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Makgobokgobo a Okavango

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Makgobokgobo a Okavango kgotsa Naga ya Okavango ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo Botswana kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela mogorogoro o o tlhatlogileng ka dimethara tse di makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go tsena sekete (930–1,000 m/ 3,050–3,280 ft),[1] mo karolong e e fa gare ya mokgatsha wa endorheic wa Sekaka sa Kalahari (Kgalagadi).

Ke lefelo la UNESCO la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e nand le metswedi e santseng e itsetletse.[2] Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a aname le mafelo a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one a nwela kwa tlase ga lefatshe kwa motsweding wa metsi a a seng boteng thata a a ka fa tlase, pele ga dimela di a monya. Bontsi jwa metsi otlhe a a gorogang mo makgobokgobong a felela a tsewa ke phefo (a mowafala) a bo a tsewa ke phefo go tswa mo dimeleng.

Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km3 (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.[3] Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya Holocene.[4]

Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso ka ngwaga wa 2013 kwa Arusha, Tanzania.[5] Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la bo-sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.[6][2]

Leina

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Leina Okavango le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo leineng Kavango, e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia.[7]

Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa Okovango, fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa Okavango, mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya O- ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo la Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.[8]

Setshwantsho sa sathalaete (SeaWiFS) sa Makgobokgobo a Okavango, go tsentswe le melelwane ya mafatshe

Popego (Motheo)

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Merwalela

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Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e e tlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km (750 mi) mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo).

Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke phefo kgotsa mowa o o molelo, go tswa le mo dimeleng tota, seo se baka kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnang makgetho a le mararo[9] a a neng a sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa 20th century. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang go sa neng ga pula mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one sa gale le gale, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokano ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika.

Makgobokgobo a ikadile a le sephaphathi, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (2 m/ 7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.[1][10][11]

Go elela ga Metsi

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Letsha (Lecha)

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Fa metsi a fokotsega ka iketlo, metsi a nna a ntse a le teng mo melapong le mo dinokeng, mo mesimeng ya metsi le mo matsheng a le mmalwa a magolo, mme seno se baka koketsego ya diphologolo.

Lefelo le le tlwaelesegileng la Makgadikgadi a Okavango, le na le melatswana le matsha a a sa tsamaiweng ke ope, mafelo a maphatshapatsha le ditlhaketlhake

Ditlhaketlhake tsa letswai

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Go kgobokana ga letswai go dikologa medi ya dimela go dira gore go nne le mafelo a masweu a a se nang sepe mo gare ga ditlhaketlhake di le diketekete, tse di setseng di na le letswai le lentsi thata mo dimela di sa kgoneng go tshela mo go tsone, kwantle fela ga ditlhare tsa mokolane tse tle di nne teng tse di kgonang go emelana le letswai. Ditlhare le bojang di gola mo motlhabeng o o dikologileng ditlhaketlhake tseno tse di iseng di nne letswai thata.[12]

Mo e ka nnang bosupa mo lesomeng (70%) ya ditlhaketlhake e simolotse e le diolo tsa motlhwa (gantsi Macrotermes spp.), mo setlhare jaanong se melang gone mo thotobolong ya mmu.[13]

Shinde Lagoon, e bonwa go tswa kwa loaping

Chief's Island

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Chief's Island (19°12′S 22°48′E), setlhaketlhake se segolo go di feta tsotlhe mo makgobokgobong, se ne sa bopiwa ke mola o o neng wa tlhatlosa lefelo le le boleele jwa 70 km (43 mi) le bophara jwa 15 km (9.3 mi). Mo nakong e e fetileng, e ne e le lefelo le le seelegetsweng fa thoko go nna la go tsoma ga ga kgosi fela, mme gone jaanong ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga. Jaanong ke lefelo la konokono la bontsi jwa diphologolo tsa naga, fa metsi a tlhatloga.

