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Matshelo a Batho Bantsho a Maleba (Black Lives Matter)

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Matshelo a batho bantsho a botlhokwa
Sekao le Folaga tse di dirisiwang gangwe le gape mo letsholong la Black Lives Matter
Letsatsi2013–present
LefeloLefatshe ka bophara, boremelelo ke kwa United States
Also known as
  • Black Lives Matter movement
  • BLM
CauseRacial discrimination and police brutality against black people|motive=Anti-racism
Outcome

Black Lives Matter (BLM) ke mokgatlho wa polotiki le matshelo a batho[1][2] o o ikaelelang go senola kgethololo ya lotso le mmala, tlhaolele le tlhoka tekatekano ya lotso e e itemogelwang ke batho bantsho, le go rotloetsa go sa kgetholele. Matshwenyego a mokgatlho o o a kgathalelang thata ke bosetlhogo jwa mapodise le tirisodikgoka mo bathong ba bantsho mo go rotloediwang ke lotso le mmala.[3][4][5][6][7] Mokgatlho o o simologile e le go tsibogela polao ya ga Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Eric Garner le Rekia Boyd, gareng ga ba bangwe. BLM le makgotla a mangwe a a tshwanang le lone, a buelela phetogo ya melao e e amanang le kgololo ya batho bantsho.[8] Le fa go na le makgotla a a ipitsang "Black Lives Matter", jaaka la Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, mokgatlho mogolo ga o na moeteledipele.[9] Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2021, go na le dikgaolo di le masome a mane kwa mafatsheng a United States le Canada.[1] Moano wa "Black Lives Matter"ga o ise o dirwe letshwao ke setlhopha sepe.[10]

Maloko a Black Lives Matter ba dirile dipopelelo kgatlhanong le mapodisi kwa Saint paul, Minnesota ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le malatsi a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa 2015

Ka ngwaga wa 2013, balweladitshwanelo ebile e le ditsala Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors le Ayo Tometi ba ne ba simolola hashtag "BlackLivesMatter mo maranyaneng morago ga go sa bonwe molato ga ga George Zimmerman mo polaong ya lekawana la mo Amerika wa mmala o montsho Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter e ne ya simolola go itsege mo lefatsheng ka bophara fa go diriwa dipopelelo morago ga dintsho tse dingwe tse pedi tsa batho bantsho ka ngwaga wa 2014, Michael Brown le Eric Garner kwa toropong ya New York.[11][12] Fa e sale ka dipopelelo tsa kwa Ferguson, batsaakarolo mo mokgatlhong o ba supile go ema kgatlhanong le dintsho tsa batho bantsho ba bangwe tse di bakilweng ke mapodise. Ka selemo ngwaga wa 2015, balwela ditshwanelo ba black Lives Matter ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo ditlhopong tsa botautona kwa United States tsa ngwaga wa 2016.[13]

Mokgatlho o o ne wa gapa leitlho la batho ma mafatsheng ka kakaretso ka dipopelo tsa mafatshefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2020 morago ga polao ya ga George Floyd, a bolwala ke lepodisi la kwa Minneapolis Derek Chauvin.[14] [15]Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go tsena ka di le masome a mabedi le borataro ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo dipopelelong kwa United States, se se dira gore e nne nngwe ya dipopelelo tse ditona mo ditsong tsa lefatshe leo.[16] Le ntswa ba ba kgatlhanong ba re lekgotla le le dikgoka, bontsi jwa babopeledi ba na le kagiso.[17]

Go itsege ga Black Lives Matter go fetogile le nako, ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga ka fa batho basweu ba le lebang ka teng. Ka ngwaga wa 2020, 67% ya bagolo kwa United States ba ne ba supa kemo nokeng ya bone mo lekgotleng le, mme ka 2023 ga nna le kwelo tlase fa 51% fela e le yone e emang nokeng.[18][19][20][21] Kemo nokeng mo bathong ba mmala yone e ntse e tshwere ka thata, 81% ya batho America ba bantsho, 61% ya ba ba buang puo ya Spanish le 63% ya ba kwa Asia ba supile kemo nokeng ya bone mo lekgotleng le fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2023.[18]

