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Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)

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Mogope wa tlholego ya motho[1][2][3] ke lefelo la thuto ya batho ba bogologolo le le leng dikilometara di ka nna masome matlhano (31 mi) kwa bokonebophirima jwa Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa, mo kgaolong ya Gauteng. E itsisitswe jaaka Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka 1999,[4] lefelo leno ke legae la masalela a mantsi go gaisa a a itsiweng a bagologolwane ba batho gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[5] Lefelo le ga jaana le tsaya diheketara di le dikete tse masome a mane le bosupa (diekere di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome mabedi)[6] mme le na le thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya magaga a kalaka. Leina le le kwadisitsweng la lefelo mo lenaaneng la Mafelo a Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ke Mafelo a Fossil Hominid a Aforika Borwa.

Go ya ka South African Journal of Science, Bolt's Farm ke lefelo le diphologolo tsa ntlha di ribolotsweng mo go lone.[7] Polase ya ga Bolt e ne e epiwa thata go bona speleothem (calcium carbonate go tswa mo di-stalagmite, di-stalactite, le matlapa a a elelang) mo lekgolong la dingwaga la bolesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi.[8]

Dikgaga tsa Sterkfontein e ne e le lefelo la thibololo ya masalela a dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.3 tsa Australopithecus africanus (e e bidiwang "Mrs Ples"), e e bonweng ka 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Phitlhelelo e thusitse go netefatsa thibololo ya 1924 ke Raymond Dart ya legata la Australopithecus africanus le lennye le le itsegeng jaaka "Ngwana wa Taung" kwa Taung kwa Kgaolong ya Bokone Bophirima jwa Aforika Borwa, kwa go epololwa go santseng go tsweleletse.

Gaufi, fela e seng mo lefelong, thulaganyo ya Rising Star Cave e na le Phaposi ya Dinaledi (Dinaledi Chamber), e mo go yone go neng ga ribololwa marapo a le lesome le botlhano a masalela a mofuta o o nyeletseng wa hominin, o o bidiwang Homo naledi ka nakwana.

Sterkfontein e le nosi e tlhagisitse go feta bongwe mo borarong jwa masalela a ntlha a hominid a a bonweng pele ga 2010.[9] Phaposi ya Dinaledi e na le ditlhopha tsa marapo a H. naledi a feta sekete le sephatlo go tswa mo ditsheding tse di ka nnang lesome le botlhano, e leng thibololo e e tseneletseng go gaisa ya mofuta o le mongwe wa hominid o o kileng wa fitlhelwa mo Aforika.[10]

Thuto ya mafoko

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Leina Cradle of Humankind le bontsha ntlha ya gore lefelo leno le tlhagisitse palo e ntsi thata ya masalela a di-hominin, dingwe tsa tsone tsa bogologolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di iseng di bonwe, tse di simolotseng dingwaga di le didikadike di le tharo le sephatlo tse di fetileng.[1][2][3]

Ditso tsa diphitlhelelo

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Ka 1935, Robert Broom o ne a bona masalela a ntlha a motho kwa Sterkfontein mme a simolola tiro mo lefelong le. Ka 1938, mosimane mongwe yo mmotlana wa sekolo, Gert Terrblanche, o ne a tlisa dikarolwana tsa legata la ga Raymond Dart go tswa kwa Kromdraai e e gaufi tse moragonyana di neng tsa lemogiwa jaaka Paranthropus robustus. Gape ka 1938, leino le le lengwe la motho le ne la fitlhelwa kwa lefelong la Cooper’s Cave fa gare ga Kromdraai le Sterkfontein.

Ka 1948, Leeto la Camp-Peabody go tswa kwa United States le ne la dira kwa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale le batla masalela a di-hominid, mme la palelwa ke go bona epe. Moragonyana ka 1948, Robert Broom o ne a supa masalela a ntlha a hominid go tswa mo logageng lwa Swartkrans.

