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Mafatshe a selekane

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Mafatshe a selekane, a gantsi a bidiwang mafatshe a selekane a Britain,[1][2] ke lekgotla la mafatshefatshe le le nang le maloko a mafatshe a le masome a matlhano le borataro, a bontsi jwa one e leng dikgaolo tsa pele tsa bogosi jwa Britain, tse lekgotla le le tlhamilweng ka tsone.[3] Mafatshe a a kopantswe ke tiriso ya puo ya Sekgowa le kamano ya ngwao le ditso. Metheo ya lekgotla le ke mokwaledimogolo wa mafatshe a selekane, o o itebagantseng le botsalano jwa dipuso, le motheo wa mafatshe a selekane, o o itebagantseng le botsalano jo e seng jwa puso mo mafatsheng ao.[4] Makgotla a le mantsi a amana ebile a berekela mo teng ga mafatshe a selekane.[5]

Mafatshe a selekane a tswa bogologolong jwa sephatlo sa ntlha sa lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi ka kgololesego ya bogosi jwa Britain ka go ipusa ga dikgaolo tsa bone. Lekgotla le le tlhamilwe e le mafatshe a selekane a Britain ka kitsiso ya balfour kwa bokopanong jwa Imperia jwa 1926, la tlhomamisiwa semmuso ke lefatshe la United Kingdom ka molao wa Westminster ka ngwaga wa 1931. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, molao wa London o ne wa letla lefatshe la India go sala mo mafatshe a selekane e le lefatshe, se se tshwaya phetogo e e botlhokwa ya lekgotla leo.[6][7]

Moeteledipele wa mafatshe a selekane ke Kgosi Charles wa bobedi. Ke kgosi ya mafatshe a maloko a le lesome le botlhano, fa mafatshe a mangwe a maloko a le masome mararo le borataro e le mafatshe a a ikemetseng, fa a le matlhano a na le dikgosi tse di farologanneg. Le nstwa a nnile moeteledipele morago ga mmagwe ebong Queen Elizabeth wa bobedi a sena go tlhokafala, maemo a ga neelanwe go ya ka losika.[8]

Banni ba mafatshe a selekane ba akola ditshiamelo tsa mafatshe a maloko, bogolo jang kwa United Kingdom, mafatshe a selekane a emelwa mo go a mangwe ke makgotla e seng baemedi. Mafatshe a e leng maloko ga a na ditlamego tsa semolao mo go a mangwe, le ntswa ditumalano tsa itsholelo, boatlhodi le sesole di teng gareng ga mafatshe. Molao wa mafatshe a selekane o tlhalosa dikgatlhego tse ba di tlhakanetseng tsa puso ya batho ka batho, ditshwanelo tsa setho le molao[9] jaaka di rotloediwa ke metshameko ya mafatshe a selekane e e diragalang mo dingwageng di le nne.

Bontsi jwa mafatshe a selekane ke mafatshe a mannye, fa ditlhaketlhake tse di santse di tlhabologa di dira sephatlo sa boloko.

Ditso

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Mabaka a ntlha a kgopolo

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Kakanyetso ya ntlha ya ,olao wa Anglo-Irish wa 1921

Mmamosadinyana Elizabeth wa bobedi, mo mafokong a gagwe a a bolelela Canada kwa letsatsi la boeteledipele ka ngwaga wa 1959, o ne a supa gore bokopano jwa Canada ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 1867 e ne e le botsalo jwa lefatshe la ntlha go ipusa mo bogosing jwa Britain. O ne a re, go tshwaya tshimologo ya go tshwaragana ga mafatshe a a ikemetseng mo jaanong go bidiwang mafatshe a selekane.[10][11] Go tswa bogologolong jwa Firikgong a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 1884, Lord Rosebery fa a etetse Adelaide kwa borwa jwa Australia o ne a tlhalosa go fetoga ga bogosi jwa Britain, jaaka dikolone dingwe di ne di ikemela jaaka mafatshe a selekane.[12] Dikopano tsa botona ba Britain le dikolone do ne di tshwarwa gangwe le gape go tswa kwa go jwa ntlha jwa 1887, go fitlhelela go tlhamiwa bokopano jwa bateledipele ka ngwaga wa 1911.[13][14]

