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Maiteko a go menola puso kwa Burundi a 1965

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Maiteko a go menola puso kwa Burundi a diragetse magareng ga 1lesome le boferabobedi–lesome le boferabongwe ka Phalane 1965, fa setlhopha sa badiredi ba morafe wa Bahutu go tswa kwa sesoleng le mapodise a Burundi se ne se leka go menola puso ya Burundi. Marabele a ne a kgobegile marapo ke kgosi (mwami) ya Burundi, Mwambutsa IV, yo o neng a lekile gangwe le gape go tiisa taolo ya gagwe mo pusong le go tlola melao ya palamente le fa Bahutu ba ne ba fenya ditlhopho. Le fa tonakgolo a ne a thuntshiwa le go gobala, menolopuso e ne ya pala ka ntlha ya go tshereganya ga setlhopha sa masole se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Mokapotene Michel Micombero.

Maiteko a go menola puso a ne a tsosa tsibogo kgatlhanong le Bahutu e mo go yone batho ba le diketekete, go akaretsa le batsayakarolo mo go menoleng puso, ba neng ba bolawa. Menolopuso e gape e ne ya tlhofofatsa tsibogo ya Batutsi ba ba tlhabanang kgatlhanong le puso ya segosi e e neng ya felela ka diphetogo tse dingwe gape tse pedi tse di neng tsa felela ka go fedisa puso ya segosi ka Ngwanaatsele 1966 le go itsisiwe ga rephaboliki le Micombero e le Tautona wa Burundi.

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Ka 1962, kgaolo ya trust ya Belgium ya Ruanda-Urundi e ne ya bona boipuso, mme ya tlhama Rephaboliki ya Rwanda le Bogosi jwa Burundi. Mafatshe a ka bobedi a ne a na le dipuso tsa segosi tse di neng di na le maloko a morafe wa Batutsi a a neng a na le seriti se se kwa godimo mo setshabeng go feta bontsi jwa morafe wa Bahutu, mme puso ya segosi ya Rwanda e ne ya fedisiwa ke phetogo ya sepolotiki ka 1959–1961. Kwa Burundi Mwami (kgosi), Mwambutsa IV, o ne a ratwa ke ditlhopha tsotlhe mme ene ka boene e ne e le moGanwa. Batutsi, Bahutu le Ba-Ganwa e ne e le karolo ya lekoko la sepolotiki le le neng le laola, e leng Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA).[1]

Ka Phalane a le lesome le boraro ka 1961, Tonakgolo ya Burundi, moeteledipele wa UPRONA Louis Rwagasore, o ne a bolawa ka leano le le neng le tlhamilwe ke baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka tshegetso ya badiredi bangwe ba Belgium.[1][2] Leso la gagwe le ne la tlosa maiteko a gagwe a go aga kutlwano ya bosetshaba fa gare ga merafe mme la dira gore go nne le dikgotlhang tsa Bahutu le Batutsi.[3] Polao ya gagwe gape e ne ya tsosa dikgaogano mo UPRONA, mme ya tlhotlheletsa kgaisano magareng ga lepolotiki la Mohutu Paul Mirerekano le tonakgolo e ntsha ya Ganwa, André Muhirwa. Bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba ipolela fa e le bajaboswa ba boswa jwa ga Rwagasore mme bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba batla go nna tautona wa UPRONA morago ga gagwe. Kganetsano e ne ya dira gore ditlhopha tse pedi di kopane mo lekokong, mme Muhirwa a ne a etelela pele "setlhopha sa Casablanca" se se neng se laolwa ke Batutsi mme Mirekano a ne a etelela pele "setlhopha sa Monrovia" se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Bahutu. Ya ntlha ka kakaretso e ne e le kgatlhanong le Bophirima mo tshekamelong ya yone ya sepolotiki, fa ya morago e ne e tsaya boemo jo bo magareng mo Bophirima.[4]

Ditiro tsa ga Mwami Mwambutsa IV (yo o mo setshwantshong ka 1962) di ne tsa galefisa baeteledipele ba sepolotiki ba Bahutu pele ga maiteko a go menola puso.

