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Mariette Bosch

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Mariëtte Sonjaleen Bosch (1950 – Mopitlo a le masome mararo le motso 2001, moragonyana o ne a bidiwa Mariëtte Wolmarans[1]) e ne e le mosadi wa Aforika Borwa yo o neng a bolawa kwa Botswana ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a masome a mararo le motso ka 2001.[2] Bosch o ne a bonwa molato wa polao ya ga Maria Magdalene "Ria" Wolmarans, yo ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a morafe wa batswakwa ba basweu kwa Gaborone, ka Seetebosigo 1996.[3][4] E ne e le motho wa ntlha wa mosweu go bolawa mo Botswana, mme e ne e le mosadi wa bone go kalediwa fa e sale lefatshe le bona boipuso.[5] Ka ntlha ya mabaka a mabedi a, kgetse ya polao e ne ya tlhodumelwa thata kwa ntle ga lefatshe mme ya bidiwa "Botswana's White Mischief".

Tsa kwa morago

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Mariette Bosch e ne e le morwadia mong wa lebenkele la bojalwa le le humileng kwa Aforika Borwa, mme ene le monna wa gagwe Justin ba ne ba fudugetse kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo wa lefatshe le le mabapi yla Botswana, ka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa tlase sa bosenyi sa lefatshe leo le itsholelo e e phophomang.[3] Ba lelwapa la ga Bosch ba ne ba nna kwa Phakalane, e leng lefelo kwa Gaborone le le neng le ratwa ke batswakwa ba ba humileng ba Basweu ba Aforika Borwa mme gantsi le bidiwa "Little Sandton". Mariette o ne a nna leloko la Kereke ya Gaborone ya Dutch Reformed mme a tsena mo setšhabeng sa maemo a a kwa godimo, a nna tsala le Ria Wolmarans le monna wa gagwe, Marthinus "Tienie" Wolmarans.[6] O ne a na le bana ba le bararo.[7]

Ka 1995, Justin Bosch o ne a tlhokafala mo kotsing ya koloi. Moragonyana fela ga foo, Mariette Bosch le Tienie Wolmarans ba ne ba simolola go ratana.[3][7] Ba lelwapa la ga Wolmaran ba ne ba kgaogane ka 1993 mme ba ne ba boela go nna mmogo ngwaga o o latelang, le fa Tienie a ne a solofetsa Bosch gore o tla tlhala mosadi wa gagwe.[6]

Ka Seetebosigo 1996, Bosch o ne a ya kwa Pietersburg, Aforika Borwa, mme a amogela tlhobolo ya ga rraagwe go tswa go mongwe wa ditsala tsa gagwe.[8] Letsatsi le le latelang o ne a tsenya tlhobolo eo ka bokhukhuntshwane mo Botswana.[6] Bosch o ne a tsena mo ntlong ya bonno ya ga Wolmarans, e e neng e le diblock di le pedi go tswa kwa ntlong ya gagwe, ka go palama lebota la tshireletso mme a hula Ria Wolmarans gabedi, a mo itaya mo mpeng le mo dikgopong. Go ne go sena basupi ba tiragalo e.[6]

Kwa tshimologong, mapodisi a ne a dumela gore polao e diragetse mo thulaganyong ya go thuba mme ga a ka a umaka babelaelwa bape.[3][6] Bosch o ne a bolelela mogadibo wa gagwe, Judith Bosch, gore o rata Tienie Wolmarans mme o eletsa go nyalana nae.[7] Judith, yo Bosch a neng a na le botsalano jo bo botlhoko le ene,[6] o ne a tlhotlheletsa Bosch go mo naya sebetsa sa polao ene le monna wa gagwe, a re o tla se busetsa kwa mong wa tlhobolo wa mmatota, yo e neng e le tsala ya bone; Mariette o ne a naya monna wa ga Judith tlhobolo.[3][7] Dikgwedi di le tharo morago ga polao, Bosch o ne a otara mosese wa lenyalo go tswa go motlhami mongwe kwa Pretoria. Fa Judith a sena go lemoga dintlha ka tlhobolo le mosese, o ne a isa tlhobolo kwa mapodising. Mapodisi a ne a tshwara Wolmarans ka dipelaelo tsa gore o ne a amega mo polaong, mme o ne a gololwa morago ga maitseboa a le mangwe mme ga a ise a ke a latofadiwe.[6]

Thulaganyo ya semolao

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Basekisi ba Botswana ba ne ba re polao e ne e akaretsa "di-L tse nne tsa polao — lorato, (loot) thopo, lust (keletso) le (loathing) go ila."[3] Morago ga go tshwarwa ga ga Mariette Bosch,[7] Tienie Wolmarans o ne a mo nyala ka 1997 mme a mo ema nokeng.[3] Bosch o ne a tshwaretswe la ntlha kwa kgolegelong ya Lobatse ya ba Tirelo ya Dikgolegelo tsa Botswana.

