Maafa
Maafa (lefoko la puo ya Swahili le le rayang "masetlapelo a magolo"), kganyaolo ya Aforika, kganyaolo ya bokgoba, kgotsa kganyaolo ya batho bantsho[1][2][3] ke mafoko a a anameng fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1988[4][5][6][7] go tlhalosa ditso le ditlamorago tse di tsweletseng tsa bosetlhogo bo bo dirwang mo bathong bantsho lefatshe ka bophara. Tse di etsweng tlhoko thata ke tse di dirwang ke batho ba eseng ba Aforika (bogolo jang ba kwa Europe le ba Arabea mo kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara, kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle la Indian, kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya noka ya Red Sea, le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic, mo go tsweletseng gompieno ka go busa mafatshe a mangwe, bokolone le mefuta e mengwe ya go gatelela.[4][7][6][8][9][10]
Tlhaloso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Maulana Karenga o baya bokgoba ka fa tlase ga Maafa, a supa fa ditlamorago tsa bone di feta go bogisiwa ga senama le go tseela batho ditshwanelo : go senya bokgoni jwa batho go ne go akaretsa go fetola ka fa lefatshe ka bophara le bonang batho ba Aforika ka teng, go senya dikamano tse re nnileng le tsone pele, tsa gone jaana le tse di santseng di tla nna teng mo bokamosong, ka jaana re tla itsege ka gone mme go senye botsalano jwa boammaruri le batho ba bangwe.[11]
Moithuti wa kwa Canada Adam Jones o ne a supa fa dintsho tse dintsi tsa didikadike tsa ma Aforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic e le kganyaolo ka ke nngwe ya dikganyaolo tse di maswe thata mo ditsong tsa setho ka e bakile dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go tsena masome a mabedi go ya kakanyetso e nngwe, ebile o supa fa ba ba kgatlhanong jaaka ba ba reng "go ne go le mo kgatlhegong ya beng ba makgoba go dira gore makgoba a tswelele ka go tshela, e seng go ba bolaya" ka go bua gore "polao le tshenyo di ne di dirwa ka bomo, le fa bangwe ba ba falotseng ba ne ba beilwe gore ba dirisiwe jaaka babereki. Go akanya ka maikaelelo gape: fa lekgotla le dirwa gore le tswelele ebile le godisiwa ke batho ba ba itseng gore le baka dintsho tse dintsi mo setlhopheng sengwe, a se ga se a tshwanela go bidiwa kganyaolo?"[12]
Ditso le tiriso ya mafoko
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tiriso ya lefoko la Swahili la Maafa, 'kganyaolo e kgolo' ka Setswana, e simolotswe ke buka ya ga Marimba Ani ya ngwaga wa 1988 e e bidiwang "Let the Circle be Unbroken:The Implications of African Spirituality in the Diaspora".[13][14] Le tswa mo lefokong la puo ya Swahili le le rayang masetlapelo, bosetlhogo kgotsa matlhotlhapelo.[15][16] Lefoko le le ne la itsege thata ka dingwaga tsa 1990.[17] Maafa e emela tsela ya go buisana ka matlhotlhapelo a bogologolo le ditlamorago tsa go gweba ka makgoba mo Aforika.[18]
Baithuti bangwe ba itlhophela go dirisa mafoko a kganyaolo ya Aforika, jaaka Maulana Karenga ka a supa gore go ne go na le maikaelelo. Mathata mangwe a a lemogilweng ke Karenga ke gore lefoko la Maafa le ka raya "kotsi" mme go ya ka baithuti bangwe kganyaolo ya go dira batho makgoba e ne e se phoso.[19] Ali Mazrui o supa fa lefoko kganyaolo e le go kopa ka le tswa mo puong ya segerika ya bogologolo, le gore le ntswa ba amana le kganyaolo ya BaJuta, ga gona ope o o ka ikgagapelelang lefoko le. Mazrui o supa gore: "Go adima mo bathong ba ba adimileng ba sa bue kwa ba adimileng teng, ke go kopa gabedi. Mme go kopa mo go ka femelwa ka puo ya matlhotlhapelo a tshwana le kganyaolo le bokgoba ga di tshwanela go kganelwa go dirisiwa.[20]
Baithuti ba ditso tsa Aforika ba itlhophela go dirisa lefoko Maafa go na le kganyaolo ya Aforika[21] ka ba dumela gore tiriso ya mafoko a Aforika e supa tiragalo sentle.[14] Lefoko Maafa mo ma Aforikeng le na le boleng fela jaaka la kganyaolo le le supang maiphitlhelo a BaJuta fa ba ganyaolwa ke ma Jeremane le na le boleng mo go bone.[22] Dikganetso tse dingwe tse di emang nokeng Maafa eseng kganyaolo di gatelela gore go latola setho sa batho ba Aforika go tswa bogologolong: "Maafa ke tsamaiso e e tswelelang, e e nnang e le teng, e feletse ya go latola le go nyeletsa setho."[7]