Tsa metsi

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Melatswana e tshelang Makgobokgobo a Okavango e tlholega ka bontsi go tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e e nneleng ka go kopana ga dinoka tsa Cubango le Cuito mo Angola pele ga e elela e ralala Namibia e tsena mo Botswana. Mo go tseneng mo makgobokgobong gaufi le Mohembo, noka e kgaogana go nna melatswana e e matswakabele, go nne fa noka e tlhatsetsang teng, matsha, di-swamp tsa se nnela-ruri tse di thusang go tshegega nngwe ya makgobokgobo a a matona mo lefatsheng lotlhe a a mo gare ga mpa ya lefatshe.[14][15]

Melapo e megolo (e e ntshang metsi go tswa mo makgobokgobong) e akaretsa Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, le dinokana tsa Jao. Melapo e e bowa e anamisa metsi a merwalela a tlang le dipaka tse di farologaneng, go ralala makgobokgobo, se se bo se dira gore go nne le mafaratlhatlha a mafelo a a nang le metsi a mantsi a a nnang a le teng ka dinako tsotlhe, le a a nnang a na le metsi a mantsi ka dinako tse dingwe, a a thusang gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshedi.[16][17]

Mo e ka nnang 96-98% ya metsi a a tsenang mo makgobokgobong, a latlhega ka go tsewa ke phefo ga metsi le a dimela (evapotranspiration), go tsena kafa tlase ga lefatshe (groundwater recharge), le go tsewa ke phefo (evaporation), fa fela karolo e nnye ya one e tswa/latlhega ka go ya le dinoka tsa Thamalakane le Boteti.[17][18]

Climate (Tlelaemete)

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Go bonala ga makgobokgobo go tswa kwa godimo (loapi) jaaka metsi a morwalela a ntse a fokotsega, Phatwe 2012

Botala jo tseneletseng jwa Makgobokgobo ga bo bakwe ke tlelaemete e e pula ntsi; mme, ke lefelo le le nnang le metsi (oasis) mo lefatsheng le le sekaka. Selekanyetso sa pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga ke 450 mm (18 in) (mo e ka nnang selekanyo sa bongwe-mo-borarong jwa kgaolo ya Angola kwa a tsayang metsi teng) ebile bontsi jwa yone, pula, e na magareng ga Sedimonthole le Mopitlo e le mo sebopegong sa dipula tsa matlakadibe tsa motshegare.[19]

Sedimonthole go tsena ka Tlhakole ke dikgwedi tse di mogote le tse dinang pula ka selekanyo-sa-mogote wa motshegare o o kgonang go tsoletsegela kwa go 40 °C (104 °F), masigo a a mololo (bothitho), le maemo a bongola mo phefong a a tsamayang magareng ga 50 le 80%. Go tloga ka Mopitlo go tsena Motsheganong, selekanyo-sa-mogote se a fokotsega, o o ko godimo e nne 30 °C (86 °F) motshegare le masigo a a mololo go ya kwa botsididinyaneng. Dipula di kgaota ka bonako mme go bo go latela dikgwedi tse go senang pula le tse di tsididi tsa mariga tsa Seetebosigo go tsena Phatwe. Mo nakong eno ya ngwaga, seemo sa mogote wa motshegare ga se kwa godimo thata, mme mogote o ye ko tlase thata fa letsatsi le sena go phirima. Masigo a tle a nne tsididi mo makgobokgobong, ka serame se se gaufi le 0 °C.[20] Ka dinako tse dingwe tsa mariga, mmuane wa serame wa bonala.[21]

Lwetse go ya ko go Ngwanatsele, mogote le mokete-jwa-mowa-o-o-mo-lefaufaung (atmospheric pressure) di bowa di oketsega, fa paka ya mariga (e senang pula) e tsena mo pakeng ya dipula. Phalane ke kgwedi e e dikgwetlho thata mo baeng: gantsi seemo sa mogote sa motshegare se feta 40 °C (104 °F) mme go se neng ga pula go kgaupediwa fela ka dinako tse dingwe ke go thunya ga maru ga tshoganetso.[22]