Thulaganyo le Motheo

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Go arologanngwa

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Mafoko a "Black Lives Matter" a ka raya tiriso mo maranyaneng a Twitter, moano, komiti ya polotiki kgotsa ditlhopha tse di lwelang tshiamelo ya lotso le mmala.[22] Jaaka balwela ditshwanelo, Black Lives Matter e dirisa beng gae ebile ga e a ikaega ka lephata lepe la puso, baeteledi ba gateletse botlhokwa jwa go ithulaganyetsa mo gae go na le go etelelwa pele ke batsamaisi ba lefatshe.[23][24] Thulaganyo e farologana le mekgatlho ya pele ya batho bantsho e tshwana le Civil Rights Movement wa ngwaga ya 1950 go tsena ka 1960. Dipharologanyo tse bakwadi ba baithuti ba kwadile ka tsone.[25] Molwela ditshwanelo DeRay McKesson o latlhetse lefokola gagwe la gore mokgatlho o akaretsa botlhe ba ba dumalanang gore matshelo a batho bantsho a maleba ebile ba seegela fa thoko nako ya bone go direla mokgatlho o.[26]

Ka ngwaga wa 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza le Ayo Tometi ba ne ba simolola mokgatlho wa Black lives Matter. Garza o tlhalositse mokgatlho o are ke serala se se mo maranyaneng se se fang balwela ditshwanelo melao le maikaelelo e ba e tlhakanentseng. Mekgatlho e mennye e kopilwe go sala morago melawana ya mokgatlho o le fa ba ikemetse, ba bereka go sena moeteledipele.[1] Garza o tlhalositse gore mokgatlho o ga o kgatlhegele go laola gore ke mang o e leng bontlha jwa mokgatlho.[27][28]Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2021, go na le mekgatlho e mennye e ka nna masome a mane kwa lefatsheng la United States le kwa Canada[1].

Thulaganyo e e sa gagamadiwang ya lekgotla le e dira gore go nne le tsietsego mo bathong ba ba begang dikgang le ba ba lwelang ditshwanelo, ka gore ditiro le mafoko a a tswang kwa mekgatlhong e mennye le ba ba ikemetseng gantsi a tsewa gore ke a mokgatlho ka botlalo.[29][30] Matt Pearce, o o kwalelang pampiri ya dikgang ya Los Angeles Times, o tlhalositse gore mafoko a ka tswa a dirisiwa e le selelo sa kokoano sa polotiki kgotsa a raya lekgotla la balwela ditshwanelo. [31]

Mo makgethong a le mantso, motho mongwe o kile a fa pego mo boemong jwa lekgotla le a supiwa fa e le moeteledipele.[32]

Bophara jwa mokgatlho

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Ka nako e le nngwe, mokgatlho o o bophara o akaretsa makgotla a mangwe le balwela ditshwanelo o ne wa tlhagele;a ka fa tlase ga moano wa "Black lives Matter".[33][34] Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Johnetta Elzie, DeRay McKesson, Brittany Packnett le Samuel Sinyangwe ba ne ba simolodisa letsholo la Campaign Zero, le maikaelelo a lone e leng go rotloetsa diphetogo tsa molao go fedisa bosetlhogo jwa ba sepodisi. Letsholo le le ne la ntsha lenaneo la dintlha di le lesome tsa phetogo ya melao ka melao kakanyetso e akaretsa: go fedisa go akanyetsa gore batho ba ka tlola molao go lebilwe seemo sa bone, go oketsa go tlhokomela sechaba ga ba sepodisi, le go gagamatsa melao ya tiriso dikgoka.[35] Mmega dikgang wa The New York Times John Eligon, o kwadile gore balwela ditshwanelo bangwe ba supile go tshwenyega ka gore letsholo le le itebagantse thata le go baakanya melao ka bosetlhogo jwa mapodisi.[36]

