Mauritania
Islamic Republic of Mauritania Jumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah | |
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Motto: شرف، إخاء، عدل "Honour, Fraternity, Justice" | |
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| Mošate and largest city | Nouakchott 18°09′N 15°58′W / 18.150°N 15.967°W |
| Diteme tsa semmusô | |
| Other languages | |
| Merafe ya Batho | |
| Demonym(s) | Mauritanian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential Islamic republic |
| Mohamed Ould Ghazouani | |
| Mokhtar Ould Djay | |
| Mohamed Ould Meguett | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Independence | |
• Republic established | 28 November 1958 |
• Independence from France | 28 November 1960 |
• Current constitution | 12 July 1991 |
| Fatshe | |
• Total | 1,030,000 km2 (400,000 sq mi)[2] |
Lefatshe la Mauritania, le pele le neng le bidiwa Islamic Republic of Mauritania, ke lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Aforika. Le mo molelwaneng wa lewatle la Atlantic kwa bophirima, Western Sahara kwa bokone le bokone-bophirima, Algeria kwa bokone-botlhaba, Mali kwa botlhaba le borwa-botlhaba le la Senegal kwa borwa-bophirima. Ka bophara jwa lefatshe, lefatshe la Mauritania ke la bo lesome le motso ka bogolo mo Aforika, la masome a mabedi le boferabobedi mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso; 90% ya lefatshe leo e mo kgaolong ya Sahara. Bontsi jwa banni ba koo ba ba didikadike di le nne le dikete tse tharo ba nna kwa borwa jwa lefatshe le, fa bongwe mo borarong bo nna mo toropokgolo Nouakchott kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic.
Leina la Mauritania le tswa mo leineng la Mauretania, leina la puo ya Latin la kgaolo ee kwa Maghreb. Le tswa kwa egareng la lefatshe le le bidiwang Algeria gompieno go tsena kwa Atlantic. Batho ba lotso lwa Berber ba sale ba thibelela mo Mauritania ka tshimologo ya century ya boraro morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete. Ditlhopha tsa merafe ya Arab ba fudugetse kwa kgaolong e ka century ya bosupa ba tla ka tumelo ya Islam, ditso tsa ma Arabea le puo ya bone. Ka century ya masome a mabedi, lefatshe la Mauritania le ne la busiwa ke lefatshe la France e le bontlha jwa French West Africa. Le tsere boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1960, mme fa e sale jalo la itemogela go thankgolwa le go bogisiwa ke ba sesole. Thankgolo ya ngwaga wa 2008 e ne e eteletswe pele ke Mohamed Ould Adel Aziz o o neng a fenya ditlhopo ka ngwa gwa 2009 le 2014.[3] O ne a salwa morago ke General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani morago ga ditlhopo tsa 2019,[4] o ne a nna moeteledipele o o busang ka kgatelelo, go gatakiwa ditshwanelo tsa setho segolo jang ka go tswelela pele ka go dira batho makgoba. Pego ya 2018 ya bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso e akanyetsa fa go na le makgoba a ka nna dikete di le masome a ferabongwe mo lefatsheng le.[5][6][7]
Le ntswa ba nna le ditswammung di le dintsi di akaretsa manya a tshipi le lookwane, lefatshe la Mauritania le humanegile; itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka temothuo, loruo le go tshwara ditlhapi. Ka ditso le ka sepolotiki, lefatshe la Mauritania ke bontlha bongwe jwa mafatshe a Arab; ke leloko la Arab League, puo ya Arabic ke yone ya semmuso. Tumelo ya semmuso ke Islam. Le ntswa le supiwa e le bontlha jwa Arab, sechaba sa Mauritania se na le merafe e e farologaneng jaaka, Bidhan ba ba dirang 30% ya baagi[8] fa ba Haratin ba dira 40%.[8] Ditlhopa tsotlhe ka bobedi di dira tshwaragano ya Arab-Berber ka puo, morafe le ditso. 30% o o setseng wa banni ba koo o dira merafe e e farologaneng.
Tlholego
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Lefatshe la Mauritania le tsaya leina la lone mo bogosing jwa bogologolo jwa Berber bo bo neng bo atlegile thata ka century ya boraro mme morago jwa fetoga go nna kgaolo ya Mauretania, jwa atlega go tsena mo centuring ya bosupa. Dikgaolo tse pedi tse ga di a nna mo lefelong le le lengwe, Mauretania wa ntlha o ne a le kwa bokone thata fa a tshwantshanngwa le Mauritania wa gompieno, ka o ne a ikadile mo bophirma jwa lotshitshi lwa Mediterranean mo Aforika. Leina Mauretania le tswa mo puong ya Greek le ya Roman mo bathong ba lotso lwa Berber ba Mauri. Leina Mauri le lone ke lone motswedi wa lotso lwa Moors.[9]
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tshimologo ya ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Merafe ya pele ya Mauritania e ne e le Berber, Niger-Congo[10] le Bafour. Batho ba morafe wa Bafour e ne e le bangwe ba batho bantlha ba Sahara go latlhaganya matshelo a bone a go kgarakgatshega, mme ba simolola go ikaega ka temothuo. Komelelo ya Sahara e ne ya ba pateletsa go fudgela kwa borwa.[11] Bontsi jwa merafe ya Berber ba ipolela fa ba na le ditso tsa Yemeni. Ga go na bosupi bo bontsi bo bo emang nokeng se, le fa ntswa patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2000 ya batho ba Yemeni e supa fa go na le kamano mo bathong ba.[12]
Morafe wa Umayyads ke one wa ntlha wa batho ba tumelo ya Islam ba ma Arabea go goroga kwa Mauritania.
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCIA - ↑ "1: Répartition spatiale de la population" (PDF). Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 (Report) (in Se Fora). National Statistical Office of Mauritania. July 2015. p. v. Retrieved 20 December 2015.Tempolete:Dead link
- ↑ Diagana, Kissima (23 June 2019). "Ruling party candidate declared winner of Mauritania election". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ "First peaceful transfer of power in Mauritania's presidential polls". RFI. 22 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ "Global Slavery Index country data – Mauritania". Global Slavery Index. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ "Activists warn over slavery as Mauritania joins U.N. human rights council". reuters.com. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2025..
- ↑ "Mauritania". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Mauritania – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- ↑ Shillington 2005, p. 948.
- ↑ Stokes, James, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 450. ISBN 9781438126760. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2025.
- ↑ Suarez, David (2016). The Western Sahara and the Search for the Roots of Sahrawi National Identity (Thesis). Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.fidc001212.
- ↑ Chaabani, H.; Sanchez-Mazas, A.; Sallami SF (2000). "Genetic differentiation of Yemeni people according to rhesus and Gm polymorphisms". Annales de Génétique. 43 (3–4): 155–62. doi:10.1016/S0003-3995(00)01023-6. PMID 11164198.