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Molaomotheo wa Botswana

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Molaomotheo wa Botswana o simolotse ka Lwetse a le masome a mararo, 1966.[1]

Kwa morago

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Pele ga puso ya bokolone e tlhongwa mo Botswana, molaomotheo wa setso – setlhopha sa melao e e itsiweng jaaka molao – o ne o dirisiwa ke dikgosi tsa merafe, kgotsa diKgosi, tsa batho ba Botswana.[2] Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, bangwe ba e seng ba Botswana le bone ba ne ba tla go busiwa ke melao e.[3] Batsamaisi ba Protectorate ba ne ba boloka dikarolo, le fa e se tsotlhe, tsa molaomotheo ono wa setso; bontsi jwa yone bo fedile gompieno.[4]

Ka 1959, Komiti ya Molaomotheo ya Lekgotla le le Kopanetsweng la Bogakolodi e ne ya thala molaomotheo wa ntlha wa semmuso wa Protectorate, o o neng wa simolola go dira ka 1960.[5] Ka 1963 go ne ga simolola ditherisano tsa molaomotheo wa bobedi o o neng o tla naya puso ya go ipusa.[5] Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1965 di ne tsa tshwarwa ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo ono, o o neng o tshwantshediwa ke tsamaiso ya Westminster ya puso ya batho ka batho ya palamente: go ne go na le lekgotla la peomolao la kamore e le nngwe; tona-kgolo le kabinete ya ditona di le tlhano tse di nang le maikarabelo mo lekgotleng la peomolao; le Ntlo ya Dikgosi e e nang le therisano fela.[5]

Fa Botswana e ne e bona boipuso jo bo tletseng ka Lwetse a le masome mararo 1966, tonakgolo e ne ya emisediwa ka tautona yo o neng a tlhophilwe ke lekgotla la peomolao (e e neng ya bidiwa Khuduthamaga ya Botswana), mme ya newa dithata tsa bokhuduthamaga.[6]

Motseletsele wa diphetogo tse di dirilweng moragonyana tsa Molaomotheo o okeditse palo ya maloko a a tlhophilweng a Khuduthamaga ya Botswana le bogolo jwa Ntlo ya Dikgosi. Diphetogo tse dingwe tsa molaomotheo di dirilwe ka 1994 le 1997.[7]

Molaomotheo o kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di ferabongwe, nngwe le nngwe e tlhalosa ka botlalo dikarolo tse di rileng jaaka ditshwanelo tsa motho ka bongwe le go abela dithata tsa khuduthamaga.[8]

  1. Rephaboliki
  2. Tshireletso ya Ditshwanelo tsa Motheo le Dikgololesego tsa Motho
  3. Boagi
  4. Khuduthamaga
  5. Palamente
  6. Boatlhodi
  7. Tirelosetšhaba
  8. Madi
  9. Tsele le tsele

Rephaboliki

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo e e itsise gore Botswana ke setšhaba se se ikemetseng ga mmogo le go tlhalosa sekano sa setšhaba.[8]

Tshireletso ya Ditshwanelo tsa Motheo le Dikgololesego tsa Motho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo eno e tlhalosa ditshwanelo tsa baagi. E simolola ka go bolela gore mongwe le mongwe o netefaleditswe ditshwanelo go sa kgathalesege gore ke wa morafe ofe, wa tumelo efe kgotsa wa bong bofe. Ditshwanelo di ka tsela e e latelang: "(a) botshelo, kgololesego, tshireletsego ya motho le tshireletso ya molao; (b) kgololesego ya segakolodi, ya go tlhagisa maikutlo le ya go kokoana le go kopana; le (c) tshireletso ya sephiri sa legae la gagwe le dithoto tse dingwe le go amogwa dithoto kwa ntle ga pusetso ya maikaelelo a, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo le dikgololesego tseo go ikaegilwe ka ditekanyetso tsa tshireletso eo jaaka di le mo dipeelong tseo, e le ditekanyetso tse di diretsweng go netefatsa gore go itumelela ditshwanelo le dikgololesego tse di umakilweng ke motho mongwe le mongwe ga go kgoreletse ditshwanelo le dikgololesego tsa batho ba bangwe kgotsa dikgatlhego tsa setšhaba.

