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Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850

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Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng e ne e le molao o o neng wa fetisiwa ke Congress ya bomasomemararo ya Amerika ka Lwetse a le lesome le boferabobedi, 1850,[1] jaaka karolo ya Tumalano ya 1850 magareng ga dikgatlhego tsa Borwa mo bokgobeng le Ba-Free-Soilers ba Bokone.

Molao o e ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di neng di ngangisanwa thata tsa tumalano ya 1850 mme ya oketsa poifo ya Bokone ya leano la maatla a makgoba. E ne e tlhoka gore makgoba otlhe a a falotseng, fa a tshwarwa, a busediwe kwa go mong wa makgoba le gore badiredipuso le baagi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng ba tshwanetse go dirisana mmogo.[2] Molao o ne wa thusa mo go nneng le kgaogano e e golang ya lefatshe ka kgang ya bokgoba. E ne e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di dirileng gore go tlhomiwe Mokgatlho wa Rephaboliki le go simolola ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[3]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mokwalo wa Moranang a le masome mabedi le bone, 1851 e e neng e tlhagisa "batho ba mmala ba Boston" ka mapodisi a a dirang jaaka batshwari ba makgoba.

Ka 1843, batho ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka ngwaga ba ne ba tshabela kwa Bokone ka katlego, mme seno sa dira gore bokgoba e nne motheo o o sa tlhomamang mo dikgaolong tse di mo melelwaneng.[2][tsebe e a tlhokafala]

Molao wa pele wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1793 e ne e le molao wa Puso o o neng o kwadilwe ka maikaelelo a go diragatsa Molawana wa bone, Karolo ya bobedi, Polelwana ya boraro ya Molaomotheo wa Amerika, e e neng e batla gore makgoba a a tshabileng a busiwe. E ne e batla go pateletsa balaodi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng go busetsa batho ba ba tshabileng bokgoba kwa bathong ba ba neng ba ba dirile makgoba.

Dikgaolo di le dintsi tse di gololesegileng di ne di batla go itlhokomolosa Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng. Dikgaolo dingwe di ne tsa fetisa melao ya kgololesego ya motho ka namana, e e neng e laela gore go nne le tsheko ya jury pele ga makgoba a go tweng a tshabile a ka fudusiwa; tse dingwe di ne di thibela go dirisiwa ga dikgolegelo tsa lefelo leo kgotsa go thusiwa ke badiredibagolo ba puso go tshwara kana go busetsa makgoba a go neng go twe a tshabile. Mo dikgetseng dingwe, dijury di ne tsa gana go bona batho ba ba neng ba latofaditswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Bosetshaba molato.[4]

Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Missouri e ne e tshwara ka metlha, ka melao ya dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng tse di mabapi, gore batho ba ba neng ba makgoba a bone a neng a ba isitse ka go ithaopa go ya kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng, ka maikaelelo a gore makgoba a nnele koo ruri kgotsa ka bosakhutleng, ba ne ba bona kgololesego ya bone ka ntlha ya seo.[5] Molao wa 1793 o ne o bua ka batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba tshabela kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng kwantle ga tumelelo ya makgoba a bone. Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Amerika e ne ya atlhola, mo kgetsing ya ga Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), gore dikgaolo ga di a tshwanela go thusa mo go tsomeng kgotsa go gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba gape, mme seo se ne sa koafatsa molao wa 1793 thata.

Morago ga 1840, batho ba Bantsho ba Cass County, Michigan ba ne ba ata fa malapa a ne a gogelwa ke go sa ikobele ga Basweu melao ya tlhaolele, ke Ba-Quaker ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba ba ema nokeng thata, le ka lefatshe le le tlhwatlhwatlase. Bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le ba ba tshabang ba ne ba bona Cass County e le botshabelo. Lesego la bone le ne la ngoka leitlho la makgoba a Borwa. Ka 1847 le 1849, balemi ba ba tswang kwa dikgaolong tsa Bourbon le Boone, kwa Kentucky, ba ne ba etelela pele diphuruphutso mo Kgaolong ya Cass go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Ditlhaselo di ne tsa palelwa, fela seemo se ne sa thusa mo ditlhokegong tsa Borwa ka 1850 go fetisa molao o o nonotshitsweng wa makgoba a a tshabileng.[6]

Boradipolotiki ba borwa gantsi ba ne ba feteletsa palo ya batho ba ba tshabelang bokgoba, ba pega molato wa go tshaba mo bafedising ba Bokone, ba ba neng ba ba bona ba tlhotlheletsa makgoba a bone a go tweng a itumetse, ba kgoreletsa "ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa Borwa". Go ya ka Columbus [Georgia] Enquirer ya 1850, Tshegetso e e tswang kwa bathong ba Bokone ya makgoba a a tshabileng e ne ya baka go sa rate sepe fa gare ga Bokone le Borwa go feta mabaka a mangwe otlhe fa a kopantswe.[7]: 6

Molao o mosha

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kgatiso ka E. W. Clay, motaki yo o neng a gatisa dipopae tse dintsi tsa go dumalana le bokgoba, o rotloetsa Fugitive Slave Act wa 1850. Mo dipopaeng tseno, motho wa kwa Borwa o sotla motho wa kwa Bokone yo o bolelang gore dithoto tsa gagwe, e leng dikgethe di le mmalwa tsa letsela, di utswitswe. "Ke batshabi mo go wena, akere?" go botsa monngwa makgoba. Fa a amogela puo ya bafedisi, o tswelela ka gore, "Fa e le ka molao wa lefatshe, ke na le molao o o kwa godimo wa me, mme go nna le dilo ke dintlha di robabongwe mo molaong."

Fa a tsibogela go koafala ga Molao wa ntlhantlha wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng, Senator wa Democratic James M. Mason wa Virginia o ne a kwala Molao wa Makgoba a a Tshabileng wa 1850, o o neng o otlhaya badiredi ba puso ba ba neng ba sa tshware motho yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba bokgoba, mme wa dira gore ba duedisiwe madi a a kana ka $1,000 (e e lekanang le $37,800 ka 2024). Badiredi ba molao gongwe le gongwe ba ne ba tshwanetse go tshwara batho ba ba belaelwang gore ba falotse go dirwa makgoba ka bosupi jo bonnye fela jwa motho yo o batlang go dira bopaki jo bo ikanetsweng jwa gore ke ene mong wa lone. Go ne ga bolelwa gore Habeas corpus ga e maleba. Molaodi yo motshabi wa bokgoba a neng a tlisiwa fa pele ga gagwe go tla go reediwa—go ne go sa letlelelwe jury epe, mme motshabi yo go neng go twe o ne a tshaba mo bokgobeng o ne a sa kgone go neela bosupi[8]—o ne a duelwa $10 (e e lekanang le $380 ka 2024) fa a ne a ka fitlhela gore motho yoo o ne a supiwa gore ke motshabi fela le $5 fela(e e lekanang lr $190 ka 2024) fa a ne a tlhomamisa gore bosupi ga bo a lekana.[9] Mo godimo ga moo, motho ope fela yo o neng a thusa motshabi ka go mo naya dijo kgotsa bonno o ne a ka tsenngwa mo kgolegelong dikgwedi di ka nna thataro le go duedisiwa madi a a ka fitlhang go $1,000. Batlhankedi ba ba neng ba tshwara motshabi mo bokgobeng ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go newa tebogo kgotsa go tlhatlhosiwa maemo ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone.

Phelelo ya Molao o

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Vicksburg Whig ga e a umaka metswedi epe ya dipolelo tse ka ga palo ya batshabi go tswa kwa bokgobeng jwa Amerika ("Makgoba a a Tshabang go tswa kwa Borwa", Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1861)

Mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Union e ne e se na molao o o tlhomameng wa batho ba ba neng ba tshaba bokgoba. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tswa mo masimong a bone ba lebile kwa meleng ya Union. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa ntwa, batshabi ba bokgoba gantsi ba ne ba busediwa ke masole a Union kwa batshwari ba bone.[10] Lefa go ntse jalo, Mojenerale Benjamin Butler le bangwe ba bajenerale ba Union ba ne ba gana go gapa gape batho ba ba neng ba tshaba ka fa tlase ga molao ka gonne Union le Confederacy di ne di lwa. O ne a gapa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba jaaka dilo tse di thibetsweng tsa ntwa mme a ba golola, ka tshiamiso ya gore go latlhegelwa ke tiro le gone go ne go tla senya Confederacy.[11] Lincoln o ne a letla Butler go tswelela ka molao wa gagwe mme a ganetsa ditaelo tse di anameng tse di neng tsa ntshiwa ke balaodi ba bangwe ba Union tse di neng tsa golola batho botlhe ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba mo mafelong a a neng a le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone.[10]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Cobb, James C. (September 18, 2015). "One of American History's Worst Laws Was Passed 165 Years Ago". Time. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nevins, Allan (1947). Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852. Vol. 1. Collier Books. ISBN 978-0020354413. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  3. ↑ Cooke, Charles C. W.; Jahr, Michael (May 1, 2025). "Episode 86: Joshua Glover's Freedom". The Charles C. W. Cooke Podcast. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Thomas D. Morris (1974). Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 49. ISBN 9781584771074. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. Oxford University Press. p. 84. Missouri courts on a number of occasions had granted freedom to slaves whose owners had taken them for long periods of residence in free states or territories
  6. ↑ Wilson, Benjamin C. (1976). "Kentucky Kidnappers, Fugitives, and Abolitionists in Antebellum Cass County Michigan". Michigan History. 60 (4): 339–358. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Humphreys, Hugh C. (1994). "'Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!' The Great Fugitive Slave Law Convention and its rare Daguerrotype". Madison County Heritage (19): 3–66. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Williams, Irene E. (1921). "The Operation of the Fugitive Slave Law in Western Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1860". Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine. 4: 150–160. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi.
  9. ↑ "The Fugitive Slave Law". Sabbath Recorder. (Transcribed in Marlene K. Parks, ed., New York Central College, 1849–1860, 2017, ISBN 1548505757, Volume 1, Part 3). October 10, 1850.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Noralee Frankel, "Breaking the Chain: 1860–1880", in Robin D. G. Kelley & Earl Lewis (eds), To Make Our World Anew (Vol. I: A History of African Americans to 1880, Oxford University Press, 2000: paperback edn 2005), pp. 230–231.
  11. ↑ Goodheart, Adam (April 1, 2011). "How Slavery Really Ended in America". The New York Times. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 2025.
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