Metsi a a nowang
.jpg)
Metsi a a nowang ke metsi a a babalesegileng go ka nowa kgotsa go dirisiwa mo dijong. Gantsi a tswa mo dipompong, a bidiwa metsi a pompo.
Selekanyo sa metsi a a tlhokafalang go netefatsa botsogo se a farologana, ebile se ikaegile ka go itekanela ga motho, digwaga, tse di amang botsogo, le seemo sa tikologo.[1][2] Ba ba berekelang fa go leng mogote, ba tlhoka selekanyo sa di lithara di le lesome leborataro ka letsatsi.[1]
Batho ba ka nna di bilione di le pedi ga ba na metsi a a siametseng go nowa.[3] Metsi a ka nna le tse di bakang malwetsi ebile a baka dintsho le malwetsi lefatshe ka bophara.[4] Mafatshe a a tlhabologang a amiwa thata ke metsi a a sa siamelang go nowa.[5]
Metswedi ya metsi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Metsi a a nowang a teng mo mafelong a le mantsi a a nang le dipalopalo tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara, le ntswa a ka tswa a tura, ebile metswedi e sa itekanela. Metswedi ya metsi e akaretsa melatswana le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a a tswang mo go beeletseng metsi a pula, metsi a a mo godimo ga lefatshe (go tswa mo dinkoneg, melapo le dikgapetla) kgotsa metsi a lewatle a a ntshitsweng letswai.
Gore metswedi e e kgone go nosa sentle mo go babablesegileng, e tshwanetse go amogela go alafiwa mo go lekaneng ga metsi le go emelela seelo sa metsi a a siametseng go nowa.[6]
Motswedi wa tekeletso ke wa motšhine o o gopang metsi mo phefong.[7]
Melatswana gantsi e dirisiwa e le metswedi ya metsi a a mo mabotlolong.[8]
Phatlalatso ya metsi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tsela e e siameng ebile e tshwanetse go tsamaisa metsi a a nowang ke ka diphaepe. Go tsenya diphaepe go ka tlhoka madi a mantsi. Mafaratlhatlha mangwe a lopa madi a mantsi a go tsamaisa metsi. Madi a a tlhokafalang go baakanya mafaratlhatlha a metsi a ka lopa dibilone di le makgolo a mabedi ka ngwaga. Go dutla ga metsi a a sa tlhatswiwang le a a tlhatswitsweng mo diphaepeng go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go bona metsi. Go dutla ga bokete jwa 50% go tlwaelesegile mo mafaratlhatlheng a ditoropo.[9]
Metsi a pompo, a a tsisiwang ke mafaratlhatlha a selegae a raya metsi a a isiwang kwa malwapeng ka diphaepe go ya dipompong.
Selekanyo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tiriso mo matlong
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Kwa United States, metsi a a nowang mo lolwapeng a selekanyo sa dilithara di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le bobedi ka letsatsi.[10][11] Mo go one ke 1% fela e e dirisiediwang go nowa le go apaya.[12] Ditiriso di akaretsa (go ya kwa tlase) matlwana a boithomelo, go tlhatswa, go tlhapa le a a dutlang.
Tiriso ya go nowa
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi].svg)
Selekanyo sa letsati le letsatsi sa metsi a a nowang ke batho se a farologana.[13] Go ya ka ditiro, dingwaga, botsogo le tikologo. Kwa United States, metsi a a nowang ke borre ba ba dingwaga di feta lesome le borobabobedi a ka nna dilithara di le nne ka letsatsi, fa di le tharo ka letsatsi di nowa ke bomme ba ba fetang lesome le borobabobedi; 80% o tswa mo dinong fa 20% a tswa mo dijong.[14] Lekgotla le le okametseng pabalesego ya dijo kwa Yuropa le laela dilithara di le pedi tsa metsi go nowa ke bomme fa borre bone ba tshwanetse go nwa di le pedi le sephatlo ka letsatsi.[15]
Diphologolo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Selekanyo le bophepa jwa metsi a a nowang ke diphologolo tsa mo gae se sekasekiwa go lebeletswe dithuto tsa tlhokomelo ya diphologolo. Sekai, morui o ka rulaganyetsa kgomo ya maš di lithara di le lekgolo, masome a mararo ka letsatsi, boraro jwa seo e le jwa pitse, fa lesome e le la kolobe.[16]
Le fa go ntse jalo, ke dipatlisiso di se kae fela tse di itebagantseng le mokgwa wa go nwa metsi ga diphologolo tsa naga.
Boleng
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Go ya ka pego ya 2017 ya lekgotla la botsogo la mafatshefatshe, metsi a a siametseng go nowa ke metsi a a senang kgoagalo ya go baka bolwetse fa a nowa, go akaretsa go tlhoka go nna sentle mo go ka tlhagogang fa botshelo bo ntse bo tsweletse.[17]
Go ya ka pego ya UNICEF le UNESCO, lefatshe la Finland le na le metsi a a boleng jo bo kwa godimo go gaisa a mangwe mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[18][19]
Ditsela tsa go ela tlhoko boleng
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go ela tlhoko boleng jwa metsi a a nowang go wela mo methaleng e meraro: ditshidi, dikhemikhale le popego.
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- 1 2 Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). "3" (PDF). Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes. World Health Organization. pp. 25–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2016 This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.
- ↑ Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (PDF). National Center for Environmental Assessment. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 05 June 2026
- ↑ "Drinking-water". World Health Organization. March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 05 June 2026
- ↑ "Unsafe water kills more people than war, Ban says on World Day". UN News. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 05 June 2026
- ↑ Gadgil, Ashok J. (1998). "Drinking Water in Developing Countries". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 23 (1). Annual Reviews: 253–286.
Unsafe drinking water remains a major issue in developing countries..
- ↑ Hall, Ellen L.; Dietrich, Andrea M. (2000). "A Brief History of Drinking Water." Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Washington: American Water Works Association. Product No. OPF-0051634, Accessed 05 June 2026
- ↑ Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021). "Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy". Nature. 598 (7882): 611–617. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..611L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8550973. PMID 34707305.
- ↑ Schardt, David (2000). "Water, Water Everywhere". Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
- ↑ United Nations. World Water Assessment Programme (2009). "Water in a Changing World: Facts and Figures." Archived 24 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine World Water Development Report 3. p. 58 Accessed 05 June 2026
- ↑ Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; Opitz, E.M.; Kiefer, J.C.; Davis, W.Y.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Nelson, J.O., 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. AWWARF and AWWA, Denver.
- ↑ William B. DeOreo, Peter Mayer, Benedykt Dziegielewski, Jack Kiefer. 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Water Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado.
- ↑ Joseph Cotruvo, Victor Kimm, Arden Calvert. "Drinking Water: A Half Century of Progress." Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine EPA Alumni Association. 1 March 2016.
- ↑ Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). "3" (PDF). Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes. World Health Organization. pp. 25–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2016.This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.
- ↑ "US daily reference intake values". Iom.edu. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 05 June 2026
- ↑ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (2010). "Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water". EFSA Journal. 8 (3): 1459. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459.
- ↑ "Average Daily Water Needs". Aermotor Windmill Company. Retrieved 2026-05-06
- ↑ Guidelines for Drinking‑water Quality (PDF) (Report) (4 ed.). World Health Organization. 2017. p. 631. ISBN 978-92-4-154995-0. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2016-05-06
- ↑ "WWDR1: Water for People – water for life" (PDF). UNESCO and Berghahn Books. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 05 June 2026
- ↑ "The quality of water produced by Turku Region Water is rated the best in the world by Unesco". City of Turku. 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 05 June 2026