Botona ba mafatshe a matlhano a maloko a selekane ka ngwaga wa 1944 kwa bokopanong jwa mafatshe a selekane: go tswa kwa molemeng Mackenzie King (Canada), Jan Smuts (Aforika Borwa), Winston Churchill (United Kingdom), Peter Fraser (New Zealand) le John Curtin (Australia)

Kgolagano ya mafatshe a selekane, e dule mo bokopanong jwa dikolone. Kakanyo e ne e tsile ka Jan Smuts ka ngwaga wa 1917 fa a tlhama mafoko a "mafatshe a selekane a Britain" a bo a nna le ponelopele ya botsalano jwa mo isagong jwa melaometheo, kwa bokopanong jwa kagiso kwa Paris ka ngwaga wa 1919, jo bo neng bo tseneletswe ke baemedi go tswa kwa mafatsheng a a eteletseng a mangwe pele le la United Kingdom.[15][16] Mafoko a a ne a lemogiwa ke tumalano ya Anglo-Irish ya ngwaga wa 1921, kwa mafoko a mafatshe a selekane a Britain a neng a emelediwa ka bogosi jwa Britain ka mafoko a maikano a a neng a dirilwe ke maloko a palamente ya Irish Free State.[17]

Go amogelwa le go tlhomamisiwa

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Kwa kopanong ya kitsiso ya Balfour ya ngwaga wa 1936, lefatshe la United Kingdom ga mmogo le a mangwe a le a rteletseng pele, a ne a dumalana gore a ikemetse a le mo bogosing jwa Britain, a lekana ka maemo, go sena le le kwa tlase ga a mangwe ka gope, mme a kopantswe ke go nna boikanyego mo koroneng, ebile a kopantswe e le maloko a lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane. Lefoko la bolekane le ne la amogelwa semmuso go tlhalosa lekgotla le.[18]

Dintlha tse tsa botsalano di ne tsa dirwa semmuso ke molao wa Westminster wa 1931, o o neng o ama Canada go sa tlhoke go tlhomamisiwa, mme mafatshe a  Australia, New Zealand le Newfoundland one a ne a tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa molao gore o dirisiwe. Lefatshe la Newfoundland le ne la seka la tlhomamisa molao ka ntlha ya mathata a itsholelo le letlhoko la go thusiwa ka tsa madi go tswa kwa London, le ne la amogela go seegelwa fa thoko ga go ipusa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1934, mme go puso e ne ya boela mo taolong ya London. Lefatshe la Newfoundland morago le ne la kopana le la Canada go nna kgaolo ya lone ya bo lesome ka ngwaga wa 1949.[19] Mafatshe a Australia le New Zealand a ne a tlhomamisa molao ka ngwaga wa 1942 le 1947 ka go tlhomagana ga one.[20][21]

Le ntswa lefatshe la Union of South Africa e ne e se lengwe la mafatshe a a busiwang a a neng a tlhoka go amogela molao wa Westminster gore o diragadiwe, melao e le mebedi - wa seemo sa bokopano wa 1934, le wa ditiro tsa babusi ba bogosi wa 1934 e ne ya fetisiwa ke palamente ya Aforika Borwa go tlhomamisa maemo a Aforika Borwa jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, le go golaganya molao wa Westminster le wa Aforika Borwa.[22]

Ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe

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Setshwantsho go tswa kwa ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, se supa masole a Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, kolone ya borwa jwa Rhodesia, Aforika Borwa le Imperial India.