Khuduthamaga

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Karolo e e tlhalosa lekala la khuduthamaga le le akaretsang Tautona, Mothusa Tautona, le Kabinete.[8]

Tautona ke mokhuduthamaga yo mogolo wa puso. Tautona o tlhophiwa go nna tautona ke maloko a Kokoano Bosetšhaba. Maloko ano a bolela mo pampiring ya ditlhopho gore ba tla tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba ka tlhophiwa, mme morago ga go tlhophiwa kwa Khuduthamageng ya Botswana ba tlhopha ope fela yo ba supileng fa ba tla mo tlhopha go nna Tautona. Tautona o na le ditlhokego tse di latelang: (a) ke moagi wa Botswana ka botsalo kgotsa lotso; (b) a fitlheletse dingwaga di le masome mararo; le (c) a tshwanelega go tlhophiwa jaaka Leloko la Khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Paka ya boTautona e lekanyeditswe go fitlha go dingwaga di le lesome, kgotsa gore Tautona o nne lobaka lo lo kana kang mo Khuduthamageng ya Botswana.[8]

Thata ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana e mo go Tautona fela. Tautona gape ke molaodi wa sesole. Tautona gape o na le dithata tsa go itshwarela motho yo o bonweng molato wa bosenyi.[8]

Mothusa-Tautona

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mothusa Tautona o tlhophiwa ke Tautona go tswa mo malokong a Khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Mothusa Tautona o tsaya marapo a ga Tautona fa Tautona a sa kgone go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe e ka nna ka ntlha ya bolwetse, loso, kgotsa mabaka a mangwe.[8]

Mothusa Tautona ke wa bobedi mo taolong ya ga Tautona mme o diragatsa ditiro tsa ga Tautona.[8]

Kabinete eno e bopilwe ke Tautona, Mothusa Tautona le matona a a sa feteng thataro tse di tlhomilweng ke Tautona go tswa kwa Khuduthamageng ya Botswana. Matona a a mo Kabineteng a na le maikarabelo a go gakolola Tautona mabapi le melawana ya puso.[8]

Palamente

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo e e tlhalosa bobedi jwa Khuduthamaga ya Botswana mmogo le Ntlo ya Dikgosi tse mmogo di bopang Palamente ya Botswana.[8]

Khuduthamaga ya Botswana

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Palamente e na le Tautona le Khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Tautona ke leloko le le nang le ditlhopho la Khuduthamaga. Go na le maloko a mangwe a le masome matlhano le bosupa a a tlhophilweng a Khuduthamaga. Gape go na le sebui sa Khuduthamaga se se tlhophiwang ke maloko a Khuduthamaga, mme ga go tlhokege gore e nne leloko la Khuduthamaga ka boene. Gape go na le mothusa sebui se se tlhophilweng ke Khuduthamaga.[8]

Ka tatelano gore motho a tshwanelege go nna leloko la Khuduthamaga o tshwanetse go: nna moagi wa Botswana, a bo a na le dingwaga di le lesome le boferabobedi, a ikwadisitse go tlhopha, e bile a itse go bua le go bala ka Seesemane. Go na le maemo a mantsi a a dirang gore leloko le se ka la tshwanelega, bontsi jwa one a amana le go ikanyega mo mafatsheng a mangwe.[8]

Lefatshe la Botswana le kgaogantswe ka dipalo tsa dikgaolo tsa botlhophi tse ba nang le maloko a palamente gore kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e romele leloko le le lengwe kwa Khuduthamageng. Batho ba Botswana ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhopha fa ba le: lesome le boferabobedi, baagi, mme ba ntse mo Botswana dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi ka go latelana.[8]

Ntlo ya Dikgosi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo godimo ga palamente, Botswana gape o na le Ntlo ya Dikgosi. Ntlo ya Dikgosi e dira jaaka lekgotla le le gakololang Palamente ya Botswana. E na le maloko a le masome mararo le boraro go ya go a le masome mararo le botlhano. Gore motho a tshwanelege go nna leloko o tshwanetse go nna le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso e bile e le moagi. Go na le maemo a a tshwanang a a kgaolang setheo seno jaaka go na le a Khuduthamaga. Leloko le tlhomiwa dipaka tsa dingwaga di le tlhano. Ga go leloko lepe le le ka tsayang karolo mo dipolotiking tsa lekoko, mme maloko a le mantsi ke dikgosi tsa merafe. Setlhopha seno ga se na maatla a go dira melao, go akaretsa le maatla a go amogela kgotsa a go thibela, go na le moo ba gakolola Palamente ka ga melaokakanyetso le dikgato. Maatla a setheo se nang le one ke go bitsa maloko a puso go tlhagelela fa pele ga sone.[8]

Boatlhodi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo e e tlhalosa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa boatlhodi mo Botswana go akaretsa Kgotlakgolo ya Ditsheko, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, le Khomišene ya Tirelo ya Boatlhodi.[8]