Lekgotla la Black Lives Matter le supa gape kemo nokeng ya makgotla a mangwe le tse dingwe ntle le bosetlhogo jwa mapodisi, di akaretsa golwela ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo bo tshwanang, go lwela ditshwanelo tsa basadi, phetogo ya melao ya go fudugela kwa mafatsheng a mangwe le tshiamelo ya itsholelo.[37]

Letsholo la matshelo a batho bantsho

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Dipopelelo tsa Black Lives Matter ka Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa 2015 kwa St. Paul, Minnesota

Letsholo la matshelo a batho bantsho (Movement for Black Lives - M4BL) ke kgolagano ya ditlhopha di feta masome a matlhano tse di emetseng dikgatlhego tsa merafe ya batho bantsho mo lefatsheng la United States ka bophara.[38] Maloko a akaretsa lekgotla la matshelo a batho bantsho (Black Lives Matter Network), Bokopano jwa babueledi ba bantsho (National Conference of Black Lawyers) le Ella Baker Center for Human Rights.[39] Le tshegeditswe ke ditlhopha di tshwana le Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland le ONE DC,[40] bokopano bo bo amogela dipuisano le kemo nokeng go tswa mo lekgotleng le le bidiwang Blackbird.[41]

Morago ga polao ya ga George Floyd, MB4L ba ne ba ntsha molao o o bidiwang BREATHE Act, o o neng o lwela go baakanya melao le go isa madi mo didirisiweng tsa morafe.[42][43]

Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2015, letsholo le ne la kopana kwa Cleveland State University, kwa balwela disthwanelo ba le sekete le makgolo a matlhano go tsena ka ba le dikete pedi ba neng ba phutheganela go buisana le go dira ditshupo. Bokopano jwa kwa Cleveland kwa Ohio, pele bo ne bo leka go tla ka maano a gore letsholo la matshelo a batho bantsho le lebise ba molao molato wa ditiro tsa bone.[44][45][46]Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga felela go simololwa letsholo le le botlhokwa le go gaisa la matshelo a batho. Kwa phelelong ya bokopano bo jwa malatsia mararo, ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro, letsholo la matshelo a batho bantsho le ne la simolola letsholo la go kopanya ditlhopha tsa mo gae le tsa lefatshe ka bophara go bereka mmogo mo sebakeng sa ngwaga. [44]

Ka ngwaga wa 2016, lekgotla la Ford Foundation le ne la bega leano la go abela lekgotla la M4BL madi sebaka sa dingwaga di le thataro, ba ikopanya le ba bangwe go tsenya madi mo letloleng la letsholo le le eteletsweng pele ke batho bantsho.[47][48][49] Madi a a neng a abile ke Ford Foundation le ba bangwe a ne a tshwara lekgolo la sedikadike la di dolara, go ya ka pego ya The Washington Times ya ngwaga wa 2016[50]; moneelo o mongwe wa didikadike di le masome a mararo le boraro wa di dolara o ne wa tswa kwa Open Society Foundations.[51][52]

Dithuso tsa madi

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Pampiri ya dikgang ya Politico e begile ka ngwaga wa 2015 gore lekgotla la Democratic Alliance, le e leng bokopano jwa ba ba thusang phathi ya Democratic ka madi, ba ne ba rulaganya go kopana le baeteledipele ba ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tse di neng di rotloetsa letsholo la Black Lives Matter.[53] Go ya ka Politico, bokopano jwa go thusa ka madi jo bo e teletsweng pele ke mojaboswa wa mohumi wa lookwane lwa ko Texas ebong Leah Hunt-Hendriz, bo bo bidiwang Solidare, ba abetse BLM madi a ka feta dikete di le makgolo mabedi a di dolara ka ngwaga wa 2015.[54]