Chris McGreal wa The Guardian o ne a re, "Tsheko e ne e sa tlwaelesega ka dinako tse dingwe".[6] Moithutatlhaloganyo yo o neng a direla bafemedi, Dr. Louise Olivier, gape o ne a kile a dira jaaka "ngaka ya thobalano" ya makasine.[6] Ngaka ya tlhaloganyo, e e neng e dira jaaka mosupi wa moitseanape wa bafemedi, o ne a nganga gore Bosch o ne a sena maemo a mmolai mme o ne a sa kgone go bua maaka.[7] McGreal o boletse gore morwadia Bosch o ne a lela kwa kgotlatshekelong le gore ba lelwapa la gagwe "ba ne ba tshositswe ke seemo sa disorokisi".[6] Ka Sedimonthole a le lesome le boraro 1999,[9] Moatlhodi Isaac Aboagye wa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana o ne a bona Bosch molato wa polao ya ga Wolmarans, mme ka Tlhakole 2000, a mo atlholela loso.[4]

Ka Firikgong 2001, Bosch o ne a ikuela. Mmueledi wa Borithane Sir Desmond da Silva o ne a mo emela.[6] Setlhopha sa baatlhodi go tswa kwa Mafatsheng a selekane e ne ya dira jaaka kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo,[3] mme da Silva o ne a leka go ba tlhatswa pelo gore puso ya Botswana e ne e sa senola, ka nako ya tsheko, gore e ne ya naya mmelaelwa tshireletso go mo ananya ka go neela bosupi kgatlhanong le Bosch.[6] Ka Firikgong a le masome mararo 2001, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo ya Botswana e ne ya gana boikuelo joo,[4] ya atlhola gore tlhaloso ya ga Bosch ya kgetse e e ne e sa tlhomamisege.[10]

Ka nako eo, kgonagalo e le nosi fela ya gore Bosch a bolokwe mo polaong e ka bo e le go itshwarelwa ke Tautona wa Botswana Festus Mogae.[4] Go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha pele ga polao ya ga Bosch, batho ba le masome mararo le boraro ba ne ba kaleditswe mo Botswana.[10] Ka mafelobeke pele ga polao ya ga Bosch, Mogae o ne a bolela gore ga a akanyetse go mo itshwarela.[11]

Fa a letetse katlholo ya gagwe ya loso, Bosch o ne a tsenngwa mo kgolegelong ya Gaborone Central.[3] Puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya gana go tshereganya mo kgetsing ya gagwe.[12] Go fitlha kwa bokhutlong, o ne a gatelela gore ga a a bolaya Ria Wolmarans, ga a bontsha go ikwatlhaya, mme a latofatsa motho wa boraro ka gore ke ene mmolai wa mmatota.[13]

Kwa Botswana, kotlhao e e beilweng ya polao ke loso, ntle le fa go ka fitlhelwa maemo a a fokotsang kotlhao a a tlhokang gore go nne le bonolo.[13] Morago ga gore Bosch a fetse ngwaga o le mongwe a le mo moleng wa loso,[5] o ne a kalediwa ka nako ya masome a mararo morago ga nako ya botlhano mo mosong[14] ka Mopitlo a le masome mararo le motso 2001.[11][2] Kaletso e diragetse kwa kgolegelong ya Central Maximum kwa Gaborone.[5] Ba lelwapa la ga Bosch le babueledi ba gagwe ga ba a ka ba itsisiwe go sa le gale gore o tla bolawa.[2] Letsatsi morago ga go kalediwa, ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba kgweetsa go mo etela fa ba utlwa ka go kalediwa mo seromamoweng.[15] Tienie Wolmarans a re o lekile ketelo e e rulagantsweng letsatsi le le fetileng, Labotlhano, go fa Bosch dilwana dingwe, mme a bolelelwa fa go na le tlhatlhobo mme ka jalo ba palelwa ke go dira ketelo. Taelo ya loso ya ga Bosch e ne ya newa letsatsi leo. Wolmarans o ne a re balaodi ba kgolegelo ba ne ba mo akeditse.[14]

Tsamaiso ya bosiamisi jwa bosenyi ya Botswana ga e na dijo tsa bofelo tse di tlhomilweng tsa yo o bolailweng. Ga go na melemo epe e e ritibatsang maikutlo e e newang legolegwa pele ga le bolawa. Joe Orebotse, monna yo o neng a bua mo boemong jwa molaodi wa tsamaiso ya dikgolegelo tsa Botswana, o ne a bolela gore go ne go na le moruti wa bodumedi, modiredi wa tsa kalafi, mokaletsi, le badiredi ba kgolegelo, mme ga go na ba losika ba ba neng ba letleletswe go tsena.[11] Kwa Botswana, ba losika ga ba letlelelwe fa batho ba bolawa.[5] Wolmarans o ne a bolela gore ga a itse gore lebitla la ga Bosch le fa kae mo mabaleng a kgolegelo. Babueledi ba gagwe ba ne ba bolela gore o ne a bolawa ka bonako jo bo sa tlwaelesegang mme ba kgala go bolawa ga gagwe.[14]

