsa Libya fa difofane tsa sesole sa Fora di ne di tsena mo lefaufaung la Libya mo thomo ya go lekola e e neng e supa ditlhaselo mo dibakeng tsa baba. [83]

Mo dibekeng tse di neng tsa latela, masole a United States a ne a le kwa pelepele mo ditirong tsa NATO kgatlhanong le Libya. Go ne ga romelwa masole a le 8 000 a U.S. ka dikepe tsa ntwa le difofane mo lefelong leo. Go ne ga tlhaselwa bobotlana di le 3.000 ka ditlhaselo di le 14,202, di le 716 tsa tsone kwa Tripoli le di le 492 kwa Brega.[84] Go tlhasela ga US go ne go akaretsa go fofa ga dibomo tsa B-2 Stealth, sefofane sengwe le sengwe se ne se na le dibomo tse di boima jwa dikilogerama di le lesome le borataro, di fofela kwa ntle ga le go boela kwa bothibelelong jwa bone kwa Missouri kwa United States.[85] Thuso e e neng ya neelwa ke sesole sa NATO sa difofane e ne ya thusa mo go atlegeng ga phetogo.[86] Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi,ngwaga wa 2011, batlhabani ba batsuolodi ba ne ba tsene mo Tripoli mme ba thopa Green Square,[87] eo ba neng ba e fetola leina go nna Martyrs' Square go tlotla ba ba bolailweng go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bosupa,ngwaga wa 2011. Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi,ngwagwa wa 2011, ntwa ya bofelo e e neng e le maatla e ne ya fela kwa toropong ya Sirte. Ntwa ya kwa Sirte e ne e le ntwa ya bofelo ya makgaolakgang le ya bofelo ka kakaretso ya Ntwa ya Pele ya Selegae ya Libya moo Gaddafi a neng a tshwarwa le go bolawa ke masole a a neng a tshegediwa ke NATO ka dikgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi ngwaga wa2011. Sirte e ne e le lefelo la bofelo le Gaddafi a neng a ikanyega mo go lone e bile e ne e le lefelo le a tsholetsweng kwa go lone. Go fenngwa ga masole a a neng a ikanyega go ne ga ketekwa ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le boraro,ngwaga wa 2011, malatsi a le mararo morago ga go wa ga Sirte. Bonnye batho ba le 30 000 ba ne ba swa mo ntweng ya selegae. [88] Mo godimo ga moo, National Transitional Council e fopholetsa gore go na le batho ba le 50 000 ba ba gobetseng.[89]

Mafelo a a laolwang mo Ntweng ya Selegae, e ntšhwafaditswe ka 11 kgwedi ya Seetebosigo,ngwaga wa 2020: Puso ya Tobruk Puso ya Kutlwano ya Bosetšhaba Badisa ba Ditheo Tsa Petroleum Ditso tsa Ba-Tuareg Dithata tsa selegae

Nako ya fa gare ga dintwa le Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Selegae ya Libya (2011 - 2020)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga go fenngwa ga masole a a neng a ikanyega mo go ene, Libya e ne ya kgaoganngwa ke makoko a le mantsi a a lwantshanang, a a neng a na le dibetsa a a neng a amana le dikgaolo, ditoropo le ditso tse di farologaneng, fa puso e ne e le bokoa e bile e sa kgone go laola lefatshe ka katlego. Ditlhopha tse di ganetsanang tsa masole di ne tsa lwantshana mo ntweng ya sepolotiki magareng ga boradipolotiki ba Islam le baganetsi ba bone. [90]Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola ga supa ngwaga wa 2012, batho ba Libya ba ne ba tshwara ditlhopho tsa bona tsa ntlha tsa palamente fa e sale puso ya maloba e khutla. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e robabobedi, Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Kgabaganyo le ne la neela ka semmuso maatla go General National Congress e e neng e tlhophilwe ka botlalo, e e neng ya fiwa tiro ya go bopa puso ya nakwana le go kwala Molaotheo o mošwa wa Libya o o neng o tshwanetse go dumelelwa ka referentamo ya kakaretso. [91] Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le e masome a mabedi le botlhano,ngwaga wa 2012, mo go se Reuters e neng ya se bega e le "tlhaselo e e maswe go gaisa ya makoko" fa e sale ntwa ya selegae e fela, batlhasedi ba ba sa umakiwang ka maina ba ne ba senya mosque wa Sufi o o nang le mabitla mo bogareng jwa motsemogolo wa Libya wa Tripoli. E ne e le go senngwa ga lefelo la Bo-Sufi la bobedi mo malatsing a le mabedi. [92] Ditiro di le dintsi tsa bosenyi le tshenyo ya ngwao-boswa di ne tsa dirwa ke masole a a belaelwang e le a Islamist, go akaretsa go tlosiwa ga setshwantsho sa Nude Gazelle le go senngwa le go senngwa ga mabitla a Boritane a nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II gaufi le Benghazi.[93] [94]Go ne ga begwa gore dikgetsi tse dingwe tse dintsi tsa bosenyi jwa ngwao-boswa di ne tsa dirwa ke masole a a tsogologetseng Islamist le digopa tse di neng tsa senya, tsa utswa, kgotsa tsa thopa mafelo a le mmalwa a Ditso.