Ka 1954, C. K. Brain o ne a simolola go bereka kwa mafelong a a neng a le kwa Cradle, go akaretsa le Logaga lwa Cooper. Morago ga moo o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo kwa logageng lwa Swartkrans, e e neng ya felela ka gore go bonwe setlhopha sa bobedi se segolo sa masalela a hominid go tswa kwa Cradle. Tiriso ya bogologolo e e laolwang ya molelo ke Homo erectus le yone e ne ya ribololwa kwa Swartkrans mme ya kwalwa dingwaga di feta sedikadike tse di fetileng.[11][12]

Ka 1966, Phillip Tobias o simolotse dipatlisiso tsa gagwe tsa Sterkfontein tse di santseng di tsweletse mme ke dipatlisiso tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng tse di tswelelang ka nako e telele go gaisa mo lefatsheng.

Ka 1991, Lee Berger wa Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand o ribolotse dikao tsa ntlha tsa hominid gotswa mo lefelong la Gladysvale, go dira gore e nne lefelo la ntlha le le ntsha la hominid la ntlha go ribololwa mo Aforika Borwa mo dingwageng di le masome a mane le boferabobedi. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ne a ribolola masalela a di-hominid kwa lefelong la Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand ba fitlhetse meno a mabedi a masalela a batho kwa lefelong la Gondolin. Gape ka 1997, lerapo la Australopithecus le le batlileng le felela la "Little Foot", ka nako eo le ne le beilwe dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 3.3 tse di fetileng (go bewa ga bosheng go supa gore le gaufi le dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo tse di fetileng), le ne la ribololwa ke Ron Clarke.

Ka 2001, Steve Churchill wa Yunibesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ne ba fitlhela masalela a batho a bogologolo a segompieno kwa Letsheng la Plovers. Gape ka 2001, masalela a ntlha a hominid le didiriswa tsa matlapa di ne tsa bonwa mo lefelong kwa Logageng lwa Cooper. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ribolotse masalela a bontlhabongwe a di-hominid tse pedi (Australopithecus sediba) tse di neng di tshela magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.78 le 1.95 tse di fetileng kwa Lefelong la Masalela a Malapa.

Ka Phalane 2013, Berger o ne a laela moithuta-lefatshe Pedro Boshoff go batlisisa dithulaganyo tsa magaga mo Cradle of Humankind ka boikaelelo jo bo tlhamaletseng jwa go ribolola mafelo a mangwe a masalela a di-hominin. Batho ba ba batlang mo magageng e bong Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ne ba ribolola masalela a batho mo lefelong le le neng le ise le tlhotlhomisiwe pele la Thulaganyo ya Logaga lwa Rising Star-Westminster le le abetsweng leina la lefelo la UW-101. Ka Ngwanatsele 2013, Berger o ne a etelela pele leeto le le kopanetsweng la Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand le Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Thutafatshe go ya kwa Thulaganyong ya Logaga lwa Dinaledi tse di Tlhatlogang gaufi le Swartkrans. Mo dibekeng tse tharo fela tsa go epa, setlhopha sa boditšhabatšhaba sa basadi ba le barataro sa bmaranyane ba ba gatetseng pele ba thuto ya matlapa (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto), ba tlhophilwe ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa bone jwa paleoanthropology le jwa go epa mo magageng, mmogo le bonnye jwa bone, ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa masalela a a fetang sekete le makgolo a mabedi tsa mofuta wa hominin o o sa itsiweng. Go tloga ka 2015, lefelo leno le ne le sa ntse le le mo thulaganyong ya go bewa letlha. Ka Lwetse 2015, Berger, ka tirisanommogo le National Geographic, o ne a itsise ka go ribololwa ga mofuta o mosha wa losika lwa motho, o o bidiwang Homo naledi, go tswa kwa UW-101.[13][14][15] Babatlisisi bangwe ba akantsha gore H. naledi e ne ya baya ditopo tsa baswi ba yone ka bomo mo phaposing e e kgakala ya logaga, boitshwaro jo pele go neng go akanngwa gore bo lekanyeditswe go mefuta ya moragonyana ya Homo, le fa seno e le kgang e e tsweletseng ya kganetsano ya barutegi.[16][17] Mo malatsing a bofelo a Leeto la Dinaledi tse di Tlhatlogang, batlhatlheledi ba dikgaga Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ne ba ribolola dilo tse dingwe tsa masalela a hominid mo karolong e nngwe ya thulaganyo ya dikgaga. Dipatlisiso tsa ntlha mo lefelong leno, le le bidiwang UW-102, di ne di simolotse ka 2013 mme tsa ntsha dilo tse di feletseng tsa masalela a hominid tsa yone. Kamano ya lefelo la 101 le 102 ga e itsiwe.[18][19][20]