Fa puso ya ga Muhirwa e sena go rola tiro ka 1963, Mwami o ne a kopanya maatla mo kgotlatshekelong, mme o ne a leka go tiisa taolo ya gagwe mo mebusong e e neng e latelana mme a tlola ditlwaelo tsa palamente. Seno se ne sa tsosa ditshupetso go tswa mo malokong a Kokoano ya Bosetshaba.[5] Go ntse go le jalo, setlhopha sa Casablanca se ne sa nna gaufi thata le Rephaboliki ya Batho ya China, e e neng e dirisa dikgolagano tsa yone kwa Burundi go ema nokeng marabele a bokomanisi kwa mafatsheng a a bapileng. Ka ntlha ya go boifa gore go ne go rulaganngwa menolopuso e e tshegediwang ke China, ka Firikgong 1965 Mwambutsa o ne a leleka Tonakgolo Albin Nyamoya mme a kopa lepolotiki la Mohutu Pierre Ngendandumwe go tlhama puso e ntsha. Ba gakgamaditswe ke tiragalo e, baeteledipele ba Casablanca ba ne ba loga leano le batshabi ba Rwanda mme ba bolaya Ngendandumwe malatsi a le mmalwa moragonyana.[6] Puso e ne ya tshwara batho ba le mmalwa ba Rwanda mmogo le batho ba ba eteletseng pele ba setlhopha sa Casablanca,[7] mme ditatofatso tsotlhe di ne tsa feleletsa di phimotswe.[8] Go tlhoka go bonwa molato wa polao go ne ga nna ngongorego mo mapolotiking a Bahutu.[9] Mohutu yo mongwe, Joseph Bamina, o ne a dirwa Tonakgolo jaaka tumalano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Casablanca le Monrovia.[10]

Ka leso la ga Ngendandumwe le ne le tlhodile mathata a sepolotiki,[11] Mwami o ne a rulaganyetsa ditlhopho tse disha tsa Kokoano ya Bosetshaba. Ka nako eo, kitso ya sepolotiki ya Bahutu e ne e tlhatlogile mme mo dikgaisanong tsa Motsheganong 1965 ditilo di le masome mabedi le boraro mo go tse masome mararo le boraro mo Kokoanong di ne tsa gapiwa ke Bahutu, mme di le some tsa tseo di ne tsa gapiwa ke mapolotiki a a tswang kwa Party of the People (PP) le le neng le kgatlhegela Bahutu. UPRONA e ne ya gapa bontsi jwa ditilo di le masome mabedi le motso, mme ka nako eo lekoko le ne le latlhegetswe ke kutlwano mme la fetwa ke go nna le ditlhopha. Morago ga moo Bahutu ba ne ba tlhophiwa ke Kokoano go etelela pele mokgatlho wa yone.[12] Fa dipuisano tsa go tlhama puso e ntsha di ntse di tsweletse, Gervais Nyangoma o ne a ithaopela go nna ntlhopheng wa go bidiwa tona-kgolo. E ne e le Mohutu yo o neng a dira jaaka Mokaedi-Kakaretso wa Ofisi ya Tonakgolo mme a ne a nyatsa puso ya segosi.[13] Ka Phatwe Mwami o ne a gana go akanyetsa Nyangoma go nna tonakgolo, mme seo sa gakgamatsa batlatsi ba Bahutu mo Kokoanong.[14] Maloko a palamente a Matutsi a ne a akantsha gore Senator Thaddée Siryuyumunsi a nne mo maemong ao, mme le ene o ne a fetwa.[15] Ka Lwetse a le lesome le boraro Mwambutsa go na le moo o ne a tlhopha Léopold Biha, moGanwa yo o ikanyegang yo o neng a amana le kgotlatshekelo ya gagwe, go etelela puso pele.[16] Go tlhomiwa ga ga Biha go ne ga galefisa Bahutu ba le bantsi le Batutsi bangwe ba ba feteletseng;[17] le fa ene ka namana a ne a tlotliwa thata, go tlhomiwa ga gagwe go ne ga tsewa jaaka kgato ya bobusaesi ke Mwami. Go ne go na le magatwe a gore badiredi ba sesole sa Batutsi ba ba bogale ba ne ba rulaganya go menola puso.[18] Fa diportfolio di le supa mo go tse dingwe tse lesome di ne di newa Bahutu, go ba naya bontsi jwa bone jwa ntlha jwa matona fa e sale ba bona boipuso, maloko a palamente a Bahutu a ne a ikutlwa gore Mwami o ne a tswelela go nna le tlhotlheletso e e feteletseng mo pusong le gore ga ba na taolo ya nnete.[19] Baeteledipele ba Batutsi le bone ba ne ba galefile, ba ikutlwa gore puso e ba e pateleditswe ke bogosi.[20]