Libya e ile ya nna lefelo le legolo le batho ba ba batlang go ya kwa Yuropa ba tsenang mo go lone.

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bongwe,ngwaga wa 2012, balwela-kgololosego ba Islam ba ne ba tlhasela kago ya bodipolomate ya Amerika kwa Benghazi, [95] ba bolaya moemedi wa Amerika kwa Libya, J. Christopher Stevens, le ba bangwe ba le bararo. Tiragalo eno e ne ya dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba galefe kwa United States le kwa Libya. [96]Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e thola ga supa ngwaga wa 2012, Tonakgolo e e tlhophilweng ya Libya Mustafa A.G. Abushagur o ne a kobiwa morago ga go retelelwa lekgetlo la bobedi go bona tetla ya palamente ya go bopa khabinete e ntšhwa. [97][98][99]Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome ke bone ngwaga wa 2012, General National Congress e ne ya tlhopha leloko la GNC la maloba le mmueledi wa ditshwanelo tsa botho Ali Zeidan jaaka tonakgolo-e e tlhophilweng.[100]Zeidan o ne a ikana morago ga gore kabinete ya gagwe e amogelwe ke GNC.[101][102]Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome le bongwe,ngwaga wa 2014, morago ga go kobiwa ke GNC ka ntlha ya go retelelwa ke go emisa thomelo ya oli e e seng ka fa molaong,[103]Tonakgolo Zeidan o ne a tlogela tiro, mme a emisediwa ke Tonakgolo Abdullah al-Thani.[104]

Ntwa ya Bobedi ya selegae e simolotse ka lhwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2014 morago ga ntwa magareng ga dipuso tse di ganetsanang tsa palamente le masole a merafe le ditlhopha tsa jihadist tse di neng tsa dirisa sebaka sa go tlhoka maatla. Se se tlhomologileng thata ke gore, batlhabani ba ba feteletsang dilo ba Islam ba ne ba gapa Derna ka ngwaga wa 2014 le Sirte ka ngwaga wa 2015 mo leineng la Islamic State. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2015, lefatshe la boagisani ya Egepeto e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sefofane kgatlhanong le IS go tshegetsa puso ya Tobruk. [105][106][107]Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2014, go ne ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tsa Ntlo ya Baemedi, lekgotla le lešwa la peomolao le le neng le ikaeletse go tsaya marapo go tswa kwa General National Congress. Ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke tirisodikgoka le go nna teng go go kwa tlase, ka mafelo a go bouta a tswetswe mo mafelong mangwe. [108]Ba sekularists le ba liberals ba dirile sentle mo ditlhophong, go tshosa baemedi ba molao ba Islamist mo GNC, ba ba kopaneng gape mme ba bolela gore ba tswela pele ka taolelo ya GNC, ba gana go amogela Ntlo e ntšhwa ya Baemedi.[109]Batshegetsi ba General National Congress ba ne ba thopa Tripoli, ba pateletsa palamente e e neng e sa tswa go tlhophiwa go tshabela kwa Tobruk.[110][111]