Go ya pampiri ya dikgang ya kwa Britain, The Economist, go abela madi ditirelo tse di amanang lekgotla la Black Lives Matter gareng ga kgwedi ya Motsheganong 2020 go tsena ka Morule 2020 go dirile madi a a kanang ka dibilione di le lesome[50], madi a a lekanang le di bilione di le lesome le boraro mo ngwageng wa 2024.[55] Lekgotla la Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation le e leng lengwe la makgotla a a eteletseng pele go diragatsa le go phutha batho, le supile fa le kgonne go kgobokanya madi a ka tshwara didikadike di le masome a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2020 (selekanyo sa didikadike di le lekgolo le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2024[50]), a akaretsa a a abilweng ke batho ka bongwe ka bongwe mo maranyaneng. [50][56][57]

Ditogamaano le maano

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Lekgotla la Black Lives Matter, pelel le ne le dirisa dirala tsa maranyane di farologane, di akaretsa hashtag go fitlhelela dikete tsa batho ka bofefo.[58] Fa e sale ka nako eo, lekgotla le le amogetse maano a a farologaneng.[59] Dipopelelo tsa Black Lives Matter di nnile ka kagiso; fa go nna le tirisodikgoka, e a bo e dirwa ke ba ba kgatlhanong le lone.[60][61][62] Le ntswa go ntse jalo, ba ba emeng kgatlhanong ba leka go supa lekgotla le jaaka o kare le dikgoka.[62][63]

Maranyane

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Tshekatsheko ya tiriso ya #BlackLivesMatter mo maranyaneng a Twitter, morago ga ditiragalo tse dikgolo tsa dikgang.

Ka ngwaga wa 2014, lekgotla la American Dialect Society le ne la tlhopha #BlackLivesMatter e le lone lefoko la bone la ngwaga. [64][65] Bukana ya dikgang ya Yes! e tlhophile #BlackLivesMatter e le nngwe ya di hashtag tse di fetotseng lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2014.[66] Go tswa ka kgwedi ya phukwi ka 2013 go fitlha ka Motsheganong a tlhola gangwe ngwaga wa 2018, "#BlackLivesMatter" e dirisitswe makgetho a ka nna didikadike di le masome a mararo, mo go ka lekanyediwang e le dikete di le lesome le bosupa le metso e mebedi ka letsatsi. [67] Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2020, go kwadilwe ka yone mo Twitter didikadike di le masome a mane le bosupa, fa e dirisitswe thata gareng ga Phukwi a le malatsia supa le a lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2016, dikete di le makgolo a matlhano ka letsatsi.[67] Mo sebakeng seo go ne ga itemogelwa go ya godimo ga tiriso ya di hashtag tsa #BlueLivesMatter"le #AllLivesMatter". [67] Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2020, batho ba ba mo Twitter ba ne ba e dirisitse didikadike di ferabobedi, se sa oketsa selekanyo go nna didikadike di le tharo ka letsatsi.[68]

Go thuntshiwa ga mapodisi ka ngwaga wa 2016 kwa Dallas go ne ga tsisa phetogo mo tirisong ya lekgotla le, 39% ya bakwadi ba twitter ba e dirisa go supa go ema kgatlhanong le lekgotla le. [69] Batho ba kwa sephatlo sa ba ba kgatlhanong ba ne ba amanya lekgotla le le go nna dikgoka, fa bontsi bo ne bo supa setlhopha se e le sa dirukutlhi.[69]

Motlhatlhelela dithuto kwa Rutgers University, Khadijah White, o ganetsa se, a supa fa BLM e tsisitse motlha o mosha wa matsholo a baithuti ba dikolo tse digolwane. Gore go bo go le motlhofo go ka tsaya ditshwantsho tsa dikgoka tsa mapodisi o bo o se tsenya mo maranyaneng, go thusitse go lwela ditshwanelo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[70] Tiriso ya mafoko a mo maranyane e gapile megopolo ya mapolotiki a tlhwatlhwa mme dinako tse dingwe ga ba rotloetsa go ema mokgatlho o nokeng.[25]

Mo Wikipedia, thulaganyo ya go bega ka Black Lives Matter ya WikiProject e ne ya diriwa ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2020.[71]

Ka ngwaga wa 2020, badirisi ba maranyane a a tumileng thata a TikTok ba ne ba lemoga fa maranyane a o a lebega a kgaphela kwa ntle dipego ka BLM le dipolao tsa batho bantsho tse di dirilweng ke ba sepodise. Ba maranyane a TikTok ba ne ba ikopa maitshwarelo ba supa fa e ne e le bothata jwa magokanyane a maranyane.[72]

Dikgato tsa tlhamalalo

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Sesupo se se reng mabogo kwa godimo (hands up) e supiwa kwa popelelong ya Ferguson ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2014.

Lekgotla la BLM gantsi le tsaya dikgato ka tlhamalalo mo dikgannyeng tse di dirang gore batho ba seka ba phuthuloga, ka jalo ba patelesega go baakanya seemo. [73][74] Lekgotla la BLM le itsege ka go dira dipopelelo. [75] Lekgotla le le kile la dira gape go bopelela ka go robala fa fatshe jaaka o kare ba tlhokafetse, ka ngwaga wa 2015 ka lobelo lwa Twin Cities.[76]

Ditshupelo tsa Black Lives Matter kwa Oakland, California ka ngwaga wa 2014, kgwedi ya Morule.

Meano ya sepolotiki e e dirisitsweng ka nako ya ditshupo e akaretsa ya matshelo a batho bantsho a maleba "Black Lives Matter, mabogo kwa godimo "Hands up, dont shoot",[77] ga ke kgone go hema "Ï cant breathe",[78][79] Go didimala ga batho basweu ke dikgoka "White Silence is violence",[80] go tlhoka tshiamelo ke go tlhoka kagiso "No justice, no peace",[81][82] le ä morwaake o a latela "ïs my son next"?[83]

Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2018, babopeledi ba "Black Lives Matter ba nna teng mo mafelong a batho bantsho ba kileng ba bolawa ke mapodisi mo go one.[84]

