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Melao ya Jim Crow

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Melao ya Jim Crow e ne e le melao ya lefatshe le ya selegae e e neng e tsentswe kwa borwa jwa Amerika kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo tsa bolesome le borobabongwe le kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bosomemabedi e e neng e gatelela kgethololo ya letso le mmala, "Jim Crow" e le lefoko le le nyenyefatsang la Moafrika wa Amerika.[1] Melao ya bofelo ya Jim Crow e ne ya phimolwa ka 1965.[2] Dipholisi tsa tlhaolele ya letso le mmala di ne di le teng mo mafelong a mangwe a Amerika, le fa dikgaolo di le mmalwa kwa ntle ga Borwa di ne di thibetse kgethololo mo mafelong a botlhe le go tlhopha.[3][4] Melao ya Borwa e ne ya tsenngwa mo tirisong ke badiramelao ba kgaolo ba ba neng ba laolwa ke basweu (Redeemers) go kgaola le go tlosa dipoelo tsa sepolotiki le tsa itsholelo tse di neng di dirilwe ke Ma-Aferika a Amerika ka nako ya Tsosoloso.[5] Kgethololo ya letso le mmala e e ntseng jalo e e neng e tsweletse eo e ne gape e tshegediwa ke mokgatlho o o atlegileng wa Lily-white.[6]

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Ka Firikgong wa1865, tlhabololo ya Molaomotheo e e fedisang bokgoba kwa Amerika e ne ya akanngwa ke Congress mme ya amogelwa jaaka Thirteenth Amendment ka Sedimonthole wa 1865 a le lesome le borobabobedi.[7]

Khabara ya kgatiso ya pele ya pampiri ya mmino ya 'Jump Jim Crow' (c. 1832)

Ka nako ya Tsosoloso ya 1865–1877, melao ya puso e ne e e fa tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa borwa jwa Amerika go batho ba ba gololesegileng, Baaferika ba Amerika ba e neng e le makgoba, le batho ba bantsho ba le mmalwa ba bantsho ba ba neng ba gololesegile pele ga ntwa. Ka dingwaga tsa bo-1870, ba Democrats ba ne ba boa gape ka bonya ka bonya ba gapa badiri ba molao ba Borwa[8] jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditsuolodi tse di nang le dikgoka, jaaka Ku Klux Klan, White League le Red Shirts di ne tsa kgoreletsa thulaganyo ya Rephaboliki, tsa leleka batlhophi ba Rephaboliki kwa ntle ga toropo, mme ba bolaya batlhophi ba bantsho e le tsela ya go tshosetsa le go gatelela tlhopho ya bantsho.[9] Tsietso e kgolo ya ditlhopho le yone e ne ya dirisiwa. Mo tiragalong nngwe, go tlhasela kgotsa go tsogologa kwa North Carolina go ne ga dira gore go tlosiwe ka dikgoka ga baemedi ba mokgatlho wa Rephaboliki le baemedi ba ba tlhophilweng ka puso ya batho ka batho, ba ba neng ba tsongwa kgotsa ba lelekiwa. Ditlhopho tsa puso kgaolo di ne di le gaufi mme di ne di ngangiwa kwa Louisiana dingwaga di le dintsi, ka go oketsega ga tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le bantsho ba Amerika ka nako ya matsholo go tloga ka 1868 go ya pele.[10]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Fremon, David (2000). The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History. Enslow. ISBN 0766012972. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016). Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee. Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-7660-7914-4. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Setebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). "The Jim Crow North", Upfront Magazine - Scholastic. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws, 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).
  5. ↑ Bartlett, Bruce (2008). Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past. St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-230-61138-2. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (April 2020). "Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South". Studies in American Political Development. 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 213551748. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). Encyclopedia of African American Society. Sage. pp. 864–. ISBN 978-0-7619-2764-8. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Milewski, Melissa (2017). Litigating Across the Color Line: Civil Cases Between Black and White Southerners from the End of Slavery to Civil Rights. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-19-024919-9. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Harriot, Michael (2021). "Reconstruction". In Kendi, Ibram X.; Blain, Keisha N. (eds.). Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019. New York: One World. pp. 234–238. ISBN 978-0-593-13404-7. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Perman, Michael (2009). Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-8078-3324-7. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
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