Khalifa Haftar, moeteledipele wa Sesole sa Bosetšhaba sa Libya, nngwe ya ditlhopha tse dikgolo mo ntweng ya selegae ya ngwaga wa 2014

Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga tshwarwa dikopano ka maikaelelo a go bona tumalano ya kagiso magareng ga makoko a a ganetsanang kwa Libya. Dipuisano tse di neng di bidiwa Geneva-Ghadames di ne di tshwanetse go kopanya GNC le puso ya Tobruk gore ba tle ba nne fa tafoleng e le nngwe go bona tharabololo ya kgotlhang ya ka fa gare. Le fa go ntse jalo, GNC e ne ya se ka ya nna le seabe, e leng sesupo sa gore go kgaogana ga baeteledipele go ne go sa ame "Kampa ya Tobruk" fela, mme gape go ne go ama le "Kampa ya Tripoli". Mo godimo ga moo, borukhutlhi mo Libya bo ne jwa oketsega ka iketlo, mme bo ne jwa ama le dinaga tse di mabapi. Tlhaselo ya borukhutlhi kgatlhanong le Musiamo wa Bardo kwa Tunisia ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2015 go begwa gore e dirilwe ke balwela-kgololosego ba babedi ba ba katisitsweng kwa Libya. [112] Mo ngwageng wa 2015 metseletsele ya dikopano tsa bodipolomate le ditherisano tsa kagiso di ne tsa tshegediwa ke Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng, jaaka di ne di tsamaisiwa ke Moemedi yo o Kgethegileng wa Mokwaledi Kakaretso (SRSG), morutegi wa Sepanishe Bernardino León.[113][114]UN tshegetso ya SRSG-led thulaganyo ya puisano e e tsweletseng go tlaleletsa tiro e e tlwaelegileng ya United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).[115]Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2015 SRSG Leon o ne a begela Khansele ya Tshireletsego ya UN ka kgatelopele ya ditherisano, tse ka nako eo di neng di sa tswa go fitlhelela tumelano ya sepolotiki ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bongwe e e neng e tlhalosa "thulaganyo e e akaretsang... go akaretsa melaometheo e e kaelang... ditheo le mekgwa ya go tsaya ditshwetso go kaela phetogo go fitlha go amogelwa molaotheo wa leruri". Dipuisano, ditherisano le dipuisano di ne tsa tswelela pele mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa mafelong a a farologaneng a boditšhabatšhaba, go fitlha kwa Skhirat kwa Morocco kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Lwetse. [116][117]