Kgotlakgolo ya Ditsheko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgotlakgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana e dira jaaka motswedi o o kwa godimo wa semolao, o mo go ona kgotlatshekelo e nang le taolo e e senang selekanyo ya tshimologo ya go reetsa dikgetsi dipe fela. Kgotlakgolo e na le Moatlhodimogolo mmogo le baatlhodi ba bangwe ba le mmalwa, ba mo go bone palo e laolwang ke Palamente. Moatlhodimogolo o tlhomiwa ke Tautona, mmogo le Baatlhodi ba bangwe botlhe mme bano ba ka gakololwa Tautona ke Palamente. Gore motho a tshwanelege go nna moatlhodi mo kgotlatshekelong e o tshwanetse a bo a nnile moatlhodi, a nnile mmueledi, a nnile moporofesa wa molao yo o nang le dithuto tsa molao, kgotsa a nnile Mmakaseterata yo Mogolo. Go tlhomiwa mo kgotlatshekelong e ke go fitlha motho a fitlha dingwaga di le masome a supa. Lebaka le lengwe fela le le ka dirang gore moatlhodi a tswe mo kgotlakgolong ya ditsheko ke fa Palamente e swetsa gore motho ga a tlhole a kgona go dira ditiro tsa gagwe sentle.[8]

Kgotlakgolo ya Ditsheko e na le dithata tsa go ranola molaomotheo. Fa go na le go sa dumalane ka tlhaloso epe, go sa dumalane moo go rarabololwa ke Kgotlakgolo ya Ditsheko.[8]

Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e na le tshwanelo ya go reetsa kgetse nngwe le nngwe mo Botswana e mo go yone lekoko le lengwe le ikuetseng ka tshwetso e e bonweng. Kgotlatshekelo eno e na le Tautona wa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, baatlhodi ba bangwe ba le mmalwa, le Kgotlatshekelokgolo yotlhe. Fela jaaka Kgotlatshekelokgolo, Tautona o tlhomiwa ke Tautona fela jaaka baatlhodi ba bangwe, ka kgakololo ya Palamente. Gore motho a tshwanelege o tshwanetse a bo a ne a le moatlhodi, mmueledi kgotsa moporofesara wa molao. Jaaka go ntse ka Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko motho o tlhomiwa go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le masome a supa, fa e se fela fa Palamente e sa fitlhele a sa kgone ka nako ya fa a le mo tirong.[8]

Kokoano ya Tirelo ya Boatlhodi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kokoano ya Tirelo ya Boatlhodi e tlhamilwe go thusa go gakolola Tautona ka ga ditlhopho tsa boatlhodi. E na le Moatlhodimogolo, Tautona wa Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, Mmueledi-mogolo, Modulasetilo wa Kokoano ya Tirelosetšhaba, leloko la Mokgatlho wa Molao le le tlhophilweng ke Mokgatlho wa Molao, le motho yo o ikanyegang le a na le maitemogelo yo e seng modiri wa semolao yo o tlhomilweng ke Tautona.[8]

Tirelosetšhaba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo e e tlhalosa ka botlalo melao le melawana mabapi le tirelosetšhaba. Karolo e e bolela gore sengwe le sengwe se se sa tlhalosiwang mo molaomotheong kgotsa ka molao wa Palamente se tla nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Tautona. Gape go tla nna le Khuduthamaga ya Tirelo ya Setšhaba ya maloko a le mabedi go ya kwa go bone a a direlang dipaka tsa dingwaga di le tharo. Kokoano eno e reetsa boikuelo jotlhe jwa badiredipuso ba ba tlositsweng mo maemong a bone mme ba rata go boela kwa go one. Fa motho a sa dumalane le katlholo ya kokoano eno a ka ikuela ka tlhamalalo kwa go Tautona. Tautona o letleletswe go thapa kgotsa go tlosa batho go ya go kgotsa go tswa mo go: Moemedi, Moemedi Mogolo, Mokwaledi wa Kabinete, Mmueledikakaretso, Mokaedi wa Bosekisi jwa Setšhaba, Mokwaledi wa Leruri, Molaodi wa Sepodisi, le f. ofisi epe e nngwe ya maemo a a kwa godimo. Karolo eno gape e tlhoma dipeelo tse di ntšhwafadiwang tsa dingwaga di le tlhano tsa Mokaedi wa Botšhotšhisi jwa Setšhaba mmogo le go tlhoma tekanyetso ya dingwaga di le 60 tsa Mokaedi wa Bosekisi jwa Setšhaba le Modupi-Mogolo. Kwa bofelong, karolo e e sireletsa diphenšene tse di neng di le teng pele tsa batho ba ba amogelang diphenšene pele ga go tlhamiwa ga Molaomotheo.[8]

