Jump to content

Mekubukubu ya 1836 kwa Cincinnati

Go tswa ko Wikipedia

Mekubukubu ya Cincinnati ya 1836 e ne e bakilwe ke dikgotlhang tsa letso ka nako ya fa Maaforika a Amerika, a bangwe ba bone ba neng ba tshabile mo bokgobeng kwa Borwa jwa Amerika, ba ne ba gaisana le basweu go bona ditiro. Dikhuduego tsa bosemorafe di diragetse kwa Cincinnati, Ohio, kwa Amerika ka Moranang le Phukwi 1836 di dirwa ke segopa sa basweu kgatlhanong le baagi ba bantsho.[1] Tseno e ne e le karolo ya mokgwa wa tirisodikgoka ka nako eo. Go ne go nnile le dikhuduego tse di masisi ka 1829, di eteletswe pele ke morafe wa Ba-Ireland, mme dikhuduego tse dingwe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho di ne tsa runya ka 1841. Morago ga dikhuduego tsa Mekubukubu ya 1829 kwa Cincinnati, e mo go yone Maaforika a le mantsi a Amerika a neng a latlhegelwa ke magae le dithoto tsa bone, palo e e golang ya basweu jaaka "Lane rebels" ba ba neng ba ikgogela morago ka bokete go twa mo Lane Seminary ka 1834 ka kgang ya go fedisa bokgoba,ba ne ba utlwela botlhoko boemo jwa bone. Dikhuduego tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le go fedisa bokgoba ka 1836, ba tshwenyegile ka ditiro tsa bone fa ba ka tshwanelwa ke go gaisana le batho bantsho ba bantsi, ba ne ba tlhasela baemanokeng ba bantsho le ba basweu.[2]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
James G. Birney, mogatisi yo o neng a batla go fedisa bokgoba yo motshini wa gagwe wa go gatisa o neng wa senngwa gabedi ka nako ya dikhuduego.

Bathobantsho kwa borwa jwa Ohio ba ne ba boga ka ntlha ya dithibelo tse di masisi tsa kgololesego ya bone ka ntlha ya Melao ya Bantsho e e neng ya fetisiwa ke lekgotla la semolao la kgaolo ka 1804 le 1807. Ka fa tlase ga molao ono, bosupi jwa motho ope fela yo montsho bo ne bo sa bereke kwa kgotlatshekelong ya molao. Motho montsho o ne a sa kgone go iphemela kgatlhanong le tatofatso, mme o ne a sa kgone go tlisa kgato kgatlhanong le monna yo mosweu. Fa a ne a kgona go bona dithoto, o ne a duedisiwa lekgetho la go tshegetsa sekolo, mme bana ba gagwe ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go tsena dikolo tseo. Motho yo montsho yo o fudugelang kwa kgaolong eo o ne a tshwanetse go bona ditshaeno tsa banna ba babedi ba basweu mo go itlameng ga $500. Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793 o ne o diragadiwa thata, mme ope fela yo o neng a thusa lekgoba le le tshabileng o ne a duedisiwa dituediso tse di kwa godimo.[3]

Le fa go ntse jalo, palo e e golang ya batho bantsho e ne ya fudugela kwa kgaolong mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo tsa ntlha, mme seno se ne sa gakatsa dikgotlhang. Ka 1819 moagi mongwe o ne a kopa thuso "mo matshutitshuting a batho bantsho ba ba tshabileng ba ba sa direng sepe ba bong ka bobedi, ba ba tsamayatsamayang mo mebileng ka dioura tsotlhe tsa letsatsi". Bangwe ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le bokgoba mme ba tshogile ka ditlamorago tsa loago tsa go fedisiwa ga bokgoba ba ne ba nganga ka maano a bokolone, a ka one batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba neng ba tla romelwa kwa Liberia, jaaka go ne go akanngwa ke Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika, o o neng wa tsosolosa Molao wa Bantsho wa Ohio gore o tlhotlheletse batho ba bantsho go fuduga; kgotsa kwa Haiti (e e neng e leka go thapa batho bantsho ba Amerika); kgotsa kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bophirima lwa Amerika Bokone.[3] Ba bangwe ba ne ba iketleeleditse go itsenya mo kotsing ya go sa amogelwe ke setshaba le go lwela ditshwanelo tsa batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng.[3]

James Gillespie Birney, yo pele e neng e le mong wa makgoba go tswa kwa Alabama, o ne a setse a fetogile mofedisi wa makgoba. Ka Firikgong 1836 o ne a tlhoma The Philanthropist, pampiri ya dikgang e e neng e rotloediwa ke Mokgatlho wa Ohio o o Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba.[4] Kwa tshimologong, pampiri yaa dikgang eo e ne e gatisiwa kwa New Richmond gaufinyana. E ne ya anamisiwa go kgabaganya Noka ya Ohio kwa Kentucky mme e ne e tletse ka maaka a a kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Seno se ne sa galefisa borakgwebo ba lefelo leo ba Cincinnati, ba ba neng ba tlhoafaletse go dira kgwebo le dikgaolo tsa Borwa.

