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Maroons

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Maroons ke ditlogolwana tsa Maaforika kwa Amerika le ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle la India ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba, ka go tshaba kgotsa ka go gololwa ke beng ba bone, mme ba ipopela mafelo a bona a bodulo. Gantsi ba ne ba tlhakana le batho ba ba tlholegang mo lefatsheng leo, mme kgabagare ba fetoga go nna ditso tse di farologaneng tsa se-creole jaaka Garifuna le Mascogos.[1]

Tlhamo ya lefoko

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Maroon e tsene mo Seesemaneng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1590, go tswa mo letlhaoding la Sefora marron, le le kayang 'senaga' kgotsa 'motshabi', ka bolone gongwe le tswa mo lefokong la Sepanishe sa Amerika cimarrón, le le kayang 'bonaga, se se sa laolesegeng' kgotsa 'lekgoba le le ngwegileng'.[2][3][4] Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1570, ditlhaselo tsa ga Sir Francis Drake mo Masepanisheng kwa Panama di ne tsa thusiwa ke "Symerons", e leng mopeleto o o ka tswang o sa kwalwa sentle wa cimarrón.[2] Moitseanape wa puo Leo Spitzer, fa a kwala mo lekwalodikgannyeng la Language, a re, "Fa e le gore go na le kgolagano fa gare ga Seesemane maroon, Fr. marron, le Sp. cimarrón, gongwe Spain (kgotsa Amerika ya Sepanishe) e ne ya naya Enyelane (kgotsa Amerika ya Seesemane) lefoko leno ka tlhamalalo.[5]

Le fa go ntse jalo, philologist wa kwa Cuba José Juan Arrom o ne a batlisisa tshimologo ya lefoko maroon go feta cimarrón ya kwa Spain, e e dirisitsweng pele kwa Hispaniola go kaya dikgomo tsa naga, go tswa foo makgoba a Maindia a aneng a tshabela kwa dithabeng, mme mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo1530 la ya kwa makgobeng a MaAforika a a neng a dira jalo. O akanya gore lefoko la Se-Spain la Amerika le tswa mo lefokong la Arawakan simarabo, le le tlhalosiwang jaaka 'motshabi', mo puong ya Arawakan e e buiwang ke batho ba Taíno ba ba tlholegang mo setlhaketlhakeng.[6][7][8][9][10]

Ditso

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Maroons ba tshoganeditswe ke dintsa (1893) (Brussels) by Louis Samain.

Motlha wa bokolone

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Mo Lefatsheng le lesha, go tloga ka 1512, makgoba a MaAforika a ne a tshaba mo batshwaring ba Spain mme a kopanela le batho ba ba tlholegang mo lefatsheng kgotsa a itshedisa ka bobone.[11] Fa makgoba a a tshabileng le Baamerika ba ne ba kopana mmogo mme ba itshedisa ba ne ba bidiwa "Maroons". Mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean, ba ne ba bopa ditlhopha mme mo ditlhaketlhakeng dingwe, ba ne ba bopa dikampa tse di tlhometseng.

Ditshaba tsa ntlha tsa Maroon tsa Amerika di ne tsa tlhamiwa mo lefelong le jaanong e leng Dominican Republic, morago ga botsuolodi jwa ntlha jwa makgoba ka la bo 26 Sedimonthole 1522, mo masimong a sukiri a ga Admiral Diego Columbus.: 35 Setshaba se se tlwaelegileng sa Maroon mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa batho ba le bararo ka tlwaelo.

Bontsi jwa bone e ne e le makgoba a a neng a tshaba ka tlhamalalo fa ba sena go fologa mo dikepeng. Ba ne ba gana go neela kgololesego ya bone mme gantsi ba ne ba leka go batla ditsela tsa go boela kwa Aforika.

Setlhopha sa bobedi e ne e le makgoba a a neng a ntse a bereka mo masimong ka lobakanyana. Makgoba ao gantsi a ne a tlwaetse thulaganyo ya makgoba go sekae fela a ne a sotlilwe ke beng ba masimo – gantsi ka bosetlhogo jo bo feteletseng. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshaba fa ba ne ba rekisiwa ka tshoganyetso go mong yo mosha.

Setlhopha sa bofelo sa Maroons gantsi e ne e le makgoba a a nang le bokgoni a a neng a le kgatlhanong thata le tsamaiso ya makgoba.

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Diouf, Sylviane A. (2016). Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons. New York: NYU. pp. 81, 171–177, 215, 309. ISBN 978-0-8147-2449-1. OCLC 864551110. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "maroon". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "Maroon definition and meaning". Collins Dictionary. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2000). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-19-514050-7. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Spitzer, Leo (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. 14 (2). Linguistic Society of America": 145–147. doi:10.2307/408879. JSTOR 408879. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarrón, wild, untamed'. But Eng. maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarrón, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le gane ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Arrom, José Juan (1983). "Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen" [Cimarrón: Notes on its first documentation and probable origin]. Revista Española de Antropología Americana (in Spanish). XII. Madrid: Universidad Complutense: 10. Spanish: Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina.» English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Arrom, José Juan; García Arévalo, Manuel Antonio (1986). Cimarrón. Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo. p. 30. Spanish: En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli. English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that cimarrón is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le gane ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Price, Richard (1996). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-8018-5496-5. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Arrom, José Juan (1 January 2000). Estudios de lexicología antillana [Antillean Lexicology Studies] (in Spanish). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8477-0374-6. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Tardieu, Jean-Pierre (2006). "Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique" [Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, epistemological note]. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). 93 (350): 237–247. doi:10.3406/outre.2006.4201. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le malatsi mane ka 2025.
  11. ↑ Drake, Frances (1909–1914). Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. para. 21 – via Bartleby Great Books Online. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ka 2025
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