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Mokgatlho wa go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba

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Mokgatlho wa go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba o o itsegeng ka Mokgatlho wa phediso ya go gweba ka makgoba, mme ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwa Mokgatlho wa phediso bokgoba kana Mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba, e ne e le setlhopha sa Borithane se se neng sa tlhomiwa ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 1787. Maikaelelo a go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba a ne a fitlhelelwa ka 1807. Go fedisiwa ga bokgoba mo dikoloneng tsotlhe tsa Borithane go ne ga latela ka 1833. Adam Hochschild o bolela gore mokgatlho ono o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba ke one wa ntlha wa kagiso o o mekgatlho yotlhe ya segompieno o agetwseng mo go one.[1]

Bontsi jwa batlhami ba ne ba kopane kwa George Yard go tloga ka 1783, mme mo dingwageng di le nne ba ne ba godisa lesaka la ditsala tsa bone go akaretsa Thomas Clarkson, yo o neng a sa itsiwe ka nako eo.

Mokgatlho o ne o tlhomilwe ke banna ba le lesome le bobedi; go akaretsa batho ba moragonyana ba neng ba nna barotloetsi ba ba itsegeng, jaaka Thomas Clarkson le Granville Sharp. Jaaka Ba-Anglican ba ne ba kgona go nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo Palamenteng go gaisa maloko a le mantsi a a simolotseng Quaker - ka ntlha ya gore batho ba ba sa dumeleng ba ne ba sa letlelelwa go nna le maemo a taolo. Mokgatlho o ne wa dira go ruta setshaba ka ga tiriso e e sa siamang ya kgwebo ya makgoba le go fedisa kgwebo ya makgoba ya boditshabatshaba fa Palamente ya Borithane e fetisa Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807, ka nako eo mokgatlho o ne wa emisa ditiro tsa one. (Amerika gape e ne ya thibela kgwebo ya makgoba ya MaAforika mo ngwageng oo, go simolola go dira ka 1808.)

Ka 1823 Society for the Mitigation and Slowly Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions (e e itsegeng gape jaaka Anti-Slavery Society) e ne ya tlhomiwa, e e neng ya dira go fedisa motheo wa bokgoba mo dikoloneng tsotlhe tsa Borithane. Phetso e ne ya fetisiwa ke palamente ka 1833 (ntle le kwa India, kwa e neng e le karolo ya setso sa selegae); Ka 1838 go ne go na le kgololesego e e neng e le teng.

Go a gakgamatsa gore Ba-Quaker le ba ba sa dumeleng, ba ba simolotseng Mokgatlho, ba ne ba gana go lekanwa go fitlha ka Catholic Emancipation Act 1829, dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bobedi morago ga Molao wa Kgwebisano ya Makgoba wa 1807 o fetisiwa.

Ditso tsa kwa tshimologong

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Mafoko a ntlha kgatlhanong le bokgoba a kwadilwe ke badumedi ba Dutch le German ba ba kopaneng kwa Germantown kwa Pennsylvania ka ngwaga wa 1688. Badumedi ba Maesemane ba ne ba simolola go bua ka go nna kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba ka ngwaga wa 1727 mme ba rotloetsa phetogo. Go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1750, palo ya badumedi kwa dikoloneng tsa America kwa Britain le bone ba ne ba simolola go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba mme ba bitsa badumedi ba Maesemane go tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le puso. ba ne ba rotloetsa banni ba mo gae ba bangwe ba akaretsa badumedi ba e leng beng ba makgoba go tlhabolola diemo tsa makgoba, ba ba rutuntshe mo SeKereseteng, go kwala le go bala le go ba golola.

Setlhopha se e seng sa mmuso sa badumedi ba le barataro ba ne ba simolodisa letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1783 fa bokopano jwa mokgatlho wa ditsala wa London jwa ngwaga le ngwaga bo supa kopo kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgobo kwa pusong, e beilwe monwana ke badumedi ba le makgolo amararo. Ba ne ba rotloediwa le ke metswedi ya dikgang ka kganyaolo ya Zong, ka beng ba dikepe ba ne ba batla madi kgatlhanong le tse di ba latlhegetseng ka ntlha ya makgoba a feta lekgolo, masome a mararo le bobedi ba ne ba ba bolailwe mo skepeng sa bone.