Mafatshe a selekane le bogosi a ne a amega mo dintlheng tsotlhe tsa ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe. Leano la go katisa bakgweetis ba difofane la mafatshe a selekane le ne la tlhamelwa bakgweetsa difofabe go tswa mo bogosing le mo mafatsheng a bo a eteletseng pele, le tlhamilwe ke dipuso tsa United Kingdom, Canada. Australia le New Zealand.[23][24] Mephato ya masole go tswa Australia, Britain, British Raj le New Zealand e ne e le bontlha bongwe jwa sesole sa Britain sa mafatshe a selekane mo ntweng ya Japan morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe.[25]

Kgololesego mo bokoloneng le go ipusa

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Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe e sena go fela, bogosi jwa Britain bo ne jwa phatlaladiwa ka bonya ka bonya. Bontsi jwa dintlha tsa bone di ne di ikemetse e le mafatshe a a ipusang, ebile e le maloko a mafatshe a selekane. Go setse mafatshe a le lesome le bone a a ipusang kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa moseja tse di nang le kamano ya sepolotikk le la United Kingdom. Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1949, morago ga kitsiso ya London, lefoko "British" le ne la ntshiwa mo setlhogong sa mafatshe a selekane go supa phetogo.[26]

Burma le Aden ke tsone fela dikgaolo tse e neng e le dikolone taa Britain ka nako ya ntwa tse di neng tsa seka tsa tsena mo mafatsheng a selekane ka boipuso. Mafatshe a a neng a sireleditswe ke Britain a a neng a seka a nna maloko a selekane ke la Egypt (le le tsereng boipuso ka 1922), la Iraq (ka 1932), Transjordan (1946), Palestine (le bontlha jwa lone e nnileng kgaolo ya Israel ka 1948), Sudan (1956), British Somaliland (le le neng la agisana le la pele la Italian Somaliland ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tlhama Somali Republic), Kuwait(1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971) le United Arab Emirates (1971).[27]

Lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane morago ga ntwa le ne la neelwa thomo e ntsha ke Queen Elizabeth wa bobedi ka letsatsi la kgaso ya gagwe ya matsalo a ga Keresete ka ngwaga wa 1953, e mo go yone a neng a  bonelapele mafatshe a selekane e le selo se sesha, se agetswe mo moweng wa setho wa botsalano, boikanyego, le keletso ya kgololesego le kagiso.[28] Le fa go ntse jalo, ledi la Britain le ne le le bokoa mo le neng le ka se bereke ntle le la United States. Fa godimo ga foo, tatlhegelo ya tshireletso le maemo a madi e ne ya digela tlase ponelopele ya ga Joseph Chamberlain ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome a mabedi ya bogosi jwa mafatshe bo bo ka kopanyang go busiwa, tshireletsego e e tshwanang, le kgolo ya batho. Fa godimo ga moo, seabe sa United Kingdom mo dikgannyeng tsa mafatshe se ne sa fokotsega, bogolo jang ka ditatlhegelo tsa mafatshe a India le Singapore.[29]Fa mapolotiki a Britain pele a ne a solofela gore lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane le tlaa babalela thotloetso ya Britain, ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke tshepho, go bua Krishnan Srinivasan. Tshepho ya Pele e ne ya nyelela ka bonya ka bonya fa melao ya Britain e sekasekiwa kwa dikopanong tsa mafatshe a selekane. Maikutlo a batho mo setshabeng a ne a nna a tshwenyego fa batho ba mafatshe a e seng a batho basweu ba tshologela koo ka bontsi. [30]

Mafoko mafatshe a selekane a masha le ne la simolola go dirisiwa kwa United Kingdom (bogolo jang ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tsena 1970) go supa mafatshe a a gololesegileng mo bosheng, go remeletswe thata mo go a eseng a batho basweu le a a santseng a tlhabologa. A ne a dirisiwa thata mo dingangisanong mabapi le go fuduga go tswa kwa mafatsheng ao.[31] Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dikolone tsa pele ga 1945 a ne a itsiwe jaaka mafatshe a selekane a magologolo[32] kgotsa mafatshe a selekane a batho basweu.[33]