Bobegadikgang, mmino le ditlhotlheletso tse dingwe tsa dingwao

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Fa e sale ka tshimologo ya Black Lives Matter ka ngwaga wa 2013, ka tiriso ya lefoko #BlackLivesMatter,[85] letsholo le le supilwe mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikhinyego, dipina, dibuka le tse dingwe tsa bodiragatsi. Babegadikgang ba le bantsi ba supile dikgatiso tse di tsamaelaang le kgethololo ya lotso le mmala, le letsholo la Black Lives Matter. Dibuka tse di gatisitsweng, dipadi le ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego di goletse godimo ka ngwaga wa 2020.[86] Dipina di tshwana le ya ga Michael Jackson ya "They dont care about us"le ya ga Kendrick Lamar ya "Alright", di dirisitswe thata e le go ntsha pitso ya popelelo kwa ditshupelong.[87][88]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Smith, Robert (2021). "Black Lives Matter". Encyclopedia of African-American Politics, Third Edition. New York: Facts on File. pp. 122–126. ISBN 978-1-4381-9939-9.
  2. ↑ The BLM movement: What if, anything, changed? 5 Things podcast - USA Today
  3. ↑ "What is Black Lives Matter and what are the aims?". BBC News. June 12, 2021. Retrieved May, 28 2025.
  4. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (August 31, 2017). "How to Distinguish Between Antifa, White Supremacists, and Black Lives Matter". The Atlantic.
  5. ↑ "Black Lives Matter". Newsweek. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  6. ↑ Banks, Chloe (November 2, 2018). "Disciplining Black activism: post-racial rhetoric, public memory and decorum in news media framing of the Black Lives Matter movement". Continuum. 32 (6): 709–720. doi:10.1080/10304312.2018.1525920. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 150199510.
  7. ↑ Rojas, Fabio (June 20, 2020). "Moving beyond the rhetoric: a comment on Szetela's critique of the Black Lives Matter movement". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 43 (8): 1407–1413. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1718725. ISSN 0141-9870. S2CID 213636514.
  8. ↑ Roberts, Frank (July 13, 2018). "How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  9. ↑ Collins, Ben; Mak, Tim (August 15, 2015). "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  10. ↑ Leazenby, Lauren; Polk, Milan (September 3, 2020). "What you need to know about Black Lives Matter in 10 questions". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  11. ↑ Day, Elizabeth (July 19, 2015). "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement". The Guardian. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  12. ↑ Luibrand, Shannon (August 7, 2015). "Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America". CBS News. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  13. ↑ Eligon, John (November 18, 2015). "One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  14. ↑ Eligon, John; Arango, Tim; Dewan, Shaila; Bogel-Burroughes, Nicholas (April 20, 2021). "Derek Chauvin Verdict Brings a Rare Rebuke of Police Misconduct". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2025.
  15. ↑ "Protesters around the world rally for George Floyd and against police brutality". France24. June 7, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  16. ↑ Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (July 3, 2020). "Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  17. ↑ Sources: 1.Mansoor, Sanya (September 5, 2020). "93% of Black Lives Matter Protests Have Been Peaceful, New Report Finds". Time. 2. Udoma, Ebong (October 19, 2020). "UConn Study: At Least 96% of Black Lives Matter Protests Were Peaceful". WSHU-FM. 3. Erica Chenoweth; Jeremy Pressman (October 16, 2020). "This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds". The Washington Post. 4.Grace Hauck; Trevor Hughes; Omar Abdel-Baqui; Ricardo Torres; Hayes Gardner (October 24, 2020). "'A fanciful reality': Trump claims Black Lives Matter protests are violent, but the majority are peaceful". USA Today. 5. Watson, Julie (January 14, 2021). "Comparison between Capitol siege, BLM protests is denounced". Associated Press. 6. Corley, Cheryl (May 25, 2021). "Black Lives Matter Fights Disinformation To Keep The Movement Strong". National Public Radio.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Horowitz, Juliana Menasce; Kiley Hurst; Dana Braga (June 14, 2023). "Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement Has Dropped Considerably From Its Peak in 2020". Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  19. ↑ Parker, Kim; Juliana Menasce Horowitzz; Monica Anderson (June 12, 2020). "Majorities Across Racial, Ethnic Groups Express Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  20. ↑ Rahman, Khaleda (May 19, 2022). "Support for Black Lives Matter plummets among African Americans: poll". Newsweek. Retrieved May 28, 2025.
  21. ↑ "Civiqs". civiqs.com. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  22. ↑ By Janell Ross. "Black Lives Matter launches a political action committee. But it's not an easy fit". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  23. ↑ Miller, Ryan W. (July 12, 2016). "Black Lives Matter: A primer on what it is and what it stands for". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  24. ↑ Clayton, Dewey M. (2018). "Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States". Journal of Black Studies. 49 (5): 448–480. doi:10.1177/0021934718764099. S2CID 148805128.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Tillery, Alvin B. (September 2019). "What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter". Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics. 4 (2): 297–323. doi:10.1017/rep.2019.17. ISSN 2056-6085.