Diphologolo/ditshidi tsa makgobokgobo

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Letlotse le senoga fa pele ga phirimo ya letsatsi mo makgobokgobong

Makgobokgobo a Okavango ke legae la se nnela ruri le la dipaka dingwe, la mefutafuta e mentsi ya diphologolo tsa naga.[23] Diphologolo tsotlhe tse tlhano tse dikgolo (tse di tumileng) tsa naga, tau, nkwe/lengau (lengau), nare ya Aferika, tlou ya Aferika, tshukudu e ntsho le e tshweu, di teng.[24]

Phologolo e e tletseng thata e le kgolwane e amusa (seamusi) ke letswee (red lechwe), e go fopholediwang gore di ka tswa di le 88 000.[25] Mefuta e mengwe ya ditshedi e akaretsa thutlwa, kgokong, pitse ya naga, kubu,[26] phala, phofu, tholo, kwalata, tshepe e khibidu, puku, tumoga (waterbuck), sitatunga, tsessebe, letlotse,[27] lekanyane (letlhalerwa), phiri, phokojwe, thwane, tadi, thakadu, thukwi, motlhose, mmutla, matshwane, kolobe ya naga, tshwene, kgabo le kwena.[28]

Setlhophanyana sa letswee, Makgobokgobo a Okavango

Makgobokgobo a gape a na le mefuta e fetang 400 ya dinonyana, e akaretsa le kgaka, kgoadira (ntsu o mogolo), morubisi, legou, lefaloa, mogatsakwena (mmatshwii), African skimmer, ghube, leowang, molomo-swana, legololwane (legoloane), lehututu, mogolodi (mogolori),[29] letleretlere (letlhakela), ramolongwana (mmamolongwana/tlhagwe) le mmantshe.[30]

Fa e sale ka 2005, lefelo le le sireleditsweng le, ntse le tsewa jaaka Lefelo la Tshomarelo ya Ditau (Lion Conservation Unit ) gammogo le Hwange National Park.[31]

Ka 2019, ditshukudu di ka nna 150 di ne di tshela kwa bokone jwa Makgobokgobo a Okavango.[32] Go tloga ka 2020 go fitlha ka 2021, ditshukudu di le 92 di ne tsa bolawa ke magodu a di phologolo mo kgaolong ya makgobokgobo ga sala fela di le 40, se sa dira gore puso e fuduse ditshukudu tseo go tswa mo Makgobokgobong a Okavango.[33]

Ditlhapi

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Makgobokgobo a Okavango a na le mefuta e le 71 ya ditlhapi, go akaretsa le ditlhapi tsa ngwesi, mefuta ya di-tilapia le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhapi tsa babore. Ditlhapi tse di farologana ka bogolo go tloga ka babore ya Afrika e e nang le meno a a bogale e e boleele jwa dimetara di le 1,4 (1,4 m/4.6 ft) go ya go e e boleele jwa disentimetara di le 3,2 (3,2 cm/1.3 in) jwa sickle barb. Mefuta e e tshwanang e, e fitlhelwa mo Nokeng ya Zambezi, e supa ditso tsa kamano magareng ga dinoka tse pedi tse.[34]