Mo bokhutlong jwa Firikgong 1836, bangwe ba baagi ba maemo a a kwa godimo thata ba ne ba rulaganya kopano e e neng e le kgatlhanong le go fedisiwa ga bokgoba; e ne e tseneletswe ke batho ba feta 500. Birney o ne a tsenela kopano mme o ne a sa letlelelwe go ntsha maikutlo a gagwe.[3]

Mokubukubu wa Moranang

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka Moranang, Birney o ne a fudusetsa motshini wa gagwe wa go gatisa kwa Cincinnati.[3] Moranang a le lesome le motso, 1836, segopa sa batho se ne sa tsena mo setshabeng sa batho bantsho, sa tlhasela batho, sa fisa dikago, mme sa pateletsa bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba nna mo go sone go tswa mo matlong a bone.[5] Batsogologi ba Ma-Ireland ba ne ba fisa ntlo nngwe e e neng e le kwa tlase ga Noka ya Ohio e e kwa tlase West End.[6] Go ne ga swa batho bantsho ba le mmalwa. Dikhuduego tseo ga di a ka tsa laolwa go fitlha mmusi a tshereganya mme a bolela gore go nne le molao wa sesole.[5] Pampiri e e neng e le kgatlhanong le go fedisiwa ga bokgoba ya Daily Cincinnati Republican e tlhalositse ntlo e e neng ya fisiwa jaaka "e e neng e itsege thata jaaka lefelo la boikhutso la dirukutlhi, magodu, le diaka - bantsho le basweu". Pampiri e rile go fisiwa ga molelo go ne ga lejwa ke "setlhopha se segolo sa baagi ba rona" ba ba neng ba sa dire maiteko ape a go tima dikgabo.[3]

Mokubukubu wa Phukwi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano, go ne ga simolola dikhuduego tsa letso fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a keteka moletlo wa Letsatsi la Boipuso. Le fa seo e ne e le tlwaelo ya batho bantsho ka lobaka lo loleele, basweu bangwe ba ne ba e tsaya e le pontsho ya gore batho bantsho ba batla go kopanngwa ka botlalo. James Birney o ne a tsenelela meletlo eo, e e neng ya thusa go tsosa dikeletso ka e ne e le mofedisi yo o itsegeng.[7] Ka Phukwi a le lesome le bobedi 1836, banna ba ka nna masome a mane ba ne ba thuba kago e e neng e na le motshini wa go gatisa wa ga Birney mme ba o senya.[3] Banna bano ba ne ba tlhalosiwa e le "banna ba ba tlotlegang le ba ba humileng". Ba ne ba kgagolaka dipampiri tsa dikgang, ba thuba motshini o o gatisang mme ba goga dikarolo tse di senyegileng mo mebileng. Birney o ne a latlhegelwa ke tshenyo e e fopholediwang go $1,500. O ne a dumela go tswelela a ntsha pampiri eno fela fa dithoto tsa gagwe di ne di netefaditswe boleng jwa $2,000 ke Mokgatlho wa Ohio o o Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba.[7]

Morago ga go thubiwa ga motshini, go ne ga tlhagelela mekwalo e e neng e re "Baagi ba Cincinnati ... ba kgotsofetse gore kgwebo ya lefelo leno e tlhabiwa thata ke ditiro tse di bosula le tse di sa siamang tsa bafedisi ba bokgoba, ba sweditse go tshwara tsela ya bone. Go senngwa ga Motshini wa bone mo bosigong jwa malatsi a le lesome le bobedi, bo ka tsewa e le tlhagiso. Ka Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa go ne ga tsenngwa mekwalo mo dikhutlong tsa mebila:[8]

