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Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa go Tlhopha wa 1965

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Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa go Tlhopha wa 1965 ke molao o o botlhokwa kwa Amerika o o thibelang kgethololo ya lotso mo go tlhopheng.[1][2] O ne wa saenelwa mo molaong ke Tautona Lyndon B. Johnson ka nako ya setlhoa sa mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa setshaba ka Phatwe a le malatsi a marataro, 1965, mme Congress moragonyana e ne ya fetola Molao makgetlho a le matlhano go atolosa tshireletso ya yone.[3] E diretswe go diragatsa ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha tse di sireleditsweng ke Phetolo ya boLesome le Bone le ya boLesome le Botlhano ya Molaotheo wa Amerika, Molao o o ne o batla go sireletsa tshwanelo ya go tlhopha ga batho ba ba mmalwanyana mo lefatsheng lotlhe, segolo thata kwa Borwa. Go ya ka Lephata la Molao la Amerika, Molao ono o tsewa e le molao o o atlegileng go gaisa wa ditshwanelo tsa setshaba o o kileng wa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo lefatsheng.[4] The National Archives and Records Administration e ne ya re: "Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa go Tlhopha wa 1965 e ne e le phetogo e e botlhokwa thata ya semolao mo kamanong magareng ga puso ya bosetshaba le ya mo kgaolong ya go tlhopha fa e sale ka nako ya Tsosoloso morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae".[5]

Molao ono o na le ditshiamelo di le mmalwa tse di laolang ditlhopho. Molao wa "general provisions" o tlamela ka tshireletso ya lefatshe ka bophara ya ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha. Karolo ya bobedi ke taelo ya kakaretso e e thibelang puso ya kgaolo le ya selegae go tlhoma molao mongwe le mongwe wa go tlhopha o o "feleletsang ka go ganwa kgotsa go fokotsega ga tshwanelo ya moagi mongwe le mongwe go tlhopha ka ntlha ya lotso kgotsa mmala" kgotsa boloko jwa setlhopha sa ba merafe e e mmalwanyana.[6] Ditshiamelo tse dingwe tsa kakaretso di thibela ditlhatlhobo tsa go bala le go kwala le didiriswa tse di tshwanang le tsone tse di neng di dirisitswe mo ditsong go kgaola batho ba merafe e mmalwanyana. Molao ono gape o na le "ditshiamelo tse di kgethegileng" tse di dirang fela mo dikgotlatshekelong tse di rileng. Tshiamelo e e kgethegileng ke Karolo ya botlhano ya phepafatso pele, e e thibelang dikgotlatshekelo dingwe go tsenya mo tirisong phetogo nngwe le nngwe e e amang go tlhopha ntle le go amogela thurifatso go tswa go Mmueledi-Kakaretso wa U.S. kgotsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Kgaolo ya U.S. ya D.C. gore phetogo ga e kgetholole batho ba merafe e e mmalwanyana e e sireleditsweng.[7] Tshiamelo e nngwe e e kgethegileng e batla gore dikgotlatshekelo tse di nang le batho ba ba nang le dipuo tsa merafe e e mmalwanyana gore di tlamele ditlhopho tsa dipuo tse pedi le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa ditlhopho.

Karolo ya botlhano le bontsi jwa dipeelo tse dingwe tse di kgethegileng tse di dirisiwang mo dikgaolong tsa taolo tse di akareditsweng ke "fomula ya tshireletso" e e tlhalositsweng mo Karolo ya bone kgaolo(b). Fomula ya tshireletso e ne e diretswe kwa tshimologong go akaretsa dikgaolo tse di neng di dira kgethololo e e maswe thata ya go tlhopha ka 1965, mme Congress e ne ya tlhabolola fomula eo ka 1970 le 1975. Mo kgetsing ya Shelby County v. Holder (2013), Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya U.S. e ne ya e kgaola, e tlhoma lebaka la gore ga e dumalane le molaomotheo ebile e siilwe ke nako.[8] Kgotlatshekelo ga e aka ya phimola Karolo ya botlhano, mme kwa ntle ga fomula ya tshireletso, Karolo ya botlhano ga e kgone go diragadiwa.[9] Ditaolo tse pele di neng di akareditswe ke fomula ya tshireletso di okeditse thata seelo sa go phepafadiwa ga ikwadiso ya batlhophi morago ga tshwetso ya ga Shelby.[10]