Dimela

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Makgobokgobo a Okavango ke legae la dimela di le 1068 tse di tswang mo tshikeng di le 134 le mo mefuteng e le 530.[35] Go na le mefuta e le metlhano e e botlhokwa ya dimela mo di-swamp/mogobe tse di sa kgaleng tse: Papyrus cyperus mo metsing a a boteng, Miscanthus mo mafelong a a nang le go elelela metsi a a seng boteng, le Phragmites australis, Typha capensis le Pycreus fa gare ga tsone. Mefuta ya ditshedi tse di nnang mo lefelong le tse gantsi di fitlhelwang mo di-swamp/mogobe tse di sa kgaleng, gape di atologa go ya kwa mafelong a a nang le merwalela e tlang le dipaka.[22] Fa lotlhaka le melang teng la Papyrus cyperus, le gola sentle mo metsing a a elelang ka bonya a a boteng, mme eseng thata, mme e bonala thata mo bothokong jwa melapo. Mo ditlhaketlhakeng le go pota ka-kwa ga dikhutlong tsa mafelo a bojang a a emang metsi a merwalela, go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela. Mefuta e e fitlhelwa go ya ka gore e rata metsi a ntseng jang: sekai, Philenoptera violacea e tlhoka metsi a mannye, e fitlhelwa kwa mafelong a a tsholetsegileng thata mo mafelong a di-swamp tse di sa kgaleng, ebile e tlwaelesegile mo mafelong a ditlhaketlhake a di-swamp/mogobe tse di kgalang. Ditlhare tse di fitlhelwang fela mo ditlhaketlhakeng tse di mo di-swamp/mogobeng o o sa kgaleng, di kopantse tsa mokolane wa Hyphaene petersiana le tsa moaka.[36][37]

Dimela tsa makgobokgobo di na le seabe sa botlhokwa mo go thibeleng kgogolego/kgopo ya mmu. Gantsi dintshi (lotshitshi) gotsa dipota tsa noka di na le seretse se sentsi, mme seno se kopana le motlhaba o o mo nokeng go dira gore dintshi (lotshitshi) tsa noka di nne di ntse di oketsega. Metsi a noka e mo makgobokgobong a na le motlhaba fela gantsi, ka gonne metsi a a phepa a Okavango a na le seretse se sennye. Dimela di tshegetsa motlhaba, di dira jaaka sekgomaretsi fa seretse se seng sentsi teng, mme ka go dira jalo di atolosa/oketsa ditlhaketlhake tse mo go tsone dimela ka bontsi di ka kgonang go mela.[38]

Batho

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Mokaedi wa Mo-Hambukushu o tsamaisa mokoro ka thobana mo metsing a makgobokgobo a tlhatsitse

Batho ba Makgobokgobo a Okavango ba na le ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, nngwe le nngwe e na le letso lwa yone le puo ya yone:[39]

  • Ba-Hambukushu (ba gape ba itsegeng e le Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva),
  • Ba-Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku),
  • Ba-Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei),
  • Ba-Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, Glanda/Ggadgadanda)
  • Ba-llanikhwe (Gxanekwe,  lltanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, Gllani,  llani, Xanekwe).

Ba-Hambukushu, Dceriku, le Ba-Wayeyi ka tlwaelo ba na le itsholelo e e tswakantsweng ya temo ya lebelebele/mabele, go tshwara ditlhapi, go tsoma, go bapala dimela tsa naga, le go rua diruiwa.[40]

Ba-Bugakhwe le Ba-llanikwhe ke Basarwa (Bushmen), ba ba tlwaetseng go tshwara ditlhapi, go tsoma le go bapala dimela tsa naga; Ba-Bugakhwe ba ne ba dirisa ditsompelo tsa dikgwa le tsa dinoka, fa ba-llanikhwe bone ba ne ba tsepama thata mo ditsompelong tsa dinoka. Ba-Hambukushu, Ba-Dceriku le ba-Bugakhwe ba fitlhelwa go bapa le Noka ya Okavango mo Angola le mo Caprivi Strip kwa Namibia, mme manoto a Ba-Hambukushu le Ba-Bugakhwe a fitlhelwa le kwa Zambia. Mo teng ga Makgobokgobo a Okavango, mo dingwageng tse di ka nnang 150 le go feta tse di fetileng, Ba-Hambukushu, Ba-Dceriku le Ba-Bugakhwe ba ne ba nna mo karolong ya tsela ya noka le kwa Magwegqana mo karolong e e kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa makgobokgobo. Ba-llanikhwe ba nna mo lefelong la tsela ya noka le go bapa le Noka ya Boro go ralala makgobokgobo, gammogo le lefelo le le bapileng le Noka ya Boteti.[41]