  26. ↑ Freelon, Deen; McIlwain, Charlton D.; Clark, Meredith D. (February 29, 2016). "Beyond the Hashtags" (PDF). Center for Media and Social Impact. p. 9. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  27. ↑ Fletcher, Bill Jr. (September 25, 2015). "From Hashtag to Strategy: The Growing Pains of Black Lives Matter". In These Times. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  28. ↑ Cobb, Jelani (March 14, 2016). "The Matter of Black Lives". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  29. ↑ Collins, Ben (August 15, 2015). "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  30. ↑ Bernard, Jephie (April 1, 2016). "Black Lives Matter: the movement, the organization, and how journalists get it wrong". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  31. ↑ Pearce, Matt (October 20, 2015). "Why the term 'Black Lives Matter' can be so confusing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  32. ↑ "For Immediate Release, Statement by Kailee Scales, Managing Director of BLM Global Network" (Press release). blacklivesmatter.com. May 30, 2025
  33. ↑ Cullors-Brignac, Patrisse Marie (February 23, 2016). "We didn't start a movement. We started a network". Medium. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  34. ↑ Naasel, Kenrya Rankin (July 20, 2016). "Why It's Dangerous to Lump All Black Activists Under the 'Black Lives Matter' Banner". ColorLines. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  35. ↑ Maloney, Alli (September 29, 2015). "When police turn violent, activists Brittany Packnett and Johnetta Elzie push back". The New York Times. Women in the World. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  36. ↑ Eligon, John (November 18, 2015). "One Slogan, Many Methods: Black Lives Matter Enters Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  37. ↑ Linscott, Charles "Chip" P. (2017). "Introduction: #BlackLivesMatter and the Mediatic Lives of a Movement". Black Camera. 8 (2): 75–80. doi:10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.04. ISSN 1536-3155. JSTOR 10.2979/blackcamera.8.2.04. S2CID 157642074.
  38. ↑ Newkirk, Vann R. II (August 3, 2016). "The Permanence of Black Lives Matter". The Atlantic.
  39. ↑ "About Us – The Movement for Black Lives". Movement for Black Lives. policy.m4bl.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  40. ↑ Arnold, Eric K. (2017). "The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 21 (2): 8–15. ISSN 1532-2874. JSTOR 44687751.
  41. ↑ Ransby, Barbara (October 21, 2017). "Opinion | Black Lives Matter Is Democracy in Action". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  42. ↑ "Movement for Black Lives Seeks Sweeping Legislative Changes". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 7, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  43. ↑ Byrd, Jessica (July 14, 2020). "The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention". The Root. Retrieved 30 May, 2025.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "About Us – The Movement for Black Lives". The Movement for Black Lives. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  45. ↑ Morice, Jane (July 25, 2015). "Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference". cleveland.com. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  46. ↑ Bernard, Tanya Lucia (August 7, 2015). "The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love". The Root. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  47. ↑ Kelly-Green, Brook; Yasui, Luna (July 19, 2016). "Why black lives matter to philanthropy". fordfoundation.org. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  48. ↑ McGirt, Ellen (August 9, 2016). "Who Is Funding Black Lives Matter: Ford Foundation". Fortune. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  49. ↑ LaCapria, Kim (September 26, 2016). "Ford Motors Funds Black Lives Matter". snopes.com. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 1634–1699: McCusker, J.J (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda American Antiquarian Society 1700–1799: McCusker, J.J (1992)How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. American Antiquarian Society.1800- present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  51. ↑ Richardson, Valerie (August 16, 2016). "Black Lives Matter cashes in with $100 million from liberal foundations". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  52. ↑ Mikkelson, David (January 22, 2015). "Did George Soros Fund Ferguson Protests and Black Lives Matter?". snopes.com. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  53. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Wheaton, Sarah (November 13, 2015). "Major donors consider funding Black Lives Matter". Politico. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  54. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Wheaton, Sarah (November 13, 2015). "Major donors consider funding Black Lives Matter". Politico. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  55. ↑ "Six months after mass protests began, what is the future of BLM?". The Economist. December 10, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  56. ↑ "AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter opens up about its finances". AP NEWS. April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  57. ↑ "2020 Impact Report - Black Lives Matter". Black Lives Matter. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  58. ↑ Ruffin II, Herbert G. (August 23, 2015). "Black Lives Matter: The Growth of a New Social Justice Movement". BlackPast.org. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  59. ↑ McKitterick, Molly (August 12, 2015). "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter'". VOA. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  60. ↑ Chenoweth, Erica; Pressman, Jeremy. "This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 30, 2025 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  61. ↑ Udoma, Ebong (October 19, 2020). "UConn Study: At Least 96% of Black Lives Matter Protests Were Peaceful". www.wshu.org. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "False 'thug' narratives have long been used to discredit movements". NBC News. September 27, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  63. ↑ Ellis, Nicquel Terry. "'Stand back and stand by': Rhetoric some call racist has marked Trump's entire presidency". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  64. ↑ R.L.G. (January 15, 2015). "Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)". The Economist. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  65. ↑ McCulloch, Gretchen (January 29, 2015). "Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter". Slate. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  66. ↑ Weedston, Lindsey (December 19, 2014). "12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014". Yes! Magazine. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Anderson, Monica; Toor, Skye; Raine, Lee; Smith, Aaron (July 11, 2018). "2. An analysis of #BlackLivesMatter and other Twitter hashtags related to political or social issues". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  68. ↑ Anderson, Monica; Barthel, Michael; Perrin, Andrew; Vogels, Emily A. (June 10, 2020). "#BlackLivesMatter surges on Twitter after George Floyd's death". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Anderson, Monica (August 15, 2016). "4. Major recent events bring #BlackLivesMatter back to the forefront as the tone shifts overnight". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  70. ↑ White, Khadijah (Summer 2016). "Black Lives on Campuses Matter: The Rise of the New Black Student Movement". Soundings. 63 (63): 86–97. doi:10.3898/136266216819377002. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2025
  71. ↑ Harrison, Stephen (June 9, 2020). "How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice". Slate. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  72. ↑ Molina, Brett. "TikTok apologizes after claims it blocked #BlackLivesMatter, George Floyd posts". USA Today. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  73. ↑ Tucker, Bryan; Hegg, Stephen (October 22, 2015). "Tactics of Black Lives Matter". IN Close. Episode 216. KCTS-TV. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved May, 30 2025.
  74. ↑ Olagbaju, Folabi; Bloch, Nadine (June 29, 2020). "The creativity fuelling the struggle to defund the police". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  75. ↑ "'Black Lives Matter' builds power through protest". The Rachel Maddow Show. August 10, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2025
  76. ↑ Gottfried, Mara H.; Eccher, Marino (October 3, 2015). "Black Lives Matter's Twin Cities Marathon protest peaceful". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved May 30,2025.
  77. ↑ "Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. March 4, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  78. ↑ Kim, Grace Ji-Sun; Jackson, Jesse (December 18, 2014). "'I Can't Breathe': Eric Garner's Last Words Symbolize Our Predicament". HuffPost. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  79. ↑ Zimmer, Ben (December 15, 2014). "The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase 'I Can't Breathe'". Wired. Retrieved 30 May, 2025.
  80. ↑ Phillip, Abby (December 11, 2014). "Protesting racial injustice while white". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  81. ↑ Michael Holden & Dylan Martinez (June 2, 2020). "'No justice, no peace': Tens of thousands in London protest death of Floyd". Reuters.
  82. ↑ Palmer, Nathan (August 19, 2015). "'No Justice, No Peace': Black Lives Matter & Bernie Sanders". Sociology in Focus. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  83. ↑ Fretland, Katie; Connolly, Daniel (July 8, 2016). "Protest against police violence, vigil for reconciliation held in Memphis". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  84. ↑ Williamson, Vanessa; Trump, Kris-Stella; Einstein, Katherine Levine (2018). "Black Lives Matter: Evidence that Police-Caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity". Perspectives on Politics. 16 (2): 400–415. doi:10.1017/S1537592717004273. ISSN 1537-5927.
  85. ↑ Day, Elizabeth (July 19, 2015). "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  86. ↑ Al-Heeti, Abrar. "Black Lives Matter: Netflix movies, TV shows and books that touch on systemic racism". CNET. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
  87. ↑ Anderson, D. B. "Messenger King: Michael Jackson and the politics of #BlackLivesMatter". Baltimore Sun.
  88. ↑ Harris, Aisha (August 3, 2015). "Has Kendrick Lamar Recorded the New Black National Anthem?". Slate. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
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