Mafatshe a selekane a a itlhophetseng mmusi

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Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 1949, lefatshe la Ireland le ne la nna la puso ya tlhopho go ya ka molao wa 1948 wa Irish Republic of Ireland; ka go dira jalo, le ne la tlogela lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane semmuso.[34] Fa lefatshe la Ireland le ise ke le tseye karolo mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa 1930, dikolone tse dingwe di ne di eletsa go ikemela mme di sa latlhegelwe ke kamano ya tsone le mafatshe a selekane. Kgang e, go ne ga buisanwa ka yone ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1949 kwa bokopanong jwa mafatshe a selekane jwa botona. Ka fa tlase ga kitsiso ya London, jaaka e kwadilwe ke V.K Krishna Menon, lefatshe la India le ne la dumalana, fa le nna le le ikemetseng ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1950, le tla sala le ntse le le mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane la bo la amogela go etelelwa pele ke la Britain e le sesupo sa tshwaragano e e gololesegoleng ya mafatshe a e leng maloko a lone, ka jalo le nne tlhogo ya mafatshe a selekane. Fa a utlwa se, Kgosi George wa botlhano o ne a bolelela Menon: "ka jalo, ke nnile jalo".[35] Mafatshe a mangwe a selekane a a neng a ikemela a ne a itlhophela go tswa mo lekgotleng, fa a mangwe jaaka Guyana, Mauritius le Dominica a santse a le maloko.[36]

Tona o o tlhomamisitsweng wa lefatshe la India o ne a supa ka Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1949, morago ga a sena go tlhomamisiwa ka nako ya dingangisano tsa mafelo a botlhopelo are:

Re tsena mo lekgotleng la mafatshe a selekane ka gore re akanya gore go tlaa se solegela molemo le dilo dingwe mo lefatsheng tse re eletsang go di dira. Mafatshe a mangwe a selekane a batla re sala mo go one ka akanya gore go dira jalo go tlaa ba solegela molemo. Go tlgaloganyesega gore ke bomolemo jwa mafatshe a a mo lekgotleng, ka jalo a a tsenelela. Ka mo go tshwanang, go papamaditswe gore lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le gololesegile go tsaya tsela ya lone; e ka nna gore ba ka tsamaya, nako tse dingwe ba kgaogane le lekgotla...mme fela kwa ntla ga go ntsha tse di bosula ka lekgotla, go botoka go nna le kamano e e ka dirang molemo mo lefatsheng le eseng go le senya.[37]

Kitsiso ya London gantsi e bonwa e le go tshwaya tshimologo ya mafatshe a selekane a sesha. Morago ga lefatshe la India, mafatshe a mangwe a ne a ikemela, kgotsa a nna a a ipusang a na le babusi ba one. Fa mafatshe a mangwe a ne a sala ka go busiwa ke mmusi wa United Kingdom, magosi a one a ne a nna ka mo go faroganeng, mme a tloga a ikemela. Bogosi bo bonwa e le seemo sa molao se se farologaneng, le ntswa  motho o o tshwanang e le ene kgosi ya mafatshe ao otlhe.[38][39][40][41]