Ka ngwaga wa 1787, boraro mo boneng jwa batho mo lefatsheng ba ne ba nna mo bokgobeng jwa mofuta mongwe, go patelediwa go tsaya sekoloto kgotsa go nna motlhanka. Go e go sena makgoba mo Britain, mme bontsi jwa batho ba koo ba ne ba amogela bokgoba kwa bophirima jwa Indies.[2]

Badumedi ba ne ba tsaya tshwetso ya go dira setlhopha se se nnye, se ikanne, ebile e se sa kereke epe go nna le kemo nokeng ya kereke ya England le puso. Komiti e ntšha e e seng ya kereke epe e simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 1787 e na le maloko a badumedi ba le boferabongwe le ba kereke ya Anglican ba le bararo. Ka badumedi ba ne ba sa ipaakanyetsa go amogela selalelo sa Morena go ya ka melao ya kereke ya England, ba ne ba sa letlelelwe g dira jaaka matona a puso, go nna le maloko a kereke ya Anglican go thatafaditse kgonagalo ya go gwetlha puso.[3] Mokgatlho o mošha o ne o bidiwa Mokgatlho wa go kganela kgwebo ya makgoba, morago wa bidiwa mokgatlho wa kganelo fela.[4]

Modumo wa se se diragetseng mo lefelong le, mo motshegareng wa Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 1787, o ne wa kgatlha leitlho la didkadike tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ba akaretsa moithuti wa ntlha wa se re se bitsang setšhaba sa selegae gompieno. Maduo a motseletsele wa ditiragalo a simolotse motshegare kwa London, ga kwala moitseanape wa polotiki ya France Alexis de Tocqueville dingwaga tse di masome mabedi morago.[5]

Borobabongwe jwa maloko a a simolotseng mokgatlho a le lesome le bobedi e ne e le badumedi:[3]

  1. John Barton (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1755 a tlhokafala ka 1789)
  2. William Dillwyn (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1743 a tlhokafala ka 1824)
  3. George Harrison
  4. Samuel Hoare Jr
  5. Joseph Hooper
  6. John Lloyd
  7. Joseph Woods
  8. James Phillips
  9. Richard Phillips[1]

Botlhano jwa badumedi ba ne ba kile ba nna mo setlhopheng se e seng sa semmuso sa badumedi ba barataro ba ba neng ab simolotse letsholo ka ngwaga wa 1783, kwa kopo ya ntlha kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba e neng ya neelwa palamente.

Maloko a kereke ya Anglican ba ba simolosteng mokgatlho e ne e le:

  1. Thomas Clarkson
  2. Granville Sharp
  3. Phillip Sansom[1]

Thomo le ditiragalo

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A ga ke monna le morwa rrago? setshwantso se se dirilweng e le bontlha jwa letsholo la go ema kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka Josiah Wedgewood

Mokgatlho o o ne o sa ikaelela go fedisa bokgoba, mme e leng go emisa go nna le seabe ga lefatshe la Britain mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya mafatshefatshe. Ba ne ba dira se ka go tsibosa batho ka dingwe tsa ditiragalo tse di setlhogo mo kgwebong.[4]

Maikaelelo a mokgatlho o e ne e le go itsise setšhaba ka bosetlhogo jwa ka fa makgoba a tshwarwang ka teng ka leina la bokgoba, ba gwantela molao o mošha o o emisang kgwebo ya makgoba le go diragatsa se mo lefatsheng la Britain lotlhe. Ditsela tsa mokgatlho o tsa go dira maikaelelo a one di ne di akaretsa go kwala le go gatisa dibuka tse di kgatlhanong le bokgoba, dipamphitshana, go rulaganya dithuto mo ditoropong tsa England. Mokwalo wa ga Clarkson wa go tlhoka molao ga kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika, e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa 1788, e ne e le nngwe ya dibuka tsa ntlha mo setlhogong seo.[3]

Dikopo di ne di neetswe palamente (di feta lekgolo ka ngwaga wa 1788[6]), megwanto ya kgatlhanong le bokgoba ya dirwa, le ditshwantsho le dietsele tsa go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba di dirilwe ka potso e e reng: "a ga ke monna le morwarrago?" go ne ga nna le maduo mo go tsiboseng batho.[7][3] Setshwantsho sa Wedgewood ke sone se se neng se itsege thata sa motho montsho mo botaking botlhe jwa lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le boferabobedi.[8] Clarkson o kwadile are: "basadi ba ne ba di apara mo masekeng, ba bangwe ba ne ba do tsenya mo meriring. Kgatlhego ya go di apara e ne ya golela pele, ka jalo kapari, e gantsi e itebaganyang le dilo tse di senang mosola, e ne ya bonwa lantlha mo ofising kgolo e rotloetsa tshiamo, setho le kgololesego.[9]

Ka go ruta setšhaba, komiti ya go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba e ne ya oketsa maloko. Ka ngwaga wa 1787, puisano tsa ga Clarkson tsa kwa maemelong a dikepe le ditoropo tsa England di ne tsa gapa leitlho la batho.