Ka Lwetse a le gabedi Mwambutsa o ne a ntsha arrêté-loi e e neng ya fokotsa palo ya dikompone mo lefatsheng go tswa go lekgolo le masome a ferabobedi le motso go ya go masome a supa le boferabobedi mme ya dira gore bo-burgomaster botlhe ba tlhomiwe go nna badiredi ba ba nang le maikarabelo mo kgaolong le mo pusong go na le badirelapuso ba ba tlhophilweng mo mafelong a gae. Mapolotiki a Bahutu a ne a galefisiwa ke go fapoga ga ga Mwami puso ya palamente ka go ntsha taelo le ka go tlosa bokgoni jwa bone jwa go tiisa maatla a bone mo ditlhophong tsa setshaba. Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi setlhopha sa maloko a Palamente a Bahutu—go akaretsa le badiredi ba Kokoano le Senate—ba ne ba saena lekwalo le le bolelang gore ba "ganne gotlhelele go amogela dipeelo tsa arrêté-loi".[14] Go tlhamiwa sesha ga burgomasters go ne go le masisi thata ka gonne, morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tsoga dikgoreletsi le dingongorego go tswa kwa magaeng tse di neng di akaretsa dikgotlhang le badirelapuso ba selegae ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tsa merafe le kgethololo e go neng go twe e ne e le teng.[16] Ka go tenega ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe mo go oketsegileng ga ga Mwami mo go ageng dipolotiki, puo ya maano a go menola puso e ne ya anama mo gare ga mapolotiki a Bahutu le Batutsi mme ya boelediwa mo dipegelong ke balebeledi ba mafatshe a sele.[21]

Maiteko a menolopuso

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Bosigo thata ka Phalane a le lesome le boferabobedi 1965, Mokwaledi wa Puso wa Sepodisi Antoine Serukwavu o ne a tswa kwa Kamenge ka dikoloi di le mmalwa le masole, a lebile kwa ntlong ya segosi ya ga Mwami. Gaufi le koo o ne a kopanngwa ke setlhotshwana sa masojana a bontsi jwa one e neng e le Bahutu a a neng a eteletswe pele ke lepodise le le sa tlhomiwang la Bahutu (NCO), e bong Budaga. Ba ne ba tlatswa ka bonako ke setlhopha sa boraro sa batlhanogi ba puso ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke di-NCO tsa mapodise François Rusake le Albert Harimenshi. Rusake le Harimenshi ba ne ba tswelela go tlhasela ntlo ya segosi, fa modiredi wa sesole sa Bahutu, Banikwa, a ne a ya kwa matlong a gagwe a sesole go akanngwa gore o ne a ya go kokoanya bathusi.[21] The New York Times e ne ya fopholetsa gore mapodise le masole a ka nna lekgolo le masome mabedi a ne a amega mo tlhaselong eo.[22] Ba ne ba thusiwa ke mongwe wa bomakatane ba ntlo ya segosi ya ga Mwami.[18]

Kwa ntlong ya segosi, ba-putschist ba ne ba hula balebedi ba le bararo. Go ya ka ramaranyane wa sepolotiki René Lemarchand, ba ne ba leka go thuba lelwapa, mme ba ne ba kopana le kganetso e e thata go tswa mo go bomakatane ba ga Mwami.[21] Go ya ka pego e e neng ya kokoanngwa ke Molaodi yo Mogolo wa Batshabi wa Lekgotla la Ditshaba, bapuso ba ne ba tsena ka nakwana mo ntlong ya segosi mme ba bolaya masole a le some a Batutsi. Tokomane e ne ya bega magatwe a gore Mwambutsa o ne a tila fela go tshwarwa ka gonne modirisi wa gagwe wa mogala o ne a mmolelela gore a iphitlhe kwa ntlong ya segosi mme fa bapuso ba ne ba lebagana le modirisi o ne a ba bolelela gore Mwami o ne a setse a tshabile.[23]

Fa Banikwa a boela kwa kampeng ya gagwe o ne a thuntshiwa ke makatane mme ka jalo a palelwa ke go wetsa thomo ya gagwe. Mokapotene wa Sesole e bong Michel Micombero o ne a tlisa setlhopha sa masole a a ikanyegang kwa ntlong ya segosi mme a tshwara batlhabani ba puso ka go thuntshana. Fa ba ne ba lebagane le boemo jo, ba ne ba ineela. Fa ntwa e ntse e tsweletse kwa ntlong ya segosi, setlhopha se se farologaneng sa mapodise se ne sa kgweetsa go ya kwa bonnong jwa ga Biha mme sa mmitsa gore a tswele kwa ntle,[21] ba re Mwami o tlhoka go mmona.[23] Ka go sa belaele maitlhomo a bone, Biha o ne a patelesega mme ba-putschist ba mo thuntsha ka tlhamalalo,[21] ba mo itaya mo legetleng, mo mpeng le mo leotong.[24] Le fa tonakgolo a ne a gobetse thata, o ne a falola. Masole a Bahutu le one a ne a tsuologa kwa dikampeng tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa sesole tsa Bujumbura, mme thulaganyo e ne ya se ka ya busediwa go fitlha mo mosong o o latelang.[21] Ka a ne a lebane le go palelwa ke go menola puso, Serukwavu o ne a tshabela kwa Rwanda.[25]

Ditlamorago

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Dikhuduego tsa selegae

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Ka bonako fela morago ga maiteko a putsch, ditlhopha tsa dirukutlhi tsa Bahutu di ne tsa simolola go tlhasela malwapa a Batutsi le go fisa matlo. Bontsi jwa dikhuduego di diragetse kwa kgaolong ya Muramvya, le fa tirisodikgoka e diragetse kwa mafelong a mangwe, segolobogolo go dikologa Cibitoke gaufi le Rwanda.[25] Batho ba Twa le bone ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo dintweng tseo.[23] Ditlhaselo tsa Muramvya di ne di amana le Jeunesse Mirerekano, mokgatlho wa sepolotiki wa basha o o neng wa tlhamiwa ke Mirerekano go tshegetsa bontlhopheng ba Bahutu ba maemo a puso, le fa seabe sa yone mo tirisodikgokelong se santse se ganetsanwa.[26] Bonnye jwa baagi ba le makgolo matlhano ba Matutsi ba ne ba bolawa, fa ba ka nna sekete ba ne ba batla botshabelo kwa thomong ya Katoliki kwa Bukeye mme ba bangwe ba le makgolo matlhano ba ne ba bona botshabelo kwa thomong kwa Muramvya.[25] Sesole le ditlhopha tsa "go iphemela" tse di neng di le ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya sone di ne tsa simolola go ipusolosetsa. Kwa Muramvya, molaodi mongwe wa lefelo leo, Tharcisse Ntavyubhua, o ne a hula mo e ka nnang Mohutu mongwe le mongwe yo a neng a kopana le ene.[27] Mmusi yo o neng a le mo maemong wa Mohutu wa kgaolo o ne a bolawa mme morago ga moo Ntavyubhua o ne a mo emisetsa.[28] Go fopholediwa gore Bahutu ba le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano–dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba bolawa, mme ba bangwe ba le makgolokgolo ba ne ba thatlhelwa,[27] go akaretsa le kwa kgaolo ya Gitega, kwa go neng go ise go nne le tirisodikgoka. Batshabi ba ka nna dikete tse nne ba ne ba tshabela kwa Rwanda.[29]

Tsibogo ya puso

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Ka go tshoswa ke ntwa, Mwambutsa o ne a sia kwa ntlong ya gagwe ya segosi mme mo mosong wa Phalane a le lesome le boferabongwe o ne a tshabetse kwa toropong ya Uvira kwa Rephaboliking ya Temokerasi ya Congo. O ne a boela kwa Bujumbura fela morago ga gore masole a basweu a a thapilweng a a neng a thapilwe ke Armée Nationale Congolaise a tlhomamise gore go tla babalesega gore a dire jalo.[21] Maitseboa ao o ne a neela kgaso ya seromamowa a bolela gore Burundi e ka fa tlase ga molao wa sesole mme a leleka Serukwavu semmuso.[30] Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a nna malatsi a le mmalwa fela mme a tshabela kwa Yuropa ka Ngwanaatsele a le gabedi.[21] Ga a ise a ko a boele kwa Burundi,[29] mme go ya ka pono ya ga Lemarchand go tsamaya ga gagwe go ne ga leswefatsa setshwantsho sa puso ya segosi thata.[31] Biha le ene o ne a ya kwa Belgium dibeke di le mmalwa go ya go alafelwa dikgobalo tsa gagwe;[32] Mathieu Muhakwanke o ne a dira jaaka tonakgolo ya nama o sa tshwere fa a ne a seyo.[22] Masalela a puso ya gagwe a ne a simolola go gatelela badirabosula ba menolopuso le ba ba belaelwang gore ke badirisanimmogo.[33]

Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le motso, lekgotla la ntwa le le neng le tshegediwa ke puso la conseil de guerre le ne la atlholela badiri ba le masome mararo le bone ba sesole loso. Ba ne ba bolawa ke setlhopha sa go thuntsha moragonyana mo letsatsing leo. Malatsi a le mane moragonyana go ne ga bolawa mapodise a robabongwe—go akaretsa le badiredibagolo ba le bane. E re ka puso e ne e kgotsofetse gore go ne go feditswe ka masole a a tshotseng dibetsa, morago ga moo e ne ya simolola go tshwara mapolotiki a Bahutu. Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi, ba le lesome ba ne ba sekisiwa fa pele ga conseil de guerre mme ba bolawa. Khuduthamaga ya Boditshabatshaba ya Babueledi e begile gore batho ba le masome a ferabobedi le borataro ba ne ba bolawa mo dikgotlatshekelong tse di itiretsweng tse di neng di laolwa mmogo ke sesole le Lephata la Bosiamisi.[33] Gareng ga batho ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba ba neng ba bolawa e ne e le mokaedi-kakaretso Gervais Nyangoma; Emile Bucumi le Paul Mirerekano, tautona le mothusatautona wa Bobedi wa Kokoano ya Bosetshaba, ka go latelana; tautona wa Senate Sylvestre Karibwami le senator Ignace Ndimanya; tautona wa Lekoko la Batho Paul Nibirantiza; Tona ya itsholelo le Kgwebo Pierre Burarame; le moapei wa matona mo Lephateng la Itsholelo Bernard Niyirikana.[34] Botlhe ba ba neng ba saena lekwalo la boipelaetso la Lwetse le le yang kwa go Mwami ba ne ba bolawa.[14] Bamina o ne a tshwarwa mme kgabagare a bolawa ka Sedimonthole.[35] Senator Claver Nuwinkware, yo e kileng ya bo e le tona, o ne a tshwarwa mme kgabagare a gololwa dikgwedi di le mmalwa moragonyana.[36] Nyangoma ka kakaretso o ne a tsewa ke puso gore ke ene a akantseng putsch. Go ya ka Lemarchand, mapolotiki mangwe a Bahutu le badiredipuso ba ka tswa ba ne ba amega mo leanong leo, mme palo e e bonalang ya ba ba bolailweng e ne e se na molato.[34] Serukwavu o ne a tlhomamisa gore ga go na mapolotiki a a neng a amega mo leanong la gagwe.[23] Kgatelelo ya puso e ne ya feleletsa e kgadilwe ke Khuduthamaga ya Boditshabatshaba ya Babueledi, Mokgatlho wa Boditshabatshaba wa Badiri, Mokgatlho wa Boditshabatshaba wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri ya Bokeresete, le Komiti ya Boditshabatshaba ya Sefapaano se Sehibidu.[37] Maloko mangwe a Bahutu a UPRONA a a neng a falola go nyelediwa a ne a kokoana kwa Butare, kwa Rwanda, mme a tlhoma Bahutu ba Parti Démocrate, mokgatlho o o neng o ineetse go simolola phetogo ya Bahutu kwa Burundi.[38]

Fa Mwambutsa a tshabela kwa Yuropa o ne a emisa dithata tsa puso ya Biha, a tlogela taolo yotlhe mo bakaedi-kakaretsong ba ditona, bakwaledi ba puso, le babusi ba dikgaolo.[37] Mwambutsa o ne a busetsa dithata tsa puso ya Biha Ngwanaatsele a le masome mabedi.[39] Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Mwami a ne a le kwa ntle ga lefatshe mme tonakgolo a sa kgone go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe, puso ya de facto e ne ya wela mo sesoleng le mo tirelong ya setshaba.[39] Ka Sedimonthole Lephata la merero ya mafatshe a sele le ne la laela gore Donald A. Dumont, Moemedi wa United States, a lelekwe, a mo latofatsa ka gore "ka tshwanelo kgotsa ka phoso" o ne a le ka fa tlase ga dipelaelo tsa gore o ne a ikgolaganya le badirabosula ba maiteko a go menola puso.[40] Puso ya United States e ne ya gana go nna le seabe sepe mme ya kopa bosupi jwa seo, mme balaodi ba Burundi ga ba ise ba ko ba neele bosupi bope.[41]

Ditlamorago tsa paka e telele

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Morago ga go leka go busa a le kwa moseja, Mwambutsa o ne a fetisetsa puso mo go morwawe, Charles Ndizeye (yo o mo setshwantshong fa a ne a bewa setilo).

Palamente e ne ya kgaotsa go nna teng morago ga go menola puso mme ya se ka ya tlhamiwa sesha go fitlha ka 1982.[42] Ka a ne a lebagane le mathata a go leka go busa a le kwa moseja le go gogelwa thata ke botshelo jo bo manobonobo kwa Yuropa, Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bone 1966 Mwambutsa o ne a ntsha taelo e e neng e naya Kgosana Charles Ndizeye "dithata tse di kgethegileng tsa go gokaganya le go laola ditiro tsa puso le bokwaledi jwa puso".[43] Mwami ga a ka a tlhalosa gore a o ne a tlogela setilo sa bogosi.[44] Fa nako e ntse e ile, badiredi ba basha ba sesole, badirelapuso ba ba botlana, le masole a a tswang mo mekgatlhong ya basha ba ba tlhotlheletsang—botlhe e le Batutsi—ba ne ba lemoga thata tlhotlheletso e ba neng ba e bone mo pusong.[45] Setlhopha sa sesole, se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Micombero, se ne se le kwa godimo mo tirisanommogong eo e e sa tlhomamang.[46] Batlhalefi le batlhotlheletsi ba Matutsi—bogolo jang Gilles Bimazubute—ba ne ba simolola go kopa gore puso ya ga Biha e tlosiwe le gore puso ya segosi e phatlaladiwe.[47]

Phukwi a ferabobedi 1966 Ndizeye o ne a tsaya taolo ya puso mme a nna tlhogo e ntsha ya lefatshe la Burundi. Go gapa ga gagwe puso ka dikgoka go ne ga rulaganngwa ke basha ba ba tlhotlheletsang le badiredii ba sesole ka tsholofelo ya gore ba ka bopa mofuta wa puso ya Burundi fa ba ntse ba dirisa matshwao a puso ya segosi go boloka go nna semolao.[48] Ndizeye o ne a leleka puso ya Biha mme a tlhoma e ntsha e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Micombero go nna tonakgolo. Lwetse a rogwa o ne a rwesiwa korone semmuso jaaka Mwami Ntare wa bone.[49] Ka bonako morago ga moo go ne ga tsoga kgotlhang fa gare ga Ntare, yo o neng a eletsa go busa ka matlhagatlhaga, le puso e ntsha le baemanokeng ba yone, ba ba neng ba gakaletse go diragatsa diphetogo tse di tswelelang pele kwantle ga go kgoreletsega ga puso.[50] Ka Ngwanaatsele a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi, fa Ntare a le kwa moseja, sesole se ne sa dira menolopuso.[51] Sesole se ne sa itsise phetogo ya Burundi go nna rephaboliki ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa Lekgotla la Bosetshaba la Phetogo le Micombero jaaka tautona yo mosha wa Burundi.[52] Mo dingwageng tse di latelang, badiredi bangwe ba puso ya Batutsi ba ne ba tshaba gore masole a Bahutu a tla leka go tsenya molao wa "poeletso ya '65".[53] Leano la badiri ba sesole sa Bahutu le ne la ribololwa ka Lwetse 1969, mme go tsibogela se puso ya Micombero e ne ya phepafatsa masole a a tshwereng dibetsa le puso, ya tiisa taolo ya Batutsi mo nageng.[54]

Maiteko a go menola puso ka kakaretso a tlhagisitswe mo ditsong jaaka "menolopuso ya Bahutu".[23] Kakanyo ya barutegi ba Burundi ka ga maiteko a go menola puso e santse e kgaogane go ya ka merafe,[55] ka bakwadi ba Bahutu ba utlwela badirabosula botlhoko thata mme bakwadi ba Batutsi ba ba tshwantsha ka tsela e e sa siamang thata. Go neelwa dipego tse di farologaneng tsa ditiragalo, ka bakanoki bangwe ba akantsha gore ba-putschist ba ne ba bona le go bua le Mwami kwa ntlong ya gagwe ya segosi, mme bangwe ba re go menola puso go ne ga palelwa fa masole a a tsuologang le mapodise a ne a simolola go thuntshana ka tlhakatlhakano. Gape go na le kganetsano e e amanang le maitlhomo a ba-putschist, jaaka gore a ba ne ba ikaeletse go tshwara kgotsa go bolaya Ba-Mwami, kgotsa a ba ne ba ikaeletse go gatelela batho ba Tutsi morago ga go tsaya puso.[56] Bakanoki bangwe ba Bahutu ba akantsha gore badiredi ba Batutsi ba ne ba le mo leanong leo mme ba le pega Bahutu molato gore ba solegelwe molemo.[57]

  1. 1 2 Tshimba, David-Ngendo (21 January 2016). "2015 as a repeat of 1965 in Burundi: the stubbornness of political history". Thinking Africa. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 11.
  3. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 342.
  4. ↑ Eggers 2006, pp. 95–96.
  5. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 364–365.
  6. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 387–388, 395.
  7. ↑ Weinstein 1976, pp. 212–213.
  8. ↑ Eggers 2006, pp. 113–114.
  9. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 213.
  10. ↑ Russell 2019, p. 152.
  11. ↑ Eggers 2006, p. 114.
  12. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 411–412.
  13. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 413–414.
  14. 1 2 3 Lemarchand 1970, p. 414.
  15. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 261.
  16. 1 2 Lemarchand 1970, pp. 414–415.
  17. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 86.
  18. 1 2 Russell 2019, p. 154.
  19. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 415.
  20. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 87.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Russell 2019, p. 154.
  22. 1 2 "Burundi Fearful of Tribal Killing: Toll Believed High Already in Riots in Wake of Revolt". The New York Times. 25 October 1965. p. 20.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Russell 2019, p. 155.
  24. ↑ "Burundi Shoots 34 For Role in Revolt". The New York Times. Reuters. 23 October 1965. pp. 1, 8.
  25. 1 2 3 Lemarchand 1970, p. 417.
  26. ↑ "Mirerekano, Paul". Mirerekano, Paul (1921–1965). Oxford University Press. January 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025. {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help): |website= ignored (help)
  27. 1 2 Lemarchand 1970, pp. 417–418.
  28. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 222.
  29. 1 2 Russell 2019, p. 157.
  30. ↑ "Burundi Is Placed Under Martial Law". The New York Times. Reuters. 21 October 1964. p. 4.
  31. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 421–422.
  32. ↑ Lemarchand 1966, p. 425.
  33. 1 2 Lemarchand 1970, p. 418.
  34. 1 2 Lemarchand 1970, p. 419.
  35. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 76.
  36. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 227.
  37. 1 2 Weinstein 1976, p. 15.
  38. ↑ Weinstein 1976, p. 233.
  39. 1 2 Lemarchand 1970, p. 421.
  40. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 424.
  41. ↑ "Burundi". Capsule Facts For The Armed Forces. United States Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education. August 1967. pp. 1–4.
  42. ↑ Ndayizeye, Jean Bosco (10 December 2011). "Historique". Assemblée Nationale du Burundi. (in French). National Assembly of Burundi. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  43. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 419–421.
  44. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 422.
  45. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 423.
  46. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 445.
  47. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 424–425.
  48. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 426–428.
  49. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 428.
  50. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, p. 429.
  51. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 433, 438.
  52. ↑ Lemarchand 1970, pp. 445, 447.
  53. ↑ Russell 2019, pp. 212, 214.
  54. ↑ Russell 2019, pp. 212–214.
  55. ↑ Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 248.
  56. ↑ Manirakiza 2011, pp. 24–26.
  57. ↑ Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 249.
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