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Lotshitshi la Bokgoba

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Mmepe wa 1729 o supa Lotshitshi la Bokgoba
Lotshitshi la Bokgoba le santse le supilwe mo mmepeng o wa c. 1914 ka John Bartholomew & Co. ba Edinburgh.
Ditsela tse ditona tsa kgwebo ya bokgoba kwa Aforika Bophirima, lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano go ya ko ga la bolesome le boferabongwe

Lotshitshi la Bokgoba ke kgaolo ya ditso e e bapileng le lotshitshi la Atlantic la Aforika Bophirima, e e akaretsang dikarolo tsa Togo, Benin le Nigeria tsa segompieno. E bapile le molapo wa Biafra le molapo wa Benin o o fa gare ga Noka ya Volta le Letsha la Lagos.[1][2]

Leina le le tswa mo ditsong tsa kgaolo eo jaaka motswedi o mogolo wa batho ba Aforika ba ba neng ba rekisiwa go nna makgoba ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.[3][4] Ka nako eo, lefelo le, le le fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle le ne la nna lefelo le legolo la go romela MaAforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba kwa mafatsheng a Amerika. Dipuso tsa Yuropa, go akaretsa le Mapotokisi, Borithane, Dutch, Denmark le Fora, di ne tsa tlhoma dikago tsa phemelo le mafelo a kgwebo mo kgaolong eo go tlhofofatsa kgwebo ya makgoba. Lefelo leno le ne la bidiwa jalo ka ntlha ya bontsi jo bogolo jwa batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ba neng ba rwalwa go tswa kwa mabopong a lone, mme seo se ne sa ama thata merafe ya lefelo leo le lefatshe ka bophara la Atlantic.

Lebopo la Bokgoba le fopholediwa go nna lefelo la go emelela la MaAforika a a ka nnang didikadike di le pedi a a dirilweng makgoba, a a emelang bokana ka 16% ya batho ba ba fopholediwang go didikadike di le lesome le bobedi le sephatlo ba ba neng ba isiwa kwa Amerika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic.[5] Seno se lekana le palogare ya batho ba ka nna masome mabedi ba ba tswang kwa Slave Coast letsatsi le letsatsi ka dingwaga di feta makgolo a mabedi. Palo e e bonalang ya batho ba, e e ka tswang e feta sephatlo, ba ne ba palama sekepe go tswa kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa jwa Ouidah, le le neng le sena dikago tsa boemelodikepe tse di tlhomameng.[5] Boemelodikepe jo bongwe jo bogolo jo makgoba a neng a tswa mo go jone e ne e le Lagos.[6] Dipalo tseno di supa fela ba ba neng ba falola maemo pele ga go tsamaya, go akaretsa le dipaka tse di botlhoko tsa go leta le go pega dithoto.[5]

Dikgaolo tse dingwe tse di gaufi tsa lebopo di ne di itsege mo ditsong ka tsepamo ya tsone e e kwa godimo ya bokolone ke Lotshitshi la Gauta, Lotshitshi la Ivory (kgotsa Lotshitsi la Phefo), le Lotshitshi la Pepere (kgotsa Lotshitshi la Mabele).[7]

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Kgolagano ya Yuropa le kgwebo ya ntlha

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Metswedi ya Yuropa e simolotse go kwala tlhabololo ya kgwebo mo kgaolong ya "Slave Coast" le go kopanngwa ga yone mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya transatlantic ka 1670.[8]

Mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, lenyalo la baagi ba Yuropa le basadi ba Aforika le ne le golaganngwa thata le dikago tsa phemelo tsa Yuropa tse di neng di tlhomilwe kwa Ouidah.[6] Fa bontsi jwa badiri ba Yuropa ba ne ba swa kgotsa ba boela gae morago ga go nna nako e khutshwane, ba ba neng ba nna nako e telele gantsi ba ne ba nna le botsalano le basadi ba lefelo leo mme ba nna le bana.[6]

Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic

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Kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic e ne ya dira gore go nne le "setshaba sa Atlantic" sa Maaforika le Bayuropa mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesome le bosupa, la bolesome le boferabobedi le la bolesome le boferabongwe.[9][10] Mo e ka nnang didikadike di le lesome le bobedi tsa Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a rekwa ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Yuropa go tswa mo barekising ba makgoba ba Aforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya transatlantic.[11] Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a isiwa kwa Amerika go ya go bereka mo masimong a dijalo tsa madi kwa dikoloning tsa Yuropa.[12][13] Maemelodikepe a a neng a romela batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa ntle go tswa kwa Aforika a akaretsa Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Popo e Nnye), Popo e Kgolo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo le Badagry.[14] Maemelodikepe ano a ne a gweba ka makgoba a a neng a tsewa go tswa kwa merafeng ya Aforika, merafe le magosi, go akaretsa le Allada le Ouidah, tse moragonyana di neng tsa tsewa ke bogosi jwa Dahomey.[15]

Kgwebo e e tseneletseng ya makgoba go bapa le Lotshitshi la Bokgoba e ne ya thusa mo go direng batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba neng ba dira kgwebo le mafaratlhatlha a selegae a transatlantic.[6] Batho ba ba ne ba nna le seabe se segolo mo go bopeng kgwebo le setso sa Atlantic.[citation needed]

  1. ↑ Law (1989), p. 46
  2. ↑ "Change and Continuity in Coastal Bénin", West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade : Archaeological Perspectives, Bloomsbury Academic, 2001, doi:10.5040/9781474291064.ch-005, ISBN 978-1-4742-9104-0, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "Freedom", The Atlantic World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 615–660, 2009-02-16, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816604.018, ISBN 978-0-511-81660-4, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "The history of the transatlantic slave trade". National Museums Liverpool. 10 July 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 Fuglestad, Finn (2018-08-01), "Introduction", Slave Traders by Invitation, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190876104.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-087610-4, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Law, Robin; Mann, Kristin (1999). "West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (2): 307–334. doi:10.2307/2674121. ISSN 0043-5597.
  7. ↑ Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo (2005-09-19), "Lower Guinea: Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast/Bight of Benin", Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 101–125, doi:10.5149/9780807876862_hall.9, ISBN 978-0-8078-2973-8, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Green, Toby (2011), "Rethinking the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade from a Cultural Perspective", The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–28, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016407.003, ISBN 978-1-139-01640-7, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Le Glaunec, Jean-Pierre; Dessens, Nathalie (2020-05-27), "Atlantic New Orleans: 18th and 19th Centuries", Atlantic History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0337, ISBN 978-0-19-973041-4, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Law (1991), p.307.
  11. ↑ "The end of the Dutch slave trade, 1781–1815", The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284–303, 1990-05-25, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528958.013, ISBN 978-0-521-36585-7, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  12. ↑ "3: Youthful Rebels: Young People, Agency, and Resistance against Colonial Slavery in the British Caribbean Plantation World", Child Slaves in the Modern World, Ohio University Press, pp. 64–83, 2011, doi:10.1353/chapter.370517, ISBN 978-0-8214-4374-3, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  13. ↑ "Appendix A: The Dutch Slave Trade to the French Caribbean, 1650–1675", The Dutch Moment, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 267–268, 2018-12-31, doi:10.7591/9781501706127-011, ISBN 978-1-5017-0612-7, S2CID 239310593, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Mann, K (2007). "An African Family Archive: The Lawsons of Little Popo/Aneho (Togo), 1841-1938". The English Historical Review. CXXII (499): 1438–1439. doi:10.1093/ehr/cem350. ISSN 0013-8266. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Lombard, J (2018). "The Kingdom of Dahomey". West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. pp. 70–92. doi:10.4324/9780429491641-3. ISBN 978-0-429-49164-1. S2CID 204268220. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bobedi ka 2025.
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