William Wilberforce o ne a simolola molao wa ntlha wa go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba ka ngwaga wa 1791, o o neng ga fengwa kgatlhanong le one ka ditalama di le lekgolo, masome a marataro le boraro kgatlhanong le dile le masome a ferabobedi le boferabobedi.[3] Jaaka Wilberforce a ne a tswelela ka go tsisa kgang ya kgwebo ya makgoba kwa palamenteng, Clarkson le ba bangwe mo komiting ba ne ba tsaya maeto, ba dira madi, ba gwanta ebile ba kwala ka ditiro tsa kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Ba ne ba dira letsholo la palamente, e ka yone Wilberforcea nenga simolola kakanyetso ya go emisa bokgoba ngwaga le ngwaga.

Komiti e e ne morago ya tsenelelwa ke mudumedi wa ditiro tsa bopelotlhomogi William Allen, o a neng a bereka thata le Wilberforce le badumedi ba bangwe.[10] Moeteledipele wa banka ya england ebile e le mosimolodi wa mokgatlho wa bopelotlhomogi wa St. George's Fields[11] Jeremiah Harman le ene o ne a eme nokeng[12], ebile a bala kgatiso ya ntlha ya mokgatlho o[12].

Maloko a basadi

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Go ya ka Claire Midgley ka ngwaga wa 2004, selekanyo sa basadi ba ba neng e le maloko a mokgatlho o se ne se tlwaelesegile mo ditirong tsa bopelotlhomogi tsa nako eo. Mo mokgatlhong o otlhe, basadi ba ne ba dira lesome mo lekgolong la boloko, fa kwa maphateng a mangwe, bogolo jang kwa Manchester (basadi ba le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi) palo e ne e le kwa godimo. Basadi ba ba istegeng ab e neng e le maloko a malwapa a badumedi jaaka mosadi wa ga William Dillwyn, Sarah, ba bangwe e le maloko a lephata le lengwe le lephata la Aforika, ba bangwe e le maloko a malwapa a bahumi a Manchester.[13] Ka ngwaga wa 1788 go ne go na le maloko a basadi a le makgolo a mabedi le borataro[14]. Mongwe wa basadi e ne e le mokwadi Elizabeth carter.[6]

Mekgatlho e e tsamaelanang

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Maloko a le mantsi a mokgatlho o, e ne e le maloko gape a motheo wa Aforika (o o simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1807 go fa makgoba a a golotsweng botshabelo jo bo tshelang, bo tlhabologile kwa Sierra Leone[15]).[6] Mokgatlho o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba wa barwa ba Aforika o ne o na le barutegi ba kwa London, bontsi e le makgoba a pele a Aforika. O ne o amana thata le mokgatlho wa go emisa kgwebo ya makgoba.

Go gwetlha go ile magoletsa ka ngwaga wa 1792, ka menwana e le dikete tse di lekgolo (toropo ya Manchester e le nosi e dirile dikete di le lesome, makgolo a marataro, masome a mararo le boferabongwe), le ditlhopha tsa dikgaolo tse di kgatlhanong le bokgoba di ne tsa simolola go etelela pele, bogolo jang kwa bokone jwa England.[6]

Basadi ba ne ba simolola go nna le seabe se segolo mo letsholong[16] le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba, mme ba sa kgone go etelela pele kwa palamenteng. Gantsi ba ne ba tlhama makgotla a bone a go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Basadi ba le bantsi ba ne ba tshositswe ke gore mo bokgobeng, bana le basadi ba ne ba tsewa mo malwapenga bone. Ka ngwaga wa 1824, Elizabeth Heyrick o ne a gatisa pamphitshana e bidiwa Kemiso ya gone jaana e seng fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, e mo go yone a neng a gwetlha go gololwa ga makgoba gone jaana kwa dikoloneng tsa Britain.[17]

Ntle le seabe se se botlana se ba neng ba na le sone, bontsi jwa basadi ba ne ba nna le seabe mo kemisong ya kgwebo ya makgoba. Molweladitshwanelo wa botlhokwa e ne e le Anne Knight. O ne a tsholetswe mo lolwapeng lwa Ssedumedi kwa essex a tsaya ditiro kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Knight o ne a simolola mokgatlho wa Chelmsford wa basadi kgatlhanong le bokgoba. O ne a tsaya loeto kwa France, a ruta batho ka bosetlhogo jwa bokgoba.