Ditlamorago

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Moranang a le malatsi mabedi 2001 Tautona wa Aforika Borwa Thabo Mbeki o ne a santse a rulaganya go simolola boikuelo jwa gore katlholo ya loso ya ga Bosch e menolwe, a sa lemoge gore o setse a bolailwe.[11] Interights, e leng mokgatlho o o seng wa puso o o kwa United Kingdom, le makoko mangwe a a sa itsiweng a ne a boletse gore go bolawa ga gagwe go ne go sa siama. Ka Mosupologo wa Sedimonthole a le malatsi a ferabobedi 2003 ofisi ya ga Mogae e ne ya bolela gore polao e ne e sa kgopakgopetsane le African Commission on Human Rights le gore ACHR e ne ya atlhola gore ditshwanelo tsa ga Bosch ga di a gatakiwa ka go bolawa ga gagwe ka nako ya kopano ya bo masome mararo le bone ya Kokoano e e Tlwaelesegileng e e neng e tshwerwe kwa Gambia.[16]

Ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe di ne tsa kgala polao e;[11] Amnesty International e ne ya nganga gore[17] e ne e dirilwe ka bonako le mo sephiring go tila dikganetsano tse dingwe, gore lelwapa le ne le sa itse ka polao e go fitlha e setse e diragetse, le gore polao e ne ya dirwa ka bonako morago ga boikuelo le gape gore Bosch o ne a santse a kopa mautlwelobotlhoko go tswa kwa go Mogae.[13] Mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa setho wa Botswana wa Ditshwanelo le one o ne wa kgala polao eo.[18]

Kgetse e ne ya bapisiwa le buka le filimi ya White Mischief,[13] le mowa wa batho ba basweu ba ba humileng kwa Kenya ya motlha wa bokolone e motseletsele oo o neng o e bontsha.[19] Buka le filimi eno di ne di theilwe mo polaong e e neng ya direga kwa Kenya ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi e e neng e akaretsa monna mongwe, e bong Sir Henry Delves Broughton, yo o neng a sekisiwa ka ntlha ya go bolaya monna yo mongwe yo o neng a simolola go ratana le mosadi wa gagwe. Ka jalo, batho ba ne ba e bitsa "Botswana's white mischief".[15] Go ne go dirilwe filimi e e neng e bua ka kgetse ya polao ya ga Bosch. Ka ngwaga wa 2001 puso ya Botswana e ne ya gana go e gasa, ya re documentary eo e ka felela e tsisa ditsheko. Morago ga tshwetso, Chris Bishop, tlhogo ya mafaratlhatlha a dikgang tsa thelebišene ya Botswana, o ne a rola tiro.[15]

  1. ↑ Meyer, Lukas. "SA vrou veg in skadu van Botswana-galg Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine." Rapport. 9 December 2000. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Penketh, Anne. "America and the world's executioners join efforts to block UN moves to end death penalty." The Independent. Thursday 15 November 2007. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bird, Maryann. "Until Death Us Do Part." TIME. Monday February 12, 2001. Retrieved on 3 Phalane 2025. "Barring a presidential decree of clemency, Bosch—who still maintains she is innocent—would be the first white woman to be executed in Botswana's history."
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Bosch loses appeal." News 24. 30 January 2001. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Love-triangle murderer hanged." BBC. Monday 2 April 2001. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 McGreal, Chris. "Love, loot, lust and loathing." The Guardian. Monday 22 January 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Morrall, p. 61.
  8. ↑ "In the Court of Appeal[...]" p. 7.
  9. ↑ "240/2001 – Interights et al (on behalf of Mariette Sonjaleen Bosch)/Botswana." (Archive) University of Minnesota. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  10. 1 2 Barrow, Greg. "South African woman to hang." BBC. Tuesday 30 January 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Warby, Vivian. "Murderess Mariette Bosch executed in Botswana." IOL News. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  12. ↑ "South Africa Must Stop Bosch Hanging".[dead link] Comtex Africa News Service. 2 February 2001. "The South African government will not intervene to save South African Mariette Sonjaleen Bosch from the gallows."
  13. 1 2 3 4 Morrall, p. 62.
  14. 1 2 3 McGreal, Chris. "Outrage at secret Botswana hanging." The Guardian. Monday 2 April 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  15. 1 2 3 "Bosch film row." BBC. Wednesday 2 May 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  16. ↑ Staff Reporter. "Mariette Bosch's execution was 'fair'." Mail & Guardian. 9 December 2003. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  17. ↑ ""Botswana: Amnesty International appalled by secret execution"". Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2013-03-26.. Amnesty International. 3 April 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  18. ↑ "Press Statement – Botswana Execution Update April 2001 Execution of Mariette Sonjaleen Bosch." (Archive) Ditshwanelo. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
  19. ↑ "'White Mischief' trial begins." BBC. Thursday 18 January 2001. Retrieved 4 Phalane 2025.
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