Ka 2021, katlholo ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee e ne ya ranola Karolo ya bobedi ya Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa go Tlhopha wa 1965 gape, mme ya e koafatsa thata.[11][6] Katlholo e ne ya ranola puo ya "kakaretso ya maemo" ya Karolo ya bobedi go kaya gore ga e thibele melao ya go tlhopha e e nang le ditlamorago tse di farologaneng mo ditlhopheng tse e neng e batla go di sireletsa, go akaretsa le molao o o thibetsweng ka fa tlase ga Karolo ya botlhano pele ga Kgotlatshekelo e thibela karolo eo mo Shelby County v. Holder.[11][6] Segolobogolo, katlholo e ne ya swetsa ka gore poifo ya tsietso ya ditlhopho e ka tlhomamisa melao e e ntseng jalo kwa ntle ga bosupi jwa gore tsietso e e ntseng jalo e diragetse mo nakong e e fetileng kgotsa gore molao o mosha o tla dira gore ditlhopho e nne tse di babalesegileng.[6]

Dipatlisiso di supa gore Molao o atlegile le go oketsa palo ya batlhophi le kwadiso ya batlhophi, segolo thata mo bathong ba bantsho.[12][13][14][15] Molao o gape o golagantswe le dipoelo tse di bonalang, jaaka tlamelo e kgolo ya dithoto tsa setshaba (jaaka thuto ya setshaba) mo dikgaolong tse di nang le palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba bantsho, maloko a le mantsi a Congress a a tlhophang melao e e amanang le ditshwanelo tsa setshaba, le kemedi e kgolo ya bantsho mo diofising tsa selegae.[16][17][18]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mapodisi a Alabama ka 1965 ba tlhasela bagwanti ba ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha ka "Sontaga yo o kgamatlhetseng madi", mogwanto wa ntlha wa Selma go ya go Montgomery

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965". United States Department of Justice. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "Voting Rights Act". National Voting Rights Museum and Institute. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965". United States Department of Justice. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. E nopotswe ke Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  4. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Introduction to Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act". U.S. Department of Justice. June 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a le malatsi a malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "Milestone Documents: Voting Rights Act (1965)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Brnovich, Attorney General of Arizona, et al. v. Democratic National Committee et al" (PDF). July 1, 2021. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  7. ↑ "About Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act". U.S. Department of Justice. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Shelby County v. Holder, No. 12–96, 570 U.S. ___ (2014). E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Howe, Amy (June 25, 2013). "Details on Shelby County v. Holder: In Plain English". SCOTUSBlog. E nopotswe Seetebodigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Feder, Catalina; Miller, Michael G. (June 1, 2020). "Voter Purges After Shelby: Part of Special Symposium on Election Sciences". American Politics Research. 48 (6): 687–692. doi:10.1177/1532673x20916426. ISSN 1532-673X. S2CID 221131969. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions". NPR. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le matlhano ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Bernini, Andrea; Facchini, Giovanni; Tabellini, Marco; Testa, Cecilia (July 2023). "Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act". National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 31425. doi:10.3386/w31425. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Fresh, Adriane (February 23, 2018). "The Effect of the Voting Rights Act on Enfranchisement: Evidence from North Carolina". The Journal of Politics. 80 (2): 713–718. doi:10.1086/697592. S2CID 158668168. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Ang, Desmond (2019). "Do 40-Year-Old Facts Still Matter? Long-Run Effects of Federal Oversight under the Voting Rights Act". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 11 (3): 1–53. doi:10.1257/app.20170572. ISSN 1945-7782. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Shah, P. R.; Marschall, M. J.; Ruhil, A. V. S. (2013). "Are We There Yet? The Voting Rights Act and Black Representation on City Councils, 1981–2006". The Journal of Politics. 75 (4): 993–1008. doi:10.1017/s0022381613000972. hdl:1911/71875. S2CID 62823836. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Schuit, Sophie; Rogowski, Jon C. (December 1, 2016). "Race, Representation, and the Voting Rights Act". American Journal of Political Science. 61 (3): 513–526. doi:10.1111/ajps.12284. ISSN 1540-5907. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a matlhano ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Cascio, Elizabeth U.; Washington, Ebonya (February 1, 2014). "Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds following the Voting Rights Act of 1965". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129 (1): 379–433. doi:10.1093/qje/qjt028. ISSN 0033-5533. S2CID 617854. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le gatlhano ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Bernini, Andrea; Facchini, Giovanni; Testa, Cecilia (April 2023). "Race, Representation, and Local Governments in the US South: The Effect of the Voting Rights Act". Journal of Political Economy. 131 (4). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 994–1056. doi:10.1086/722092. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 158339446. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi matlhano ka 2025.
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