Australopithecus africanus (e agilwe sesha)
Legata leno ke karolo ya holotype ya Australopithecus sediba






Bokao jwa thutafatshe

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Masalela a hominin a a neng a nna masalela a nako kwa Cradle of Humankind a fitlhelwa mo magageng a dolomitic, mme gantsi a phuthetswe mo motswakong wa kalaka le matlakala a mangwe a a bidiwang breccia. Di-hominid tsa ntlha di ka tswa di ne di tshela mo Aforika yotlhe, fela masalela a tsone a fitlhelwa fela mo mafelong a maemo a neng a letla go bopega le go boloka masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng.[21]

Mafelo a baeng

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Ka Sedimonthole a supa 2005, Tautona wa Aforika Borwa Thabo Mbeki o ne a bula Lefelo le lesha la Baeng la Maropeng mo lefelong leo.[22] Go ya ka maranyane a maropeng.co.za, baeng ba ka bona masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, ba leba didirisiwa tsa matlapa, le go ithuta ka botsalo jwa batho mo lefelong la baeng. Setsi sa baeng gape se neela baeng leeto la Magaga a Sterkfontein le dipontsho tse Sterkfontein. Sebopego se se motlhofo, se se tsamayang, sa tshipi se se itsegeng jaaka Beetle se beilwe mo godimo ga lefelo la Malapa, go letla setšhaba se se duelang go leba dikepo, fa di sena go simolola gape kwa lefelong. (Go epa go ntse go emisitswe fa e sale ka 2009, fa masalela a batho ba le bane ba A. sediba a ne a tlosiwa.)[23]