Gape ka ngwaga wa 2015, jaaka karolo ya tshegetso e e tsweletseng go tswa mo morafeng wa boditšhabatšhaba, Khansele ya Ditshwanelo tsa Botho ya UN e kopile pegelo ka ga seemo sa Libya[118] [119]le Mokomišenara wa Ditshwanelo tsa Botho, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, o tlhomile setheo sa dipatlisiso (OIOL) go bega ka ga ditshwanelo tsa botho le go aga sesha tsamaiso ya bosiamisi ya Libya. [120] Libya e e neng e tletse ka tlhakatlhakano e ne ya nna lefelo le legolo la go feta la batho ba ba neng ba leka go ya kwa Yuropa. Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2013 le wa 2018, batho ba ba ka nnang 700,000 ba ne ba goroga kwa Italy ka mokoro, bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Libya.[121] [122]Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2018 baeteledipele ba Libya ba ne ba dumelana go tshwara ditlhopho tsa palamente le tsa bo Tautona morago ga kopano kwa Paris.[123]Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 2019, Khalifa Haftar o ne a simolola Operation Flood of Dignity, mo tlhaselong ya Lebotho la Bosetšhaba la Libya e e neng e ikaeletse go gapa dinaga tsa Bophirima go tswa go Government of National Accord (GNA). [124]Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2019, masole a a neng a le kgatlhanong le Puso ya Libya ya Tumalano ya Bosetšhaba e e lemogilweng ke Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng a ne a kgona go gapa Gharyan, toropo e e botlhokwa e molaodi wa sesole e bong Khalifa Haftar le batlhabani ba gagwe ba neng ba le kwa go yone. Go ya ka sebueledi sa GNA, Mustafa al-Mejii, balwela-kgolwane ba LNA ba ba neng ba le ka fa tlase ga Haftar ba ne ba bolawa, fa bonnye ba le lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba tshwarwa.[125]Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa 2020, puso ya Fayez Al-Sarraj e e neng e engwe nokeng ke UN e ne ya simolola Operation Peace Storm. Puso e ne ya simolola go dira kopo eno e le go araba ditlhaselo tse di neng di dirwa ke LNA ya ga Field Marshal Haftar. "Re puso ya semolao, ya selegae e e tlotlang ditlamego tsa yone mo setšhabeng sa boditšhabatšhaba, mme e ineetse segolo mo bathong ba yone mme e na le maikarabelo a go sireletsa baagi ba yone", Sarraj o ne a rialo go ya ka tshwetso ya gagwe. [126] Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2020, BBC Africa Eye le BBC Arabic Documentaries di senotse gore drone e e neng e dirisiwa ke United Arab Emirates (UAE) e bolaile baithuti ba le masome a mabedi le borataro kwa sekolong sa sesole kwa Tripoli, ka kgwedi ya Ferekgong e tlhola gane. Bontsi jwa baithuti bano e ne e le basha ba ba mo dingwageng tsa bolesome mme go ne go se ope wa bone yo o neng a tlhometse. Drone e e dirilweng kwa China e e bidiwang Wing Loong II e ne ya thunya sefofane sa Blue Arrow 7, se se neng se dirisiwa go tswa kwa Al-Khadim kwa Libya e e laolwang ke UAE. Ka Tlhakole, difofane tseno tse di sa dirisiweng ke motho tse di neng di le kwa Libya di ne tsa fudusediwa kwa bothibelelong jwa difofane gaufi le Siwa kwa sekakeng sa bophirima jwa Egepeto. [127] The Guardian e ne ya tlhotlhomisa le go ribolola tlolo e e totobetseng ya thibelo ya dibetsa ya UN ke UAE le Turkey ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola ga supa ngwaga wa 2020. Go ya ka pegelo, dinaga ka bobedi di rometse difofane tsa dithoto tsa sesole tse dikgolo kwa Libya go tshegetsa makoko a tsona. [128]Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2020, go ne ga saenwa tumalano ya go emisa ntwa ka bosakhutleng go fedisa ntwa. [129]

Dingwaga tsa morago ga ntwa ya selegae (2020 go fitlha gompieno)

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Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2021, ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa mopresidente di ne di rulagantswe, mme di ne tsa diegisiwa go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2022[130]mme moragonyana tsa busediwa morago.

Fathi Bashagha o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tonakgolo ke palamente ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2022 go etelela pele tsamaiso ya nakwana, mme tonakgolo ya leruri Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh o ne a gana go neela puso go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 2022. Go ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le puso ya Dbeibah, baeteledipele ba morafe go tswa kwa motseng wa sekaka wa Ubari ba ne ba tswala lefelo la oli la El Sharara, lefelo le legolo la oli kwa Libya, ka kgwedi ya 18 Moranang ngwaga wa 2022. Go tswalwa ga madirelo go ne go tshosetsa go baka tlhaelo ya oli mo Libya, le go thibela National Oil Corp. go dirisa ditheko tse di kwa godimo tsa oli mo mmarakeng wa boditšhabatšhaba ka ntlha ya tlhaselo ya Russia kwa Ukraine. [131]Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola bobedi, Ntlo ya Baemedi e ne ya tshubiwa ke batsuolodi.[132]

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome ngwaga wa 2023, merwalela e e maswe e e bakilweng ke go palelwa ga matamo a a bakilweng ke Kgwanyape Daniel e ne ya senya toropo ya boemakepe ya Derna, mme ya bolaya batho ba feta 5,900 mme gongwe ba le 24,000.[133] Merwalela e ne e le masetlapelo a tlholego a a maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa segompieno tsa Libya[134]

Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2024, Mmuso wa Kopano ya Bosetšhaba o ne o tla tlhoma sepodisi sa maitsholo go gagamatsa "dithunya tsa moriri tse di sa tlwaelegang", go pateletsa "diaparo tse di bori", le go tlhoka batlhokomedi ba banna ba basadi.[135]

Dipopego tsa lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Moalo wa Libya wa go kgaoganya tlelaemete ya Köppen

Libya e na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le 1,759,540, e leng se se dirang gore e nne naga ya bo lesome le borataro e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka bogolo. Libya e fa gare ga Lewatle la Mediterranean kwa bokone, Tunisia le Algeria kwa bophirima, Niger kwa borwabophirima, Chad kwa borwa, Sudan kwa borwabotlhaba le Egepeto kwa botlhaba. Libya e fa gare ga 19° le 34°N, le 9° le 26°E.

Lebopo la lewatle la Libya le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,770 mme ke lone le leleele go gaisa dinaga tsotlhe tsa Afrika tse di bapileng le lewatle la Mediterranean.[136] [137]Karolo ya Lewatle la Mediterranean e e kwa bokone jwa Libya gantsi e bidiwa Lewatle la Libya. Tlelaemete ya teng e omeletse thata e bile e tshwana le sekaka. Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgaolo tse di kwa bokone di itumelela tlelaemete e e bonolo ya Mediterranean. [138]

Di-ecoregion tse thataro di mo melelwaneng ya Libya: Saharan halophytics, Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, Mediterranean woodlands and forests, North Saharan steppe and woodlands, Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands, le West Saharan montane xeric woodlands.[139]

Dikotsi tsa tlholego di tla ka sebopego sa sirocco e e mogote, e e omileng, e e tletseng lerole (e e bidiwang gibli kwa Libya). Eno ke phefo e e tswang kwa borwa e e fokang letsatsi le le lengwe go ya go a le manè ka dikgakologo le ka letlhabula. Gape go na le ditsuatsue tsa lerole le tsa motlhaba. Di-oasis di ka fitlhelwa gape di phatlaletse go ralala Libya, tse di botlhokwa go gaisa ke Ghadames le Kufra. [140]Libya ke nngwe ya dinaga tse di nang le letsatsi thata le tse di omileng thata mo lefatsheng ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga tikologo ya sekaka.

Libya e tlhasetswe thata ke ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete mme ga e a ipaakanyetsa go lebana le tsone.[141] [142]Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete kwa Libya, jaaka go fetoga sekaka, go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle, merwalela, le maemo a bosa a a sa tlwaelegang di setse di lemotshega mme go solofetswe gore di oketsege.[142]Tsona di tlisa matshosetsi a magolo mo temothuong ya Libya, dijo le tshireletsego ya metsi le tlhabololo ya itsholelo le tswelelopele.[143][144]

Libya e ne e le naga ya ntlha kwa Afrika Bokone mo go sireletseng mefuta ya ditshedi, ka go tlhomiwa ga lefelo le le sireleditsweng la El Kouf ka ngwaga wa 1975. Go wa ga puso ya ga Muammar Gaddafi go ne ga dira gore go nne le go tsoma go go tseneletseng: "Pele Gaddafi a wa tota le ditlhobolo tsa go tsoma di ne di thibetswe. Mme fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 2011, go ntse go tsomiwa ka dibetsa tsa ntwa le ka dikoloi tse di raraaneng tse mo go tsone go ka fitlhelwang ditlhogo tsa dikgama di le makgolo a mabedi tse di bolailweng ke masole a a tsomang fela go itlosa bodutu. Gape re bona go tlhaga ga batsomi ba ba sa amaneng ka gope le merafe e e neng e tlhola e tsoma. Di thuntsha sengwe le sengwe se di se bonang, tota le ka nako ya fa di tsala. Dinonyane tse di fetang 500 000 di bolawa ka tsela eno ngwaga le ngwaga, fa mafelo a a sireleditsweng a gapiwa ke dikgosana tsa ditso tse di a tsereng. Diphologolo tse di kileng tsa bo di nna koo di nyeletse tsotlhe, di a tsomiwa fa di jewa kgotsa di gololwa fa di sa jewe", go tlhalosa jalo moitse wa diphologolo Khaled Ettaieb.[145]

Sekaka sa Libya

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Libya ke lefatshe le bontsi jwa yone e leng sekaka. Go feta 95% ya naga e apesitswe ke sekaka.