Ba-Wayeyi[42] ba nna mo lefelong le le dikologileng Seronga ga mmogo le kwa borwa jwa makgobokgobo go dikologa Maun, ebile Ba-Wayeyi[43] ba le mmalwa ba nna mo legaeng la bone le go tsewang e le la borraabonemogolo kwa Caprivi Strip. Mo dingwageng tse 20 tse di fetileng batho ba le bantsi go tswa mo kgaolong ya Okavango ba ne ba fudugela kwa Maun, kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1960 le mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo1970, batshabi ba Ba-Hambukushu ba feta 4000 go tswa kwa Angola ba ne ba fiwa bonno mo lefelong le le dikologileng Etsha kwa bophirima jwa tsela ya noka.

Makgobokgobo a Okavango a ntse e le ka fa tlase ga taolo (ya semolao) ya Batawana (setshaba sa Batswana) fa e sale kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 18 (1700s).[44] Ba eteletswe pele ke ba ntlo ya ga Mathiba I, yo e neng e le moeteledipele wa setlhopha sa Ba-Bangwato se se neng sa tswa mo go se segolo, Batawana ba ne ba nna le taolo e e feletseng mo makgobokgobong ka dingwaga tsa bo1850 fa kgwebo ya dinaka tsa tlou ya mo kgaolong e gola thata.[45] Le fa go ntse jalo, Ba-Batawana ba le bantsi ba ntse ba nna fa thoko/kwa bofelong jwa makgobokgobo, ka ntlha ya go bo ntsi ya tsetse e le motlhabetsi/borai mo dikgomong tsa bone. Ka nako ya dingwaga tsa phudugo di ka nna 40, ntsi ya tsetse ya boela morago mme bontsi jwa Ba-Batawana ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a tletseng metsi go tloga ka 1896 go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1930. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, bofelelo/molelwane wa makgobokgobo bo ntse bo tlala ka batho le leruo tse dintseng di oketsega.

Bojanala

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Naga ya Makgobokgobo a Okavango le diphologolo tsa one tsa naga di ngoka bajanala ba le makgolokgolo le dikete-kete ka ngwaga le ngwaga, ebile, toropo ya Maun ke 'kgoro' ya go tsena mo kgaolong e.[46]

Bojanala jwa segompieno jwa safari bo simolotse go nna teng kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1960, fa dikampa tsa ntlha tsa segompieno tsa safari di ne di agiwa mo makgobokgobong. Mo tsamaong ya nako, tsa bojanala tsa atologa tsa akaretsa matlo a baeti a safari a maemo a a kwa godimo, safari ya dikampa tse eseng tsa sennela ruri, kampa ya motho ka koloi, go lebelela dinonyane, go ya go bona diphologolo ka koloi, go fofa ka sefofane go bona mafelo a mantle, go tsamaya ka dinao o na le mokaedi, go itlosa bodutu ka go tshwara ditlhapi le maeto ka mokoro.[47]

Botswana ka kakaretso e rotloetsa mokgwa wa bojanala wa tlhotlhwa e e kwa godimo, dipalo tse di kwa tlase mo kgaolong ya Okavango, o o ikaeletseng go fokotsa ditlamorago mo tikologong ka fa o ntse o na tiriso ya madi e e kwa godimo ya baeti. Pego ya UNESCO ya 2014 e ne ya fitlhela fa go na le malao a le 2129 a bajanala mo lefelong le.[48]Ka 2017 makgobokgobo a amogetse baeng ba le 52 638, ba le 43 363 e le bajanala ba batswakwa mme ba le 9 275 e ne e le beng-gae. Se ke karolo e nnye fela ya bajanala ba le sekete-kete (1 000 000) ba ba tswang kwa ntle ba ba etelang Botswana ngwaga le ngwaga.[49]

