Lubango dungeons
Lubango dungeons ke lefoko le le dirisiwang go tlhalosa go bolawa le go bogisiwa ga maloko a pathi ya SWAPO le batshabi ke batho ba ba neng ba bewa molato wa go nna ditlhola tsa puso ya bokolone ya Aforika Borwa.[1] Maloko a SWAPO a le lekgolo a ne a tlhatlhetswe dingwaga di robabongwe mo meleteng eo. [2] Bosetlhogo boo bo dirilwe ka nako ya ntwa ya kgololesego ya Namibia ka dingwaga tsa 1980, ba bangwe ba re ke kampa ya loso ya SWAPO kwa Lubango, Angola.[3][4] Dikgang tsa se se diragetseng di gatisitswe mo lokwalong lwa kganetso lwa Searchlight South Africa, ka potsoloso le bobedi jwa ba ba neng ba beilwe mo meleteng eo mo diemong tse di setlhogo.[5]
Go nnile le maiteko a go nyenyafatsa sebaka se sa kgololesego mo ditsong tsa Namibia wa gompieno ke puso ya gompieno.[6] Go boletswe fa dikereke tsa Namibia di ne di na le seabe mo go fitlheng se.[7]
Bangwe ba ba falotseng bosetlhogo jo ba akaretsa Bience Gawanas, Oiva Angula, Kalla Gertze, Sustjie Mbumba, Emma Kambangula, Ndapewa Sisingi Hiskia le Ulrich Jackson Paulino gareng ga ba bangwe.[8][9][10][4]
Tse di diragetseng pele
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Phathi ya South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) e ne e bonwa e le sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le puso ya tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1960 go fitlhelela ka boipuso ka 1990. Ka jalo, SWAPO e ne e tlhokometse batshabi ba ntwa ba ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro, ba ba neng ba bilwe kwa dikampeng.[11] Lefoko kampa le raya mafelo a legare kwa batho ba Namibia ba ba tshabileng ba neng ba nna teng. Botshelo kwa dikampeng tse bo agile ditso tsa go lwela kgololesego ga Namibia. Kampa ya ntlha ya SWAPO e ne e agilwe kwa Kongwa, Tanzania ka dingwaga tsa 1960.[11] Ka dingwaga tsa 1970 SWAPO e ne ya sutisa go aga dikampa tse di farologaneng kwa Zambia mo molelwaneng wa Namibia go tsaya balwantwa ba ba neng ba tshwanetse go dira ditlhaselo kwa Namibia. Fa puso ya Portugal ya bokolone e ne e nna bokoa kwa Angola ka 1974, seo se ne sa baka go tlhama dikampa kwa Angola. Dikampa tseo di ne di amogela batho ba Namibia ba ba neng ba tshaba bosetlhogo jwa puso ya tlhaolele. SWAPO e ne e laola dikampa tse ka melao e e gagametseng e e simololang ka go tsena mo kampeng le go nna mo kampeng. Botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe kwa kampeng bo ne bo dirilwe ka tsela e e leng gore banni ba dikampa ba ne ba tshwanela go sala morago melao e e beilweng le ditshetlana. Fa batho mo dikampeng ba roba melao, ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng di tshwana le go betswa le go seegelwa kwa thoko ka nakwana.[11]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Williams, Christian A. (2009). Exile History: An Ethnography of the SWAPO Camps and the Namibian Nation (Thesis thesis). hdl:2027.42/64754.
- ↑ McConnell, Tristan (2000). "Personal Narratives of Political History: Social Memory and Silence in Namibia". Dialectical Anthropology. 25 (1): 27–59. ISSN 0304-4092.
- ↑ Sun, Namibian; Beukes, Jemima (2018-08-13). "Inside the dungeons". Namibian Sun. Retrieved 2025-10-23
- 1 2 "Woman haunted by torture". The Mail & Guardian. 1998-06-05. Retrieved 2025-10-23
- ↑ "Namibian Horror" (PDF). Searchlight South Africa. 1 (4): 78–94. 1990.
- ↑ "Iivula-Ithana cautions against 'dungeons' probe". Truth, for its own sake. Retrieved 2025-10-22
- ↑ Trewhela, Paul (1991). "SWAPO and the churches: an international scandal" (PDF). Searchlight South Africa. 2 (3): 65–88.
- ↑ Nakashole, Puyeipawa (2024-05-20). "Two Lubango dungeons victims honoured with street names". The Namibian. Retrieved 2025-10-23
- ↑ Saul, John S.; Leys, Colin (2003). "Lubango and after: 'Forgotten History' as Politics in Contemporary Namibia". Journal of Southern African Studies. 29 (2): 333–353. doi:10.1080/03057070306209. ISSN 0305-7070. JSTOR 3557366.
- ↑ Sun, Namibian; KHEIBES, ELIZABETH (2024-02-28). "'Lubango forgiveness' proves new first lady's kindness". Namibian Sun. Retrieved 2025-10-23
- 1 2 3 Williams, Christian A., ed. (2015), "National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa", National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa: A Historical Ethnography of SWAPO's Exile Camps, African Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. i–ii, ISBN 978-1-107-09934-0, retrieved 2025-10-23