Kwa kopanong ya phatlalatsa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro e e neng e okametswe ke ratoropo wa toropo, go ne ga fetisiwa ditshwetso tse di neng di akaretsa ditsholofetso tsa go dirisa ditsela tsotlhe tsa semolao go gatelela dikgatiso tse di neng di batla go fedisa bokgoba.[3] Ka Phukwi a le masome mararo, segopa sa batho se ne sa tlhasela gape le go senya motshini wa go gatisa wa ga Birney, sa gasamisa sekwadi sa one. Batho ba ba neng ba dira dikhuduego ba ne ba tshosetsa go fisa ntlo ya ga Birney, mme ba ne ba kganelwa ke morwawe.[4] Banna ba ba tswang kwa Kentucky ba ne ba na le seabe se segolo mo segopeng seno.[9] Basweu ba ba neng ba galefile ba ne ba gwantela kwa lefelong la batho bantsho le le bidiwang Swamp, koo ba neng ba fisa matlo a le mmalwa gone. Ba ne ba tswelela kwa Church Alley, kwa ba neng ba kopana le kganetso ya batho bantsho ba ba tshotseng dibetsa, mme gape ba senya dithoto tsa bone.[7]

Setshwantsho sa pele sa ga Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1853

Harriet Beecher Stowe, moagi wa Cincinnati yo moragonyana a neng a kwala padi ya bogologolo ya Uncle Tom's Cabin, o ne a tlhalosa ditiragalo tseo.[10] Fa motshini wa go gatisa o sena go senngwa, o ne a re, .

Ratoropo e ne e le mmogedi yo o didimetseng wa ditiragalo tse, mme o utlwilwe a re, ‘Ee, basimane, lo dirile sentle, go fitlha jaanong; tsamayang gae jaanong pele ga lo itlhabisa ditlhong;’ mme ‘basimane’ ba ne ba fetsa bosigo jotlhe le karolo e kgolo ya letsatsi le le latelang (Sontaga) ba diga matlo a batho bantsho ba ba sa kgopiseng le ba ba tlotlegang. Ofisi ya ‘Gazette’ e ne e tshosediwa, ofisi ya ‘Journal’ e ne e tshwanetse go latela; Lane Seminary le ditiro tsa metsi le tsone di ne tsa umakiwa e le dintlha tse di ka nnang tsa tlhaselwa ke segopa sa batho. Ka Labobedi mo mosong toropo e ne e tshogile thata. Go ne ga rulaganngwa setlhopha sa baithaopi ba ka metlha, ba ba neng ba tsamaya mo mebileng masigo a le mararo ba tshotse ditlhobolo le tetla ya semolao e e tswang kwa go ratoropo, yo ka nako eno a neng a itumelela go e naya, go fedisa segopa se le fa e le ka tshololo ya madi.[11]

Go ne ga tsaya malatsi a le mmalwa gore dilo di ritibale. Balaodi ga ba a ka ba tshwara ope.[7]

Ditsibogo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Salmon Portland Chase, morago o ne a nna Ramelaomogolo wa Amerika

Mokgatlho wa Ohio Anti-Slavery o ne wa gatisa tlhaloso ya dikhuduego tseo, mme wa akgela ka gore di ka tswa di bakilwe ke eng. Gareng ga tse, ba ne ba lemoga gore fa batho bantsho ba toropo ba ne ba ipaakanyetsa mmopelela wa bone ka letsatsi la botlhano la Phukwi (seo e le tlwaelo ya bone), ba ne ba atamelwa ke moagi mongwe wa mosweu wa "go ema" yo o neng a simolola go ba sotlaka ka dikgoka. Mongwe wa banna ba bantsho o ne a araba ka mowa o o tshwanang, mme seno se ka tswa se ne sa simolola tsibogo e e neng ya tswa diatleng. Go ne go tsewa gore selo se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke go nna teng ga baeng ba le bantsi mo toropong eo ba ba neng ba tshaba mogote wa Borwa. Keletso ya go itumedisa baeng ba, ba ba botlhokwa e ka tswa e dirile gore go nne le ditshupetso kgatlhanong le bobegadikgang jo bo neng bo batla go fedisa bokgoba.[8]

Buka ya ka gagwe ya ga Stowe ya 1888 e ne ya re:[12]

Ka nako ya mekubukubu ka 1836, fa ... batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba tsomiwa jaaka dibatana tsa naga mo mebileng ya Cincinnati, ke fela sekgala go tswa kwa toropong le boteng jwa seretse se se neng sa boloka Lane Seminary le Yankee Abolitionists kwa Walnut Hills go felela ka go tshwana.

Maitemogelo ao a ka tswa a ile a tlhotlheletsa maikutlo a gagwe a a latelang ka ditshwanelo tsa baagi.[13] Salmon P. Chase, yo go fitlha ka nako eo a neng a le kgatlhanong le go fedisa bokgoba, o ne a tshoga fa kgaitsadie a ne a tshaba segopa sa batho mme a tshabela kwa ntlong ya gagwe. A leba dikhuduego "ka go shema le go tshoga", o ne a rulaganya kopano ya bontsi e e neng e rata molao le tolamo.

Moragonyana o ne a thusa ka kgetsi ya tshenyo e e neng ya felela ka gore beng ba, mogatisi le morulaganyi wa Philanthropist ba duelwe $1 500, mme a tswelela go nna motho yo o tlhageletseng mo mokgatlhong wa bafedisi.[14] Go gatisiwa ga Philanthropist go ne ga simololwa gape, mme pampiri e ne ya tswelela go gatisiwa ka dingwaga di le dintsi.[15]

Fa a ne a bua ka dikhuduego tse, Harriet Martineau o ne a bua jaana ka borakgwebo ba Cincinnati: "Letsatsi le tla tla fa matlho a bone a tla phepafadiwang mo leroleng la gauta". O ne a ba kgala ka ntlha ya go tlola molawana wa kgololesego ya puo, mme a ba tlhalosa jaaka "ba ba molato thata mo potsong e e boitshegang eno ya Diphoso tsa Batho go feta le batshodi ba makgoba ba borwa".[3] William Ellery Channing o ne a boeletsa maikutlo ano mo lekwalong le a neng a le kwalela James Birney, a re, "Bafedisi ga ba tlhagelele fela ka selebego sa bommampodi ba morafe wa mmala ... Ke batho ba ba bogang ka ntlha ya kgololesego ya kakanyo, puo le bobegadikgang".[16]

  1. ↑ Richard Maxwell Brown (1975). Strain of Violence: historical studies of American violence and vigilantism. Oxford University Press US. p. 335. ISBN 0-19-501943-1. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez (2007). "Cincinnati, Ohio, Race Riot (1829)". Encyclopedia of slave resistance and rebellion, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-313-33272-2. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Daniel Aaron (1992). Cincinnati, Queen City of the West: 1819-1838. Ohio State University Press. p. 300ff. ISBN 0-8142-0570-4. Enopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  4. 1 2 William Cullen Bryant (1994). "The Cincinnati Mob: August 10, 1836". Power for sanity: selected editorials of William Cullen Bryant, 1829-1861. Fordham Univ Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8232-1544-X. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  5. 1 2 Joe William Trotter (1998). River Jordan: African American urban life in the Ohio Valley. University Press of Kentucky. p. 35. ISBN 0-8131-0950-7. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  6. ↑ John Emmeus Davis (1991). Contested ground: collective action and the urban neighborhood. Cornell University Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-8014-9905-4. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Stephen Middleton (2005). The Black laws: race and the legal process in early Ohio. Ohio University Press. p. 108ff. ISBN 0-8214-1623-5. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  8. 1 2 Narrative of the Late Riotous Proceedings Against the Liberty of the Press. Cincinnati: The Ohio Anti-Slavery Society. 1836. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Stanley Harrold (2010). Border War: Fighting Over Slavery Before the Civil War. UNC Press Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8078-3431-2. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Henry Elliot (2009). Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Voice of Humanity in White America. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7787-4821-2. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025
  11. ↑ Charles Edward Stowe, ed. (1890). "IV: Slavery Riots in Cincinnati". Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1888). Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. 5. New York, New York, U.S.A.: D. Appelton & Co. p. 714. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  13. ↑ James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, ed. (1888). Appleton's cyclopaedia of American biography, Volume 5. Gale Research Co. p. 714. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Paul Finkelman (2000). An imperfect union: slavery, Federalism, and comity. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 1-58477-092-9.E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Levi Coffin (1876). "XV. THE MOB SPIRIT IN CINCINNATI—DESTRUCTION OF THE PHILANTHROPIST PRESS IN 1836—DEMONSTRATION OF PRO-SLAVERY FEELING IN 1841—A DISGRACEFUL RIOT—THE SCANLAN MOB.". Reminiscences of Levi Coffin. Cincinnati: Western Tract Society. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Michael Kent Curtis (2000). Free speech, "the people's darling privilege": struggles for freedom of expression in American history. Duke University Press. p. 461. ISBN 0-8223-2529-2. Enopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025. n
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mekubukubu_ya_1836_kwa_Cincinnati&oldid=40557"