Melapo (water streams)

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Dipota tse di laolang merwalela tse di dirisediwang temo ya dijalo tse di gananang le merwalela, mo molapong wa Okavango, mo Botswana

Morago ga paka ya merwalela, metsi a a kwa dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa makgobokgobo, gaufi le fa e simologang teng, a a fokotsega, a tlogele bongola mo mmung. Bongola jone jo bo salang bo dirisiwa go jala dijo tsa diruiwa le dijalo tse dingwe tse di kgonang go gola mo go jone. Lefelo le le itsege mo kgaolong e e le molapo.[50]

Go tloga ka 1974 go ya go 1978, merwalela e ne e le ntsi thata go feta kafa go neng go tlwaelesegile ka teng mme go ne go sa kgonege go lema tsa nako ya merwalela e kokobetse, ka jalo go ne ga nna le tlhaelo e kgolo ya dijo le dijo tsa diruiwa. Ka ntlha ya seo, go ne ga simololwa Molapo Development Project. E ne ya sireletsa mafelo a molapo ka dipota go laola merwalela le go thibela merwalela e e masisi. Dipota di na le dikgoro tse di bulegang gore metsi a a tsegeditsweng a kgone go tswa mme go bo go simololwa temo ya fa merwalela e kokobetse.[51]

Matshosetsi a a ka nnang teng

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Nngwe ya tse di ka nnang tsa baka matshosetsi ke go dupa leokwane (oil) ga kompone ya Canada ya ReconAfrica. Diphuputso tsa ditekeletso tsa kwa tshimologong ka Moranang 2021, di senotse go nna teng ga leokwane (oil) mo matlapeng a sedimentary.[52] Bakgathali-ka-tsa-tikologo ba tlhobaelela gore porojeke e e tla nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tikologong le gore mabeelo a metsi a tlholego mangwe a magolo a ka nna mo diphatseng.[53][54][55]ReconAfrica e boletse gore, "Ditiragalo tse di rulagantsweng ga di kitla di senya tikologo."[56][57]

Puso ya Namibia e beile pele mananeo a go aga mafaratlhatlha a motlakase o fetlhiwang ka metsi, kwa Kgaolong ya Zambezi, se se tla laola go elela ga Okavango ka tsela nngwe. Fa batho ba ba buelelang mogopolo o ba re lenaneo le le ka nna le ditlamorago tse dinnye fela, ba ba buelelang go sirelediwa ga tikologo bone ba re lenaneo le le ka senyaka bontsi jwa diphologolo le dimela tse di mo makgobokgobong.[58] Matshosetsi a mangwe a akaretsa go tsenelela ga batho ba kgaolo e mo lefelong le, le go giwa kapa go dirisiwa ga metsi ga ba ba mo kgaolong, mo Angola le mo Namibia.[59][60]

Motlhami wa dibaesekopo wa mo Aferika Borwa e bile e le motho yo o ratang go sireletsa dilo tsa tlholego e bong Rick Lomba, o ne a tlhagisa ka dingwaga tsa bo1980 ka matshosetsi a go tsenelela ga dikgomo mo lefelong le. Filimi (documentary) ya gagwe ya The End of Eden e ne ya bontsha kafa a neng a buelela ka teng go sirelediwa ga makgobokgobo.[61]

Kgaolo e e amogelang dipula tsa metsi a Okavango e solofetswe, mo isagong, go itemogela go fokotsega ga pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ga mmogo le go oketsega ga mogote ka ntlha ya go gotela ga lefatshe ka bophara.[62] Ditlamorago tsa go gotela ga lefatshe ka bophara di ka nna tsa dira gore go nne le phokotsego ya bogolo jwa mafelo a a tshabelelwang ke go nna le merwalela kwa Makgobokgobong a Okavango, se se tla nna le ditlamorago tse di seng kana ka sepe mo go nneng teng ga metsi, ga mmogo le go rua leruo le ditiro tsa temothuo mo kgaolong e.[63]