Metswedi

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  1. 1 2 Fleminger, David (2008). The Cradle of Humankind. 30° South Publishers. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-9584891-3-3.
  2. 1 2 "Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  3. 1 2 Wayman, Erin. "The Human Evolution World Tour". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  4. ↑ "Why is the Cradle of Humankind important?".
  5. ↑ "Fossils in the Cradle of Humankind site reignite debate over origins of humans". NBC News. 30 June 2022. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  6. ↑ "Maropeng a'Afrika and the Cradle of Humankind". maropeng.co.za. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  7. ↑ "Research Briefs". South African Journal of Science. 109 (5/6): 1–2. 2013. doi:10.1590/sajs.2013/a0017. ISSN 0038-2353.
  8. ↑ Edwards, Tara R.; Armstrong, Brian J.; Birkett-Rees, Jessie; Blackwood, Alexander F.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Penzo-Kajewski, Paul; Pickering, Robyn; Adams, Justin W. (14 January 2019). "Combining legacy data with new drone and DGPS mapping to identify the provenance of Plio-Pleistocene fossils from Bolt's Farm, Cradle of Humankind (South Africa)". PeerJ. 7 e6202. doi:10.7717/peerj.6202. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6336010. PMID 30656072.
  9. ↑ Smith, David (15 January 2010). "Visit to the Cradle of Humankind". The Guardian. London. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  10. ↑ Wong, Kate (10 September 2015). "Mysterious New Human Species Emerges from Heap of Fossils". Scientific American. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi 2026.
  11. ↑ Brain, CK; Sillen, A (1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the earliest use of fire". Nature. 336 (6198): 464:466. Bibcode:1988Natur.336..464B. doi:10.1038/336464a0. S2CID 4318364.
  12. ↑ Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site (First ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-77007-065-3. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  13. ↑ "New Species of Human Discovered in South Africa". IFLScience. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved Lwetse a ferabobedi, 2026.
  14. ↑ Photograph Mark Thiessen, National Geographic (10 September 2015). "This Face Changes the Human Story. But How?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
  15. ↑ Berger, Lee R.; Hawks, John; De Ruiter, Darryl J.; Churchill, Steven E.; Schmid, Peter; Delezene, Lucas K.; Kivell, Tracy L.; Garvin, Heather M.; Williams, Scott A.; Desilva, Jeremy M.; Skinner, Matthew M.; Musiba, Charles M.; Cameron, Noel; Holliday, Trenton W.; Harcourt-Smith, William; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Bastir, Markus; Bogin, Barry; Bolter, Debra; Brophy, Juliet; Cofran, Zachary D.; Congdon, Kimberly A.; Deane, Andrew S.; Dembo, Mana; Drapeau, Michelle; Elliott, Marina C.; Feuerriegel, Elen M.; Garcia-Martinez, Daniel; Green, David J.; et al. (2015). "Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.09560. PMC 4559886. PMID 26354291.
  16. ↑ Johannesburg, The University of the Witwatersrand. "Homo naledi - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za.
  17. ↑ Dirks, Paul HGM; Berger, Lee R.; Roberts, Eric M.; Kramers, Jan D.; Hawks, John; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Elliott, Marina; Musiba, Charles M.; Churchill, Steven E.; De Ruiter, Darryl J.; Schmid, Peter; Backwell, Lucinda R.; Belyanin, Georgy A.; Boshoff, Pedro; Hunter, K. Lindsay; Feuerriegel, Elen M.; Gurtov, Alia; Harrison, James du G.; Hunter, Rick; Kruger, Ashley; Morris, Hannah; Makhubela, Tebogo V.; Peixotto, Becca; Tucker, Steven (2015). "Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.09561. PMC 4559842. PMID 26354289.
  18. ↑ "Rising Star Expedition". Archived from the original on 7 November 2013.
  19. ↑ "Scientists bag more than 1000 fossils at Cradle 'treasure trove'".
  20. ↑ "Johannesburg Update".
  21. ↑ Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN 978-0-203-73165-9. OCLC 1128062043. S2CID 242503326.
  22. ↑ "Mbeki opens Maropeng centre". News24. 8 December 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Maropeng, which means 'the place where we come from,' is expected to receive over 500 000 visitors annually, according to the Gauteng provincial government.
  23. ↑ Cherry, Michael (2015). "Human evolution: The cradle of humankind revisited". Nature. 523 (7558): 33. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...33C. doi:10.1038/523033a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4446278.

Visitor centres

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Ka 7 Sedimonthole 2005, Moporesidente wa Aforika Borwa Thabo Mbeki o butsi senthara e ntšhwa ya baeng ya Maropeng kwa lefelong leo. Go ya ka webosaete ya maropeng.co.za, baeng ba ka bona masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, ba leba didirisiwa tsa maje, le go ithuta ka botsalo jwa batho mo lefelong la baeng. Lefelo la baeti gape le na le loeto lwa Sterkfontein Caves le dipontsho kwa Sterkfonstein. Sebopego sa tshipi se se botlhofo, e e kgonang go tsamaisiwa e e itsegeng jaaka Beetle e beilwe mo godimo ga lefelo la Malapa, go letlelela setšhaba se se duelang go bona go epololwa, fa ba setse ba simolotse mo lefelong leo. (Go epa go ntse go emisitswe go tloga ka 2009, fa masalela a batho ba le bane ba A. sediba a ne a tlosiwa.) [1][go tlhoka go ntshwafatso]

  1. ↑ Cherry, Michael (2015). "Human evolution: The cradle of humankind revisited". Nature (in Sekgoa). 523 (7558): 33. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...33C. doi:10.1038/523033a. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4446278.
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