Sekaka sa Libya, se se akaretsang bontsi jwa Libya, ke nngwe ya mafelo a a omeletseng le a a omisitsweng ke letsatsi mo lefatshen.[49] Mo mafelong mangwe, go ka feta masomesome a dingwaga pula e sa ne, mme le kwa dithabeng pula e na ka sewelo, gangwe fela mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano goya ko go tse lesome. Kwa Uweinat, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2006 pula ya bofelo e e neng ya begiwa e ne e le ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 1998.[146]

Libya ke lefatshe la bonè mo lefatsheng le le nang le bothata jo bogolo jwa metsi.

Ka tsela e e tshwanang, themperetšha ya kwa Sekakeng sa Libya e ka nna kwa godimo thata; ka 13 Lwetse 1922, toropo ya 'Aziziya, e e leng kwa borwabophirima jwa Tripoli, e ne ya rekota themperetšha ya mowa ya 58 °C (136.4 °F), e e tsewang e le rekoto ya lefatshe.[147][148] [149] Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 2012, rekoto ya lefatshe ya 58 °C e ne ya tsewa e se boammaaruri ke World Meteorological Organization.[148][149][150]

Go na le mafelo a mannye a a gasagasameng a go sa nneng ope mo go one, a gantsi a amanngwang le mafelo a magolo a a kwa tlase, koo metsi a ka bonwang teng ka go epa go ya boteng jwa dimetara di le mmalwa. Kwa bophirima go na le setlhopha sa di-oasis tse di phatlaletseng mo dikgaolong tse di kwa tlase tse di sa amaneng, setlhopha sa Kufra, se se nang le Tazerbo, Rebianae le Kufra. [146] Kwa ntle ga dithaba tse di kwa godimo, boalo jo bo sephaphathi bo kgaupediwa fela ke metseletsele ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le dithaba tse di kwa godimo gaufi le bogare jwa Sekaka sa Libya, go dikologa go kopana ga melelwane ya Egepeto-Sudanese-Libya.

Go se kae go ela kwa borwa go na le dithaba tse dikgolo tsa Arkenu, Uweinat le Kissu. Dithaba tseno tsa granite ke tsa bogologolo, di ne tsa bopiwa bogologolo pele ga maje a motlhaba a a di dikologileng. Arkenu le Uweinat Bophirima ke mafelo a a tshwanang thata le a a mo Dithabeng tsa Aïr. Uweinat Botlhaba (e leng ntlha e e kwa godimo go gaisa mo Sekakeng sa Libya) ke lefelo le le kwa godimo la matlapa a motlhaba le le bapileng le karolo ya granite e e kwa bophirima. [146]

Lefelo le le kwa bokone jwa Uweinat le tletse ka mafelo a a sentsweng ke lekgwamolelo. Fa go ne go ribololwa oli ka bo ngwaga wa 1950, go ne ga ribololwa gape le karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe le le nang le metsi le le kafa tlase ga karolo e kgolo ya Libya. Metsi a a mo teng ga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System a simolotse pele ga metlha ya bofelo ya dikgapetla le Sekaka sa Sahara ka bosone. [151] Lefelo leno gape le na le dikago tsa Arkenu, tse pele go neng go akanngwa gore ke dikhuti tse pedi tsa thulo.[152]

Polotiki

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Ntlo ya segosi ya Tripoli, ntlo-kgolo ya Kgosi Idris