Dikakanyetso tsa go akaretsa Europe

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Ka nako e mafatshe a Germany, France, ga mmogo le Belgium, Italy, Luxemburg le Netherlands a ne a loga maano a se kwa morago e neng ya nna Europian Union, mafatshe a Aforika a a sa tswang go tsaya boipuso a ne a tsenelela lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane, dikakanyo tse dišha di ne di dirwa go itsa United Kingdom go ema a le nosi mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo. Kgwebo ya Britain le maaftshe a selekane e ne e le tona gane, go feta kgwebo ya lone le Europe. Ka ngwaga wa 1956 le 1957, puso ya Britain mo ketelelong pele ya ga tona Anthony Eden, ba ne ba tswa ka kakanyetso ya go tlhama go gweba mahala ga mafatshe a Europe fa ba ntse ba sireletsa maemo a mafatshe a selekane.[42][43][44]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Srinivasan, Krishnan (2008). The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth (Paperback ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-230-20367-9.
  2. ↑ "Profile: The Commonwealth". BBC News. February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  3. ↑ "About Us". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  4. ↑ "The Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2025
  5. ↑ "Commonwealth Family". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  6. ↑ "Our history". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  7. ↑ "The London Declaration". Commonwealth of Nations. 26 April 1949. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  8. ↑ "The Commonwealth". The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2025
  9. ↑ "Commonwealth Charter". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2025
  10. ↑ Queen Elizabeth II (1 July 1959). Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message. Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa: CBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  11. ↑ "History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  12. ↑ "18 January 1884". Journal of Liberal History. Retrieved 23 July 2025
  13. ↑ Mole, Stuart (September 2004). "Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit". The Round Table. 93 (376): 533–546. doi:10.1080/0035853042000289128. ISSN 0035-8533. S2CID 154616079.
  14. ↑ Kendle, J.E. (1967). "The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887-1911: A Study in Imperial Organization". The American Historical Review. Imperial Studies. XXVIII. London: Longmans for the Royal Commonwealth Society. ASIN B0000CO3QA. doi:10.1086/ahr/74.3.999.
  15. ↑ F.S. Crafford, Jan Smuts: A Biography (2005) p. 142
  16. ↑ The Irish Oath of Allegiance, agreed in 1921, included the Irish Free State's "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations".
  17. ↑ Pakenham, Frank (1972). Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921. Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-97908-8.
  18. ↑ Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1991. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9.
  19. ↑ Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003). "The Commission of Government, 1934–1949". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  20. ↑ Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Cth)
  21. ↑ "New Zealand Sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?". New Zealand Parliament. August 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  22. ↑ Dugard, John; Bethlehem, Daniel; Plessis, Max du; Katz, Anton (2005). International law: a South African perspective. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7021-7121-5.
  23. ↑ "History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan". Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  24. ↑ "Fact File : Commonwealth and Allied Forces". BBC. Retrieved 23 July 2025
  25. ↑ "British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  26. ↑ "Celebrating thecommonwealth@60". Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  27. ↑ Chris Cook and John Paxton, Commonwealth Political Facts (Macmillan, 1978).
  28. ↑ Brian Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970 (Oxford UP, 2009), p. 102.
  29. ↑ Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970, p. 103.
  30. ↑ Krishnan Srinivasan, "Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 44.2 (2006): 257–269.
  31. ↑ Hennessy, Patrick (5 June 2004). "Blair calls for quotas on immigrants from 'New Commonwealth'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  32. ↑ de Villiers, Marq (1998). "Review of The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years by Linda Freeman". International Journal. 53 (4): 783–785 : 783.
  33. ↑ Merriman, J.; Winter, J., eds. (2006). "British Empire". Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-684-31366-5. OCLC 68221208.
  34. ↑ Whyte, J. H. (2010). "Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57". In Hill, J. R. (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. VII: Ireland, 1921–84. Oxford University Press. p. 277 (footnote 20). ISBN 978-0-19-161559-7. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2025. The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth.
  35. ↑ "Staying loyal to George". Indian Express. 19 February 2010. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  36. ↑ "Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state". BBC News. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  37. ↑ "Constituent Assembly Debates (India)". Delhi: Parliament of India. 16 May 1949. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  38. ↑ Bogdanor, Vernon (12 February 1998), The Monarchy and the Constitution, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 288, ISBN 978-0-19-829334-7
  39. ↑ High Commissioner in United Kingdom (24 November 1952). "Royal Style and Titles". Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles. 18 (2). DEA/50121-B-40. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011.
  40. ↑ Smy, William A. (2008). "Royal titles and styles". The Loyalist Gazette. XLVI (1). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2025
  41. ↑ Toporoski, Richard. "The Invisible Crown". Monarchy Canada. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2025
  42. ↑ Gowland, David; et al. (2009). Britain and European Integration Since 1945: On the Sidelines. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-134-35452-8
  43. ↑ James R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956", Contemporary British History (1996) 10#4 pp 1–34.
  44. ↑ Martin Schaad, "Plan G – A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956", Contemporary European History (1998) 7#1 pp 39–60
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