Moitseanape wa ditso Sylviane Diouf o supa gore mafoko a tshwana le "kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic" a borai ka ke mafoko a a nyenyafatsang bosetlhogo jo bo tseneletseng le polao ya bontsi jwa batho. Go go bitsa "kgwebo", sebaka se seleele se sa pogiso le tshotlego e supiwa fa e le bothata jwa thekiso eseng bosetlhogo jwa setho.[23] Go dira kgwebo boremelelo, bosetlhogo jo bogolo bo dirwa ntlha ya bobedi fela ya "tse di senyegileng" ka nako ya thekiso. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba bangwe ba akanya gore go tila go dirisa lefoko "kgwebo" ke tiro ya go ikopa maitshwarelo ka go ikgagapelela, se se falotsa ba ba ikgagapelelang mo seabeng sa bone masetlapelong a batho.[24] Roger Garaudy o en a supa lefatshe la America ka monwana ka kganyaolo ya palo kakanyetso ya didkadike di le makgolo a mabedi tsa batho ba Aforika.[25]
Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ William Wright points to the differences between black history, and African history, and argues that the African Holocaust is a major reason why these two histories are not synonymous: William D. Wright, Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography, p. 117
- ↑ "What Holocaust". Glenn Reitz. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18.
- ↑ Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.
- 1 2 Barndt, Joseph. Understanding and Dismantling Racism: The Twenty-First Century. 2007, page 269.
- ↑ The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.
- 1 2 "Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
- 1 2 3 Jones, Lee and West, Cornel. Making It on Broken Promises: Leading African American Male Scholars Confront the Culture of Higher Education. 2002, p. 178.
- ↑ Wright, William D. (2001). Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275974428.
- ↑ The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.
- ↑ Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.
- ↑ "Letter by Maulana Karenga, 2001". H-net.msu.edu. 2010-04-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
- ↑ Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. pp. 23-24 ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.
- ↑ Dove, Nah. Afrikan Mothers: Bearers of Culture, Makers of Social Change. 1998, p. 240.
- 1 2 Gunn Morris, Vivian and Morris, Curtis L. The Price They Paid: Desegregation in an African American Community. 2002, p. x.
- ↑ Harp, O.J. Across Time: Mystery of the Great Sphinx. 2007, p. 247.
- ↑ Cheeves, Denise Nicole (2004). Legacy. p. 1.
- ↑ Pero Gaglo Dagbovie (2010). African American History Reconsidered. University of Illinois Press. p. 191.
- ↑ "NAACP PRESIDENT TO COMMEMORATE AFRICAN MAAFA". Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
- ↑ "Interview With Dr. Maulana Karenga | The Two Nations Of Black America | FRONTLINE". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
- ↑ "Ancestry, Descent And Identity" (PDF). Igcs.binghamton.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 19 June 2025
- ↑ Tarpley, Natasha. Testimony: Young African-Americans on Self-Discovery and Black Identity. 1995, p. 252.
- ↑ Aldridge, Delores P. and Young, Carlene. Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies. 2000, p. 250.
- ↑ Diouf, Sylviane Anna. Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. 2003, p. xi.
- ↑ Epps, Henry (4 September 2012). A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People Experience in America. Lulu.com. p. 57. ISBN 9781300161431. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
- ↑ Weitz, E.; Fenner, A. (2016). Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-137-04122-7. Retrieved 19 June 2025.