Mokgatlho wa basadi wa kwa Birmingham wa kgololo ya makgoba a batho bantsho o ne wa simololwa kwa Birmingham kwa England ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsia ferabobedi ka ngwaga wa 1825.[18][19]

Kemiso ya ngwaga wa 1807

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Ka ngwaga wa 1807, palamente ya Britain e ne ya tlhopha go emisa kgwebo ya mafatshefatshe ka fa tlase ga molao wa kgwebisano ya makgoba wa 1807,[4] mme ba diragatse se ka sesole sa bone sa bogosi.[20] Mokgatlho o ne wa feleletsa tiro ya one morago ga molao o o amogelwa.[3]

Lefatshe la United States le lone le ne la iletsa kgwebo ya makgoba ngwaga one oo, go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1808, Firikgong a rogwa.[21]

Ka ngwaga wa 1808, molao o mongwe o ne wa amogelwa kwa UK go fa lefatshe la Britain tshireletso kwa Freetown kw a bophirima jwa Aforika (kwa jaanong e leng toropokgolo ya lefatshe la Sierra Leone), kolone e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 1788 go fudusa makgoba a pele le batho bantsho ba ba humanegileng go tswa kwa London, ga mmogo le batho ba ba neng ba le mo lotlhakoreng lwa batho bantsho ba ba neng ba fuduseditswe kwa Nova Scotia morago ga ntwa ya boipuso jwa America.

Mokgatlho o mošha

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Go tswa ka ngwaga ya 1823, mokgatlho wa kemiso ya bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsa Britain e ne ya nna setlhopha sa mmangmang se se neng se berekela go emisa bokgoba. Mokgatlho le ba ba o emeng nokeng, ba akaretsa magolegwa le ma Aforika a a gololesegileng, barongwa , le matsholo a dikolone, ba ne ba bereka go fitlhelela legato la ntlha la kgololesego ya molao mo dikoloneng. O ne o eme nokeng ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba kwa United States. Bontsi jwa batho ba Britain ba ne ba eme nokeng maeto a dithuto ka ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba ba ba neng ba leka go direla maiteko a kwa United States madi. Baema nokeng bao gangwe le gape ba ne ba a fa ma America a a nenga iphaloditse mo bokgobeng botshabelo, ebile ba thusa go dira madi go reka kgololesego ya bone, jaaka ba ne ba diretse Frederick Douglass.

  1. 1 2 3 HOCHSCHILD, ADAM. "Excerpt: 'Bury the Chains'". NPR. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Adam Hochschild. The Unsung Heroes of Abolition.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Foundation of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade". History of Information. Retrieved 24 June 2025
  4. 1 2 3 "The Abolition Movement". MyLearning. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  5. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (25 January 2005). "The Idea That Brought Slavery to Its Knees". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Ditchfield, G.M. (24 May 2007). "Society for the Purpose of Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92867.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ↑ "Did you know? - Josiah Wedgwood was a keen advocate of the slavery abolition movement". thepotteries.org. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  8. ↑ "British History - Abolition of the Slave Trade 1807". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2025 The Wedgwood medallion was the most famous image of a black person in all of 18th-century art.
  9. ↑ "Wedgwood". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2025 Thomas Clarkson wrote; ladies wore them in bracelets, and others had them fitted up in an ornamental manner as pins for their hair. At length the taste for wearing them became general, and thus fashion, which usually confines itself to worthless things, was seen for once in the honourable office of promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom.
  10. ↑ "The role of the Clapham Sect in the fight for the abolition of slavery". Art UK. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  11. ↑ Address to the Public from the Philanthropic Society
  12. 1 2 "The City of London and slavery: evidence from the first dock companies, 1795–1800" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  13. ↑ Midgley, Claire (2004). "2. Participants from the first". Women Against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780-1870. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-134-79880-3. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  14. ↑ "Women & Women's Groups: The Abolition of Slavery Project". The Abolition of Slavery Project. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  15. ↑ African Institution (London, England) (1812). Report of the Committee of the African Institution. Ellerton and Henderson. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  16. ↑ Sussman, Charlotte (2000). Consuming Anxieties. Consumer Protest, Gender, and British Slavery, 1713-1833. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  17. ↑ WHN (12 September 2010). "Elizabeth Heyrick (1869-1831)". Women's History Network. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  18. ↑ Simkin, John. "Women and the Anti-Slavery Movement". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  19. ↑ Hall, Catherine (2008). "Anti-Slavery Society". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  20. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (2005). Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves. London: Pan Books.
  21. ↑ Foner, Eric (10 January 2008). "End of Slave Trade Meant New Normal for America". NPR.org (Interview). Interviewed by Martin, Michel. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
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