Karolo eno e tlhalosa melao e e farologaneng ya tsa madi. E simolola ka go tlhoma Letlole la Kopanyo le mo go lone lotseno lotlhe lo lo dirilweng ke lefatshe lo tla kopanngwang go nna letlole le le lengwe. Palamente e laola tiriso ya letlole le. Matlole a tshoganyetso a ka tlhamiwa gape ke Palamente mo maemong a tshoganyetso gore go nne bonolo go dirisa matlole kwa ntle ga Letlole la Kopanyo. Go na le maemo a Modupi Mogolo a a arabelang dibuka tsa lefatshe.[8]

Tsele le tsele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Karolo ya bofelo ya Molaomotheo e tlhalosa ka botlalo dikakanyo di le tharo tse dikgolo. Sa ntlha, e tlhoma thulaganyo ya gore modirelapuso a tlogele tiro ya gagwe. Sa bobedi, e bolela gore motho a ka tlhomiwa gape mo maemong a modirelapuso ntle le fa go sa letlelelwe ka tlhamalalo ke Molaomotheo kgotsa molao wa Palamente. Sa boraro, e tlhalosa dipolelwana tse di khutshwafaditsweng tse di dirisiwang jaaka "Kokoano" ya Khuduthamaga ya Botswana.[8]

Ditshwaelo tsa barutegi tsa Molaomotheo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Le fa molaomotheo o ntse o tlhomame go ya ka go nna tokomane e e laolang, barutegi bangwe, go akaretsa Gretchen Bauer, Druscilla Scribner, John Holm, ba nganga gore molaomotheo ga o sireletse basadi kgotsa batho ba ba kwa tlase ka mo go lekaneng.[9][10][11] Mo Botswana, go nnile le metsamao ya go leka go tlhoma dikarolo tsa bong mo molaomotheong, gore basadi ba kgone go gapa manno mo Kokoanong Bosetšhaba.[11] Se ke ka ntlha ya thulaganyo ya ditlhopho ya kgaolo ya go feta pele ga morago, e e dirang gore go nne thata gore basadi ba lekoko lengwe le lengwe ba fenye manno.[11] Le fa maiteko a karolelano ya bong mo lefatsheng a sa atlege thata, barutegi bangwe ba nganga gore a supa gore molaomotheo o paletswe ke go arabela tlhokego ya dipeelo tsa molaotheo tse di sireletsang kemedi ya basadi.[11]

Molaomotheo wa Botswana o itsege ka go sa tseye letlhakore mo go feteletseng mo go tsa bong, ka tshupiso e le nngwe fela ya bong mo tokomaneng yotlhe.[10] Bangwe ba nganga gore seno se mosola jaaka go bontsha tekatekano ya bong; le fa go ntse jalo, ba bangwe ba supa go sa tseye letlhakore mono ga bong jaaka go amogela kgethololo ya de facto.[10] Ba ba ngangang ka se ba bolela gore basadi ba tshwanetse go lwela melao ka tsela e e sa siamang, ka gore ba tshwanetse go bona melao e e ba letlang go dira dilo tse di tshwanetseng gobo ba setse ba di neetswe mo molaomotheong.[10]

Kganetso e nngwe ya molaomotheo ke gore o kwadilwe ke lekoko le le neng le busa.[9] Lekoko la Bechuanaland Democratic party (BDP) le tlhomilwe ke Seretse Khama pele Botswana e nna setšhaba se se ikemetseng ka nosi, mme fa e sale lefatshe le bona boipuso BDP e ntse e le lone fela lekoko le le busang le le nosi (go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024), le fa le tlhophilwe ka ditlhopho tsa puso ya batho ka batho.[9] Ka ntlha ya puso e e tswelelang ya lekoko le le lengwe leno, ba le bantsi ba tshaba gore molaomtheo o o leng teng o tsaya batlhophi letlhakore le le sa siamang mo lekokong le baemanokeng ba lone. Se gape se dirile gore go tshwaiwe diphoso ka ga kgotlhang ya maemo le merafe.[9]

Bangwe ba akgola molaomotheo ka ntlha ya go letlelela kgaisano ya sepolotiki.[12] Ka ntlha ya fa Kokoano Bosetšhaba e tlhophiwa ka puso ya batho ka batho ke batho, e letla gore go nne le kemedi ya batho ba le mmalwa mo Kokoanong.[12] Se se botlhokwa ka gonne mantswe a batho ba ba kwa tlase a ka fitlhega mo dithulaganyong dingwe tsa ditlhopho, mme bangwe ba gatelela gore molaomotheo wa Botswana o sireletsa mantswe a batho ba ba kwa tlase.[12]

Kgang e nngwe e barutegi bangwe ba e dirang ke ka ga maatla a ga Tautona.[13] Molaomotheo o baya maatla a mantsi mