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Makgoba a a tshabileng kwa United States

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Buka ya ga Eastman Johnson ya go A Ride for Liberty – The Fugitive Slaves, 1863, Motlobo wa ditso wa Brooklyn

Kwa United States, makgoba a a tshabileng kgotsa makgoba a a siileng e ne e le mareo a a neng a dirisiwa mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabobedi le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga go tlhalosa batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Lereo leno gape le kaya Melao ya puso ya bofederale ya Makgoba a a Tshabileng ya 1793 le 1850. Batho ba ba ntseng jalo gape ba bidiwa babatli ba kgololesego go tila go kaya gore motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba o dirile molato le gore mong wa lekgoba ke ene yo o amegileng.[1]

Ka kakaretso, ba ne ba leka go fitlha kwa dikgaolong kana kwa mafelong a bokgoba bo neng bo thibetswe kwa go one, go akaretsa le Canada, kana, go fitlha ka 1821, kwa Florida ya Spain. Bontsi jwa melao ya makgoba e ne e leka go laola mosepele wa makgoba ka go ba batla gore ba tshole dipasa tsa semmuso fa ba tsamaya ba se na motho yo o ba dirileng makgoba.

Go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850 go ne ga oketsa dikotlhao kgatlhanong le makgoba a a tshabileng le ba ba neng ba a thusa. Ka ntlha ya seno, batho bangwe ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego ba ne ba tswa mo United States gotlhelele, ba ya kwa Canada kgotsa kwa Mexico. Mo e ka nnang Maamerika a le dikete tse di lekgolo a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tshabela kwa kgololesegong.[2][3]

Go simolola ka 1643, melao ya makgoba e ne ya tsenngwa mo tirisong kwa Amerika ya Bokolone, kwa tshimologong mo gare ga New England Confederation mme morago ga moo ke dikoloni di le mmalwa tsa ntlhantlha tsa Lesome le boraro. Ka 1705, Kgaolo ya New York e ne ya fetisa molao wa go dira gore batho ba ba neng ba le mo dikgoleng ba se ka ba tshabela kwa bokone ba tsena kwa Canada.[4]

Setshwantsho se se bontshang maemo a kgololesego/makgoba a dikgaolo le mafelo a U.S., 1789–1861 (bona dimmepe tse di farologaneng tsa ngwaga le ngwaga fa tlase). Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika e ne ya simolola ka 1861. Phetolo ya bolesome le boraro, e e neng ya simolola ka Sedimonthole 1865, e ne ya fedisa bokgoba kwa U.S.

Fa nako e ntse e ya, dikgaolo di ne tsa simolola go kgaogana go nna dikgaolo tsa makgoba le dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng. Maryland le Virginia di ne tsa ntsha melao ya go duela batho ba ba neng ba gapa le go busetsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Bokgoba bo ne jwa fedisiwa mo dikgaolong di le tlhano ka nako ya Kopano ya Molaomotheo ka 1787. Ka nako eo, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut le Rhode Island di ne di fetogile dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng.[4]

Molaomotheo

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Batlhami ba molao go tswa kwa Borwa jwa United States ba ne ba tshwenyegile gore dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng di tla sireletsa batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba.[4] Molaomotheo wa United States, o o neng wa amogelwa ka 1788, ga o ke o dirisa mafoko a "lekgoba" kgotsa "bokgoba" mme o ne wa lemoga go nna teng ga one mo go se se bidiwang polelwana ya makgoba a a tshabileng (Mokwalo IV, Karolo 2, Polelwana 3),[4] polelwana ya boraro mo botlhanong ya go reka dithoto,[5] le thibelo epe ya go thibela go tlisiwa ga "Batho ba ba ntseng jalo jaaka epe ya Dikgaolo tse di leng teng jaanong e tla akanyang gore go siame go ba amogela". (Mokwalo I, Karolo 9).[6]

Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793

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Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793 ke wa ntlha mo melaong e mebedi ya puso e e neng e letla gore makgoba a a tshabileng a tshwarwe le go busediwa kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Congress e ne ya fetisa kgato e oka 1793 go dira gore baemedi ba ba dirang makgoba le dipuso tsa kgaolo, go akaretsa le dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng, ba kgone go latedisa le go tshwara batho ba ba neng ba tshwerwe. Gape ba ne ba kgona go otlhaya batho ka tuediso ya $500 (e e lekanang le $11,755 ka 2024) fa ba ka thusa makgoba go tshaba.[4] Batsomi ba makgoba ba ne ba tlamega go bona mokwalo o o amogetsweng ke kgotlatshekelo gore ba kgone go tshwara motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba, mme seo sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya matlo a a babalesegileng a a tlwaelesegileng ka go bidiwa Seporo sa Kafa Tlase ga Lefatshe.[4]

Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850

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Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, e leng karolo ya Tumalano ya 1850, e ne e le molao wa puso o o neng o bolela gore makgoba otlhe a a tshabileng a tshwanetse go busediwa kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba. Ka gonne dikgaolo tsa makgoba di ne tsa dumalana gore California e tsene jaaka kgaolo e e gololesegileng, dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng di ne tsa dumalana go fetisa Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850. Congress e ne ya fetisa molao oo ka Lwetse a le lesome le borobabobedi, 1850, mme ya o phimola ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi, 1864. Molao o o ne wa nonotsha puso ya bofederale e e nang le taolo ya go tshaba. Molao oo o ne wa neela balaodi ba puso taolo ya go batla gore baagi ba puso ba ba gololesegileng ba ba neng ba lebile fela ba thuse mo go tshwareng makgoba a a tshabileng. Baagi ba le bantsi ba kgaolo e e gololesegileng ba ne ba leba molao ono e le tsela e puso ya bofederale e neng e tlola taolo ya yone ka yone ka gonne molao ono o ne o ka dirisiwa go ba pateletsa go tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le ditumelo tsa bafedisi. Dikgaolo tse dintsi tse di gololesegileng di ne tsa feleletsa di fetisitse "melao ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana", e e neng ya thibela go gapiwa ga makgoba a go tweng a tshabile; le fa go ntse jalo, mo kgetsing ya kgotlatshekelo e e bidiwang Prigg v. Pennsylvania, melao ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana e ne ya atlholwa gore ga e dumalane le molaomotheo ka gonne go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng e ne e le kgang ya puso e dikgaolo di neng di sena maatla a go tsenelela mo go yone.[7]

Baagi ba le bantsi ba kgaolo e e gololesegileng ba ne ba galefisitswe ke go dira gore ditiro tsa badirisi ba Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe le batho ba ba neng ba batla go fedisa bokgoba di nne bokebekwa. E tsewa e le nngwe ya dilo tse di bakileng Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika (1861–1865). Congress e ne ya phimola Melao ya Batshabi ya 1793 le 1850 ka Seetebosigo 28, 1864.[4]

Melao ya puso

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Dikgaolo di le dintsi di ne tsa leka go dira gore ditiro tseo di se ka tsa nna lefela kgotsa go thibela gore batho ba ba neng ba tshabile ba ba neng ba le makgoba ba se ka ba tshwarwa ka go tlhoma melao e e tla sireletsang ditshwanelo tsa bone. E e tlhomologileng thata ke Molao wa Kgololesego wa Massachusetts. Molao o o ne wa fetisiwa go dira gore makgoba a a tshabileng a se ka a busediwa kwa beng ba one ka go gapiwa ke badiredi ba puso kgotsa batsomi ba dineo.[8] Wisconsin le Vermont le tsone di ne tsa tlhoma molao wa go tlola molao wa puso. Bafedisi ba ne ba nna le seabe thata mo ditirong tsa Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe[4]

Gore ba latlhise dintsa tse di latedisang motlhala, makgoba a a falotseng a ne a itlotsa turpentine mo ditlhakong tsa bone, kgotsa a gasamisa "mmu go tswa kwa mabitleng" mo ditseleng tsa bone.[9] Mokgwa o mongwe wa go bipa monko e ne e le go dirisa dieiye tsa naga kgotsa mehero e mengwe e e bogale.[10]

Dipapatso le dituelo

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Setshwantsho sa lekgoba le le tshabileng

Bannga makgoba ba ne ba galefa fa motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba a fitlhelwa a timetse, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba dumela gore bokgoba bo siametse motho yo o dirilweng lekgoba, mme fa ba ka tshaba, e ne e le tiro ya bafedisi, monngwa makgoba mongwe a nganga gore "Ba itumetse tota, mme fa re sa bue sepe ba tla nna jalo".[11] (Go ne ga tlhamiwa leina le lesha la bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo jo go neng go twe ke jwa motho yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba jo bo neng bo dira gore a batle go tshaba: drapetomania.) Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba tla baya dipampitshana, ba baya dipapatso mo makwalodikgannyeng, ba neela batho dituelo le go romela posses gore ba ba batle. Mo Molaong wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng, makgoba a ne a ka romela balaodi ba puso kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng go ya go ba gapa ka dikgoka. Molao gape o ne wa tlisa batsomi ba dineo mo kgwebong ya go busetsa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa go beng ba bone; motho yo o kileng a bo a le lekgoba o ne a ka busediwa mo pusong ya bokgoba gore a rekisiwe gape mo bokgobeng fa ba ne ba se na dipampiri tsa kgololesego. Ka 1851, go ne ga nna le kgetse ya motlhokomedi wa ntlo ya kofi yo montsho yo badiredi ba puso ba neng ba mo gapa ka dikgoka mo boemong jwa ga John Debree, yo o neng a bolela gore ke ene monnga monna yoo wa lekgoba.[12]

Lekgoba le le tshabileng e bong Gordon ka nako ya fa a ne a tlhatlhobiwa ke ngaka ka 1863 kwa kampeng ya Sesole sa U.S.

Gantsi beng ba makgoba ba ne ba otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba ba gapa gape ka katlego ka tsela e e setlhogo, jaaka go ba kgaola ditokololo, go ba itaya, go ba tshwaya le go ba tshwara ka tlhogo.[13]

Batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba a a neng a tshaba ba ne ba latofadiwa le go otlhaiwa ka fa tlase ga molao o. Mo kgetsing ya ga Ableman kgatlhanong le Booth, wa bofelo o ne a latofadiwa ka go thusa Joshua Glover go tshaba kwa Wisconsin ka go mo thibela gore a se ka a tshwarwa ke baeteledipele ba puso. Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Wisconsin e ne ya atlhola gore Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850 o ne o sa dumalane le molaomotheo, o ne o batla gore dikgaolo di tlole melao ya tsone. Ableman v. Booth e ne ya ikuelwa ke puso ya bofederale kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo ya Amerika, e e neng ya tshegetsa gore molao oo o dumalana le molaomotheo.[14]

Go iphitlha, go tshela o gololesegile

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Batshabi ba ne ba sa reye gore ba "tshaba," ba ne ba se ka fa tlase ga taolo ya mong wa bone wa semolao kgotsa mothapi wa bone. Baagi ba mmala o mohibidu wa Great Dismal Swamp, baagi ba Black Seminole ba kwa Florida le dikgwa tsa kwa Carolina Borwa ba ne ba sireletsa makgoba a a tshabileng a a neng a tshela ka kgololesego. Bangwe ba ba tshabileng ba ne ba bile ba kgona go tshela "ba gololesegile" mo ditoropong, bobotlana ka nako nngwe. Seekai, motshabi mongwe o ne a fitlhelwa a nna mo tlhogong ya Kereke ya Methodist ya Baton Rouge kwa nltong ya gagwe ya nakwana e neng e akaretsa "ditafole tsa boapeelo, diaparo tse dingwe, nama ya kgomo e e omisitsweng, thobolo le thipa."[15]

Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe

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Seporo sa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e ne e le setlhopha sa batho ba bantsho le ba basweu ba ba neng ba batla go fedisa bokgoba fa gare ga bokhutlo jwa lekgolo la bolesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga le bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba a a neng a tshaba go tshabela kwa kgololesegong. Maloko a Mokgatlho wa Bodumedi wa Ditsala (Quakers), Kereke ya Episcopal ya Methodist ya Aforika, Baptist, Methodist, le makoko a mangwe a bodumedi a ne a thusa mo go tsamaiseng Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe.[16][17]

Ka 1786, George Washington o ne a ngongorega ka gore Mo-Quaker mongwe o ne a leka go golola mongwe wa makgoba a gagwe. Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo 1800, Isaac T. Hopper, Mo-Quaker go tswa kwa Philadelphia, le setlhopha sa batho ba ba tswang kwa Carolina Bokone ba ne ba tlhoma mafaratlhatlha a diteitshane mo lefelong la bone la selegae.[16] Ka 1831, fa Tice David a ne a tshwarwa a tsena mo Ohio go tswa kwa Kentucky, mong wa gagwe o ne a pega "Seporo sa Ka fa Tlase ga Lefatshe" molato se se neng se thusa mo go tshabeng. Dingwaga di le robabobedi moragonyana, fa a ne a bogisiwa ka ntlha ya go tshaba, monna mongwe yo o bidiwang Jim o ne a re o ya kwa bokone ka "seporo se se ka fa tlase ga lefatshe se se yang Boston."[16]

Gantsi batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba mmogo le bone ba ne ba thusa batho ba ba neng ba tshabile. Ba ne ba ntsha matshwao, a a tshwanang le go tshuba palo e e rileng ya mabone, kgotsa go opelwa ga pina e e rileng ka Sontaga, go itsise batho ba ba tshabang gore a go babalesegile go nna mo lefelong leo kgotsa gore a go na le batsomi ba makgoba gaufi. Fa mmatli wa kgololesego a ne a ka nna mo ntlwaneng ya makgoba, go ka direga gore ba bone dijo le go ithuta mafelo a a siameng a go iphitlha mo sekgweng fa ba ntse ba ya kwa bokone.[18]

Mafelo a go iphitlha a a bidiwang "diteitshane" a ne a tlhongwa mo magaeng a batho, mo dikerekeng, le matlo a dikolo mo dikgaolong tse di mo melelwaneng fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa makgoba le tse di gololesegileng.[16] John Brown o ne a na le phaposi ya sephiri mo lefelong la gagwe la go suga matlalo go neela batho ba ba tshabileng bokgoba mafelo a go nna mo tseleng ya bone.[19] Batho ba ba neng ba tlhokomela diteitshane ba ne ba tlamela ka dijo, diaparo, bonno, le ditaelo tsa go fitlha kwa "seteitshaneng" se se latelang.[20] Gantsi, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go feta mo dikgaolong tsa makgoba tse di kwa borwa ka bobone go fitlha kwa go tsone.[16]

Setshwantsho sa 1858 se se neng se bapatsa tuelo ya $100 ya lekgoba le le tshabileng, kwa Washington D.C.

Mafaratlhatlha ano a ne a anama le United States yotlhe—go akaretsa le Florida ya Spain, Kgaolo ya Baindia, le Bophirima jwa United States—le kwa Canada le Mexico.[21] Seporo sa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa tshimologong e ne e le tsela ya go tshaba e e neng e tla thusa Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a a tshabileng go goroga kwa dikgaolong tsa Bokone; le fa go ntse jalo, fa go ne go fetisiwa Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, mmogo le melao e mengwe e e neng e thusa dikgaolo tsa Borwa go tshwara makgoba a a tshabileng, e ne ya nna mokgwa wa go fitlha kwa Canada. Canada e ne e le lefelo la botshabelo la Maaforika a Amerika a a dirilweng makgoba ka gonne e ne e setse e fedisitse bokgoba ka 1783. Bathobantsho ba Canada le bone ba ne ba fiwa tshireletso e e lekanang ka fa tlase ga molao.[16] "Molaodi" yo o itsegeng thata wa Seporo sa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe Harriet Tubman go bolelwa fa a ne a etelela pele batho ba ka nna makgolo mararo ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go ya kwa Canada.[22] Mo maemong mangwe, batho ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego ba ne ba fudugela kwa Yuropa le kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean.[21]

Harriet Tubman

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Richard Ansdell, The Hunted Slaves, setshwantsho se se takilweng ka wele, 1861

Mongwe wa makgoba a a itsegeng thata a a tshabileng mo ditsong tsa Amerika le balaodi ba Seporo sa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ke Harriet Tubman. O tsholetswe mo bokgobeng kwa Dorchester County, Maryland, ka 1822, Tubman fa a sa ntse a le mogolwanyane, o ne a tshaba mo tshimong ya beng ba gagwe ka 1849. Fa gare ga 1850 le 1860, o ne a boela kwa Borwa makgetlho a le mantsi go etelela pele makoko a batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go ya gololesegong, a ba etelela pele go ralala mafelo a a neng a a itse thata. O ne a thusa makgolokgolo a batho, go akaretsa le batsadi ba gagwe, mo go tshabeng ga bone mo bokgobeng.[23] Tubman o ne a latela dinoka tse di elelang kwa bokone–borwa le naledi ya bokone go ya kwa bokone. O ne a rata go kaela makgoba a a tshabileng ka Matlhatso ka gonne makwalodikgang a ne a sa gatisiwe ka Sontaga, mme seo se ne se dira gore a simolole letsatsi le le lengwe pele ga go gatisiwa dipapatso tsa batho ba ba tshabileng. O ne a rata mariga ka gonne masigo a ne a le maleele fa go ne go babalesegile go tsamaya. Tubman o ne a apara diaparo tsa go iphitlha.[20] O ne a opela dipina ka merethetlho e e farologaneng, jaaka Go Down Moses le Bound For the Promised Land, go supa gore a go babalesegile gore babatli ba kgololesego ba tswe mo go iphitlheng.[24] Batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba mmitsa "Moshe wa batho ba gagwe."[23] Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Tubman o ne a dira gape jaaka motsayaditlholwa, moapei, le mooki.[23]

Batho ba ba itsegeng

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Batho ba ba itsegeng ba ba neng ba bona kgotsa ba thusa ba bangwe go bona kgololesego ka Seporo sa Ka fa Tlase ga Lefatshe ba akaretsa:

  • Henry "Box" Brown
  • John Brown (abolitionist), who would later lead the 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry. He had a hidden room in his tannery building for fugitive slaves.
  • Owen Brown, father of John Brown
  • Elizabeth Margaret Chandler
  • Levi Coffin
  • Frederick Douglass
  • Calvin Fairbank
  • Thomas Garrett
  • Shields Green
  • Laura Smith Haviland
  • Lewis Hayden
  • Josiah Henson
  • Isaac Hopper
  • Roger Hooker Leavitt
  • Samuel J. May
  • Dangerfield Newby
  • John Parker
  • John Wesley Posey
  • John Rankin
  • Alexander Milton Ross
  • David Ruggles
  • Samuel Seawell
  • James Lindsay Smith
  • William Still
  • Sojourner Truth
  • Harriet Tubman
  • Charles Augustus Wheaton

Amerika ya Bokolone

  • Florida ya Spanish
  • Fort Mose
  • Florida ya Borithane
  • Negro Fort

United States

  • Lenaane la ditoropo tsa Freedmen

Ntwa ya Selegae

  • Kampa ya Greene (Washington, DC) - Kampa ya ntwa ya selegae
  • Setlhaketlhake sa Theodore Roosevelt - Kampa ya ntwa ya selegae

Canada

  • Africvile - Nova Scotia
  • Birchtown - Nova Scotia
  • Dawn settlement - Ontario
  • Elgin settlement - Ontario
  • Fort Malden - Ontario
  • Queen's Bush - Ontario

Mexico

  • Mascogos - El Nacimiento kwa Múzquiz Municipality

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

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  1. ↑ "Language of Slavery - Underground Railroad (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Renford, Reese (2011). "Canada; The Promised Land for Slaves". Western Journal of Black Studies. 35 (3): 208–217.
  3. ↑ Mitchell, Mary Niall; Rothman, Joshua D.; Baptist, Edward E.; Holden, Vanessa; Jeffries, Hasan Kwame (2019-02-20). "Rediscovering the lives of the enslaved people who freed themselves". Washington Post. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Fugitive Slave Acts". History.com. February 11, 2008. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "Slavery and the Making of America. The Slave Experience: Legal Rights & Gov't". www.thirteen.org. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  6. ↑ "Article I, Section 9, Constitution Annotated". Congress.gov, Library of Congress. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  7. ↑ White, Deborah (2013). Freedom on my Mind. Boston Mass: Bedford/St Martins. p. 286. ISBN 9780312648831.
  8. ↑ [1] Archived October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Image 238 of Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 4, Georgia, Part 2, Garey-Jones". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  10. ↑ "The Realities of Slavery: To the Editor of the N.Y. Tribune". New-York Tribune. 1863-12-03. p. 4. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  11. ↑ Reid, JosephB.; Reeder, Henry R. (1838). Trial of Rev. John B. Mahan, for felony : in the Mason Circuit Court of Kentucky : commencing on Tuesday, the 13th, and terminating on Monday the 19th of November, 1838. Cincinnati. p. 4.
  12. ↑ Schwarz, Frederic D. American Heritage, February/March 2001, Vol. 52 Issue 1, p. 96
  13. ↑ Bland, Lecater (200). Voices of the Fugitives: Runaway Slave Stories and Their Fictions of Self Creation Greenwood Press, [ISBN missing][page needed]
  14. ↑ [2] Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Tregle, Joseph G. (Winter 1981). "Andrew Jackson and the Continuing Battle of New Orleans". Journal of the Early Republic. 1 (4): 373–393. doi:10.2307/3122827. JSTOR 3122827
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Underground Railroad". HISTORY. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  17. ↑ IHB (2020-12-15). "The Underground Railroad". IHB. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Stein, R. Conrad; Taylor, Charlotte (2015-07-15). The Underground Railroad. Enslow Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9780766070141. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Miller, Ernest C. (1948). "John Brown's Ten Years in Northwestern Pennsylvania". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 15 (1): 24–33. ISSN 0031-4528. JSTOR 27766856.
  20. 1 2 Greenspan, Jesse. "6 Strategies Harriet Tubman and Others Used to Escape Along the Underground Railroad". HISTORY. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  21. 1 2 "What is the Underground Railroad?". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2025-02-08. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  22. ↑ Reese, Renford (2011). "Canada; The Promised Land for Slaves". Western Journal of Black Studies.
  23. 1 2 3 "Harriet Tubman". Biography. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  24. ↑ "Myths & Facts about Harriet Tubman" (PDF). National Park Service. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
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