Tiro ya Conservation International Botswana, ya tsa tshomarelo, mo kgaolong ya Makgobokgobo a Okavango e tsentse tsa thuto le go nna le seabe mo go tsa ditsamaiso (policy) ga mmogo le dipatlisiso le go baya-leitlho jaaka dipatlisiso tsa go leba go tswa kwa godimo (mo loaping) ga diphologolo tsa naga le tiro ya go sekaseka ka potlako, ga ditshedi.[64][65]

Bona gape

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  • Kalahari Basin

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 "Ramsar Information Sheet" (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting". Whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  3. ↑ Keen, Cecil (1997). "Okavango Delta". Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  4. ↑ McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 17 (3): 275–291. Bibcode:1993JAfES..17..275M. doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.
  5. ↑ "Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders". sevennaturalwonders.org. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  6. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana". Whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Water, John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of (2 September 2021). "Okavango River". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  8. ↑ Eckl, Andreas (2007). "Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911" (PDF). Journal of Namibian Studies. 1: 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  9. ↑ C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. "Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management" (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Wehberg, Jan (31 December 2013). "Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting". Biodiversity & Ecology. 5: 11. doi:10.7809/b-e.00236.
  11. ↑ Gumbricht, T. (1 September 2001). "The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications". South African Journal of Geology. 104 (3): 243–264. Bibcode:2001SAJG..104..243G. doi:10.2113/1040243.
  12. ↑ Balasubramaniam, T.; Shen, G.; Esmaeili, N.; Zhang, H. (2023). "Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress". Plants (Basel, Switzerland). 12(12): 2253. Bibcode:2023Plnts..12.2253B. doi:10.3390/plants12122253. PMC 10300796. PMID 37375879.
  13. ↑ Dunford, Chris. "Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  14. ↑ Wolski, P. (2003). "Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 28 (20–27): 1165–1172. doi:10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7.
  15. ↑ McCarthy, T.S. (2023). "Spatial and temporal controls on the solute behavior of rivers in arid watersheds: The Okavango River". Journal of Hydrology. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129370.
  16. ↑ Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment: Hydrology Report (Report). OKACOM. 2009.
  17. 1 2 Gieske, A. (1997). "Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta". Journal of Hydrology. 193: 214–239. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2.
  18. ↑ Wolski, P. (2003). "Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. doi:10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7.
  19. ↑ "The Okavango Delta | Botswana". www.namibweb.com. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  20. ↑ "Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time". Climatestotravel.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2020
  21. ↑ "A Year in the Okavango Delta". Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com.
  22. 1 2 UNEP-WCMC (22 May 2017). "OKAVANGO DELTA". World Heritage Datasheet. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Bradley, John H. (October 2009). "Gliding in a Mokoro Through the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Cape Town to Cairo Website. CapeTowntoCairo.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  24. ↑ Galpine, N. J. (2006). "Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons" (PDF). Ecological Journal. 7: 55−61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  25. ↑ Chase, M.; Schlossberg, S.; Landen, K.; Sutcliffe, R.; Seonyatseng, E.; Keitsile, A. & Flyman, M. (2018). Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana (Report). Botswana: Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census.
  26. ↑ McCarthy, T. S.; Ellery, W. N.; Bloem, A. (1998). "Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". African Journal of Ecology. 36 (1): 44−56. Bibcode:1998AfJEc..36...44M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x.
  27. ↑ Klein, R. (2007). "Status report for the cheetah in Botswana" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 1: 13−21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  28. ↑ Wallace, K. M.; Leslie, A. J. (2008). "Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Journal of Herpetology. 42 (2): 361−368. doi:10.1670/07-1071.1. S2CID 46987629.
  29. ↑ Alonso, L. E.; Nordin, L.-A., eds. (2003). A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment. Vol. 27. Washington, DC: Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-70-4.
  30. ↑ Mbaiwa, J. E.; Mbaiwa, O. I. (2006). "The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana". International Journal of Wilderness. 12 (3): 17−41. hdl:10311/28.
  31. ↑ IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). Conservation Strategy for the Lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.