Dipolotiki tsa kwa Libya di ntse di le mo maemong a tlhakatlhakano fa e sale go simologa ga Dikgakologo tsa Maarabia le go tsereganya ga NATO go go amanang le Mathata a Libya ka ngwaga wa 2011; mathata a ne a felela ka go phutlhama ga Jamahiriya ya Maarabia ya Libya le polao ya Muammar Gaddafi, fa gare ga Ntwa ya Pele ya Selegae le tsereganyo ya sesole sa kwa ntle.[153] [154][155]Mathata a ne a tsenelela ka ntlha ya tirisodikgoka ya makoko morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Ntlha, e e feleletseng ka go runya ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2014. Taolo ya naga e kgaogantswe magareng ga Ntlo ya Baemedi (HoR) kwa Tobruk le Puso ya Kopano ya Bosetšhaba (GNU) kwa Tripoli le batshegetsi ba bona, mmogo le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa jihadist le ditlhopha tsa merafe tse di laolang dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. [156][157]

Gaddafi e ne e le moeteledipele wa Libya go fitlha ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya ngwaga wa 2011

Kgotlapeomolao ya pele e ne e le General National Congress, e e neng e na le ditulo di le makgolo a mabedi.[158]General National Congress (2014), e leng palamente e e ganetsanang e e sa lemogeng e e leng kwa motsemoshate wa Tripoli, e ipolela fa e le tsweletso ya semolao ya GNC. [159][160]Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola ga supa ngwaga wa 2012, batho ba Libya ba ne ba tlhopha mo ditlhophong tsa palamente, ditlhopho tsa ntlha tse di gololosegileng mo dingwageng tse di ka nnang 40.[161] Basadi ba ba ka nnang masome mararo ba ne ba tlhophiwa go nna maloko a palamente. [161]Dipholo tsa ntlha tsa ditlhopho di bontshitse fa National Forces Alliance, e eteletswe pele ke Tonakgolo ya maloba ya nakwana Mahmoud Jibril, e le yone e e leng kwa pele. [162]Mokgatlho wa Tshiamiso le Kago, o o amanang le Bokaulengwe jwa Bamoseleme, o dirile go le gonnye go na le mekgatlho e e tshwanang kwa Egepeto le Tunisia.[163]E ne ya fenya ditulo di lelesome le bosupa mo go di le masome a robabobedi tse di neng di ganetsanwa ke makoko, mme ba ba ikemetseng ba ka nna masome a marataro ba ne ba tsenela setlhopha sa yone. [163]Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong,nwaga wa 2013, go ne go na le kgatelelo e e golang ya setšhaba mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba go tlhoma setheo sa go kwala go dira molaotheo o mošwa. Khonkerese e ne e ise e swetse gore a maloko a lekgotla a tla tlhophiwa kgotsa a tlhomiwa.[164] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2014, General National Congress e ne ya tlhopha go iphetola ka Ntlo e ntšhwa ya Baemedi. Kgotlapeomolao e ntšhwa e neelana ka ditulo di le masome a mararo go basadi, e tla nna le ditulo di le makgolo a mabedi ka kakaretso (go na le batho ba ba kgonang go tsenela jaaka ditokololo tsa makoko a sepolotiki) mme e letlelela MaLibya a merafe e sele go tsenela ofisi. [165]

Morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa 2012, Freedom House e ne ya tokafatsa seemo sa Libya go tswa go Not Free go ya go Partly Free, mme jaanong e tsaya naga e le temokerasi ya ditlhopho.[166] Gaddafi o ne a kopanya dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae le tsa Sharia ka ngwaga wa 1973. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae jaanong di dirisa baatlhodi ba sharia ba ba nnang mo dikgotlatshekelong tsa boikuelo tse di tlwaelegileng mme ba itse thata ka dikgetsi tsa boikuelo tsa sharia. [167]Melao e e malebana le maemo a motho ka sebele e tswa mo molaong wa Seiselamo.[168]Mo kopanong ya Komiti ya Palamente ya Yuropa ya Merero ya Boditšhabatšhaba ka 2 Sedimonthole 2014, Moemedi yo o Kgethegileng wa UN Bernardino León o tlhalositse Libya jaaka naga e e seng ya puso. [169]Tumelano ya go bopa puso ya tshwaragano ya bosetšhaba e ne ya saenelwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2015. Ka fa tlase ga tumelano, Khansele ya Boporesitente ya maloko a le robongwe le Puso ya Nakwana ya Kgolagano ya Bosetšhaba ya maloko a le lesome le bosupa e tla bopiwa, ka maikaelelo a go tshwara ditlhopho tse dintšhwa mo dingwageng di le pedi. Ntlo ya Baemedi e tla tswelela go nna teng jaaka lekgotla la molao le lekgotla la kgakololo, le le tla itsiweng jaaka Khansele ya Puso, le tla bopiwa ka maloko a a tlhophilweng ke General National Congress (2014).[170] Go tlhamiwa ga puso ya nakwana ya tshwaragano go ne ga itsisiwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e rogwa ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga gore maloko a yona a tlhophiwe ke Foramo ya Puisano ya Sepolotiki ya Libya (LPDF). [171]Maloko a le masome a supa le bone a LPDF a ne a tlhopha maloko a le mane a a neng a tla tlatsa maemo a a akaretsang Tonakgolo le tlhogo ya Khansele yaTautona.[171]Morago ga gore go se nne le baemedi ba ba fitlheletseng 60% ya palo ya ba ba neng ba tlhopha, ditlhopha tse pedi tse di neng di le kwa pele di ne tsa gaisana mo ditlhophong tsa bobedi.[ 180] Mohamed al-Menfi, yo e kileng ya bo e le moemedi kwa Greece, o ne a nna tlhogo ya Khansele ya Tautona.[172]

Go ntse go le jalo, LPDF e netefaditse gore Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, rakgwebo, e tla nna Tonakgolo ya nakwana. [172] Bakgethi botlhe ba ba neng ba tsenela ditlhopho tseno, go akaretsa le maloko a setlhopha se se fentseng, ba ne ba solofetsa go tlhoma basadi mo go 30% ya maemo a a kwa godimo a puso.[172] Boradipolotiki ba ba tlhophilweng go etelela pele puso ya nakwana kwa tshimologong ba dumetse go se eme mo ditlhophong tsa bosetšhaba tse di rulagantsweng ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2021. [172] Le fa go ntse jalo, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh o ne a itsise ka ga go nna ga gagwe moporesidente le fa a ne a thibetswe go dira jalo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2021.[173]Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo kwa Tripoli e ne ya gana dikopo tsa gore a se ka a tlhophiwa, mme ya letla Dbeibeh go boela mo lenaaneng la ba ba neng ba tlhophiwa, mmogo le ba bangwe ba ba neng ba tlhophiwa, ba ba neng ba rulaganyeditswe go tlhophiwa ka la kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome le bone.[174]Le go feta, kgotlatshekelo e ne ya busetsa Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, morwa wa mmusaesi wa pele, jaaka mokgethisi wa Tautona. 184][185] Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2021, Khomišene ya Ditlhopho ya Libya e ne ya kopa gore ditlhopho di busediwe morago go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2022.[ Pelenyana ga moo, komiti ya palamente e ne ya re go ka se kgonege go tshwara ditlhopho ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2021. 187] UN e kopile baeteledipele ba nakwana ba Libya go "rarabolola ka bonako dikgoreletsi tsotlhe tsa semolao le tsa sepolotiki go tshwara ditlhopho, go akaretsa go konosetsa lenaane la ba ba batlang go nna moporesidente". Le fa go ntse jalo, mo motsotsong wa bofelo, ditlhopho di ne tsa busetswa morago go se na nako e e rileng mme setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba se dumetse go tswelela go tshegetsa le go amogela puso ya nakwana e e eteletsweng pele ke Rre Dbeibeh. 188][189] Go ya ka melawana e mešwa ya ditlhopho, tonakgolo e ntšhwa e na le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe go bopa kabinete e e tshwanetseng go dumelwa ke ditheo tse di farologaneng tsa puso mo Libya.[ 181] Morago ga gore kabinete e dumalane, puso ya tshwaragano e tla emisetsa "balaodi botlhe ba ba tshwanang" mo Libya, go akaretsa le Puso ya Tumalano ya Bosetšhaba kwa Tripoli le tsamaiso e e eteletsweng pele ke General Haftar.[ 181]

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