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Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1964

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Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1964 (Pub. L. 88 - 352, 78 Stat. 241, o ne wa tlhongwa ka July a le malatsi mabedi, 1964) ke molao wa ditshwanelo tsa setho le wa badiri kwa Amerika o o thibelang kgethololo e e ikaegileng ka lotso, mmala, bodumedi, bong,[a] le kwa motho a tlholegang teng.[1] E thibela go sa lekalekane ga go dirisiwa ga melao ya go ikwadisetsa go tlhopha, go tlhaola batho ka lotso mo dikolong le mo mafelong a botlhe, le go tlhaola batho mo tirong. Molao ono "o santse e le mongwe wa diphitlhelelo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa molao mo ditsong ya Amerika".[2]

Kwa tshimologong, dithata tse di neng di neetswe go diragatsa molao ono di ne di le bokoa, mme di ne tsa okediwa mo dingwageng tse di neng tsa latela. Congress e ne ya tlhomamisa thata ya yone ya go dira molao ka fa tlase ga dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa Molaomotheo wa Amerika, segolobogolo thata ya yone ya go laola kgwebisano ya magareng ga dikgaolo tse di farologaneng ka fa tlase ga Karolo ya Kgwebisano ya Setlhogo sa I, Karolo ya boferabobedi, tiro ya yone ya go tlhomamisa gore baagi botlhe ba sirelediwa ka go lekana ke melao ka fa tlase ga Phetolo ya Molaomotheo ya bolesome le bone, le tiro ya yone ya go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha ka fa tlase ga Phetolo ya Molaomotheo ya bolesome le botlhano.

Molao ono o ne wa akanyediwa ke tautona John F. Kennedy ka Seetebosigo 1963, mme o ne wa ganediwa ke batho ba ba neng ba tlhotlheletsa molao kwa Senateng. Fa Kennedy a sena go bolawa ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 1963, tautona Lyndon B. Johnson o ne a kgarameletsa molao oo kwa pele. Ntlo ya Baemedi ba Amerika e ne ya fetisa molao o ka Tlhakole a le lesome, 1964, mme morago ga tiegiso ya malatsi a le masome a supa le bobedi, o ne wa feta ka Senate ya Amerika ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe, 1964. Tlhopho ya bofelo e ne e le 290–130 mo Ntlong ya Baemedi le 73–27 mo Senateng.[3] Fa Ntlo e sena go dumalana le paakanyo e e latelang ya Senate, Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1964 o ne wa saeniwa go nna molao ke Tautona Johnson kwa White House ka Phukwi a le gabedi, 1964.

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Tsosoloso le setlha sa Tumalano e ntsha

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Ka 1883 mo kgetsing e e neng e le botlhokwa thata, Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya United States e ne ya atlhola gore Congress e ne e se na maatla a go thibela kgethololo mo maphateng a a ikemetseng, ka jalo e rola Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1875 bokgoni jwa one jwa go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho.[4]

Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bolesome le borobabongwe le tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bomasome a mabedi, mabaka a semolao a go phimola Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1875 e ne e le karolo ya mokgwa o mogolo wa bontsi jwa Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya United States ya go phimola bontsi jwa melawana ya puso ya maphata a a ikemetseng, kwa ntle ga fa go buiwa ka melao e e diretsweng go sireletsa maitsholo a setshaba a setso.

Ka bo1930, ka nako ya Tumalano e ntsha, bontsi jwa baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ba ne ba fetola kakanyo ya bona ya semolao ka iketlo go letla taolo e kgolo ya puso mo maphateng a a ikemetseng ka fa tlase ga Commerce Clause, go dira jalo ga bula tsela ya gore puso ya bosetshaba e tlhome melao ya ditshwanelo tsa setshaba e e thibelang kgethololo ya setshaba le ya makgotla a a ikemetseng ba beile mo Molaong wa Kgwebo.

A tlhotlhelediwa ka bontlhabongwe ke bagakolodi ba "Black Cabinet" le Mogwanto wa Washington Movement, pele fela ga Amerika e tsena mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, Tautona Franklin Roosevelt o ne a ntsha Executive Order 8802, taelo ya ntlha ya puso kgatlhanong le kgethololo, mme a tlhoma Komiti ya Khiro e e Siameng.[5] Motlhatlhami wa ga Roosevelt, Tautona Harry Truman, o ne a tlhoma Komiti ya ga Tautona ya Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba, a akanyetsa Molao wa ntlha wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa dingwaga tsa bomasome mabedi, mme a ntsha Executive Order 9980 le Executive Order 9981, e e netefatsang khiro e e siameng le go tlosa tlhaolele mo pusong ya bosetshaba le mo sesoleng.[6]

Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1957

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Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1957, o o neng wa saeniwa ke Tautona Dwight D. Eisenhower ka Lwetse a ferabongwe, 1957, e ne e le molao wa ntlha wa puso wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi fa e sa le Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1875 o nna molao. Morago ga gore Kgotlatshekelokgolo e atlhole gore go kgaoganngwa ga dikolo ga go tsamaelane le molaomotheo ka 1954 mo kgetsing ya ga Brown v. Board of Education, MaDemocrat ba Borwa ba ne ba simolola letsholo la "kganetso e kgolo" kgatlhanong le go kopanngwa ga dikolo, mme le baeteledipele ba le mmalwa ba basweu ba ne ba fetogela kwa maemong a bosemorafe phatlalatsa.[7][8] Ka bontlhabongwe, ka maiteko a go fokotsa dikgoeletso tsa diphetogo tse di tseneletseng, Eisenhower o ne a akanyetsa molao wa ditshwanelo tsa setshaba go oketsa tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha tsa MaAforika a Amerika.[9]

Le fa e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e e kwa tlase mo go tseyeng karolo ga batlhophi ba MaAforika a Amerika, ka nako ya fa ikwadiso ya batlhophi ba bantsho e ne e le go tswa go 0% (mo dikgaolong tse lesome le motso) go ya kwa tlase ga 5% (mo dikgaolong tse masome a robabongwe le bosupa) le ntswa e ne e le mo dikgaolong tse di nang le bontsi jwa Bantsho,[10] Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1957 o ne wa tlhama the United States Commission on Civil Rights le the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. Ka 1960, go tlhopha ga batho bantsho go ne go oketsegile ka 3% fela,[11] mme Congress e ne ya fetisa Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1960, o o neng wa fedisa diphatlha dingwe tse di neng di tlogetswe ke Molao wa 1957.

Go lwela ditshwanelo

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Metswedi ya dikgang ya lefatshe lotlhe gape e ne ya nna le seabe se segolo mo tsamaisong ya bogogi jwa ga Kennedy le Johnson, mo go letleleleng go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa 1964. Jaaka kelelelo e e sa siamang ya lefatshe lotlhe e e neng ya ganediwa mo thelebishineng ya kganetso ya ditshwanelo tsa setshaba e tshwana le Little Rock Crisis ya 1957, go gwetlha katlholo ya Brown vs Board of Education ya 1954 ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Amerika e e neng e thibela kgethololo ya dikolo tsa setshaba, le tlhaselo ya ditshupegetso tsa letsholo la Birmingham ka 1963, di ne tsa baya kgatelelo e kgolo mo lekalaneng la khuduthamaga la puso go dira diphetogo tse di tseneletseng tsa molao.[12]

Molaokakanyetso wa Ditshwanelo tsa Setshaba wa ga Kennedy wa 1963

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Tautona Kennedy a buisa setshaba ka ditshwanelo tsa setshaba ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso, 1963

Ka go fenya ditlhopho tsa 1960 tsa botautona jwa Amerika, Kennedy o ne a tsaya 70% ya tlhopho ya maAforika a Amerika.[13] Mme ka ntlha ya phenyo ya gagwe e tshesane le go nna bantsinyana ga MaDemocrat kwa Congress, o ne a na le letshogonyana la go gatelela thata molao wa ditshwanelo tsa setshaba ka ntlha ya go boifa go latlhegelwa ke tshegetso ya borwa.[13] Mo godimo ga moo, go ya ka Miller Center, o ne a batla go letela go fitlha paka ya gagwe ya bobedi go romela Congress molaokakanyetso wa ditshwanelo tsa setshaba.[14] Mme ka dikgotlhang tse di kwa godimo tsa lotso le lekhubu la ditshupegetso tsa MaAforika a Amerika ka dikgakologo tsa 1963, jaaka letsholo la Birmingham, Kennedy o ne a lemoga gore o tshwanetse go tsaya kgato mo ditshwanelong tsa setshaba.[15][16]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)" Archived April 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States (1883). "U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)". U.S. Reports. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 13, 2024. 1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XIVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and redressing the effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.
  5. ↑ "FDR on racial discrimination, 1942". www.gilderlehrman.org. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a matlhano ka 2025
  6. ↑ Johnson, Jennifer; Hussey, Michael (May 19, 2014). "Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History". National Archives. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  7. ↑ "Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Net". networks.h-net.org. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  8. ↑ "Racism to Redemption". National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Pach, Chester J.; Richardson, Elmo (1991). The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Revised ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-7006-0437-1. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Marshall, Burke (1962). "Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights". Law and Contemporary Problems. Duke University School of Law. Retrieved September 13, 2024. Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are registered to vote. For example, in Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.
  11. ↑ James A. Miller, "An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record" Archived 2012-01-07 at the Wayback Machine The Boston Globe at boston.com, 21 November 2007, e nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Dudziak, Mary (June 2004). "Brown as a Cold War Case". The Journal of American History. 91 (1): 32–42. JSTOR 3659611. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
  14. ↑ "The Civil Rights Act of 1964". Miller Center. December 27, 2016. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  15. ↑ "The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. E nopotswe ke Seetebosigo a le matlhano ka 2025.
  16. ↑ "American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript". PBS. March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
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