  32. ↑ "Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population". Voa News. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023
  33. ↑ "Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens". Bloomberg. 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  34. ↑ "The Fishes of the Okavango Delta" (PDF). Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  35. ↑ Ramberg, Lars (2006). "Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Aquatic Sciences. 68 (3): 316. Bibcode:2006AqSci..68..310R. doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y – via ResearchGate.
  36. ↑ Ramberg, Lars (2006). "Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Aquatic Sciences. 68 (3): 316. Bibcode:2006AqSci..68..310R. doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y – via ResearchGate.
  37. ↑ Toerien, D. K. (15 August 1976). "Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook". Koedoe. 19 (1). doi:10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179. ISSN 2071-0771.
  38. ↑ Nanson, G. C.; Gibling, M. R. (1978). Rivers and alluvial fans. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 925–952. doi:10.1007/3-540-31079-7_173. ISBN 978-3-540-31079-2
  39. ↑ "OKAVANGO DELTA". www.botswana-info.com. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  40. ↑ "Okavango Delta - Living Lakes Network". 20 December 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  41. ↑ "OKAVANGO DELTA". Baruch Safaris (in German). Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  42. ↑ "Wayeyi". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  43. ↑ Campbell, Alexander Colin; N’teta, Doreen (March 1980). "The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana". Museum International. 32 (1–2): 61–66. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x. ISSN 1350-0775. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  44. ↑ Segolodi, Moanaphuti (1940). "Ditso Tsa Batawana". Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  45. ↑ Morton, Barry (1997). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880". South African Historical Journal. 36: 220–239. doi:10.1080/02582479708671276.
  46. ↑ Okavango Delta Management Plan 2021–2028(Report). Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, Conservation and Tourism. July 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  47. ↑ Mbaiwa, J. E. (2005). "Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana" (PDF). Tourism Management. 26 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  48. ↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature (April 2014). IUCN Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List (PDF)(Report). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  49. ↑ Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2023 (PDF)(Report). Statistics Botswana. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
  50. ↑ kmcgee (11 June 2023). "June 12: The Okavango Delta - Overland Travel With KMcGee". Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  51. ↑ Kortenhorst, L. F.; et al. (1986). Development of flood-recession cropping in the molapo's of the Okavango Delta, Botswana (PDF). Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. pp. 8–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  52. ↑ Ltd, Reconnaissance Energy Africa. "ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia". Newswire.ca. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  53. ↑ "A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region". Yale E360. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 April2021.
  54. ↑ "Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout". Mongabay Environmental News. 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  55. ↑ "Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk". Animals. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  56. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project". reconafrica.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April2021.
  57. ↑ Wilson-Spath, Andreas (15 December 2020). "OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  58. ↑ "FindArticles.com - CBSi". findarticles.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  59. ↑ "Threats - Okavango Delta". Okavangodelta.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  60. ↑ "Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice". Macauhub English. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  61. ↑ "OKAVANGO DELTA". Baruch Safaris (in German). Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  62. ↑ ASSAR (2019). What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana (PDF). Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR). Archived (PDF)from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  63. ↑ Murray-Hudson, M.; Wolski, P.; Ringrose, S. (2006). "Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1): 73–84. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331...73M. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041.
  64. ↑ "About Conservation International Botswana". Conservation International Botswana.
  65. ↑ Delivering Global Public Goods Locally: Lessons Learned and Successful Approaches (PDF)(Report). World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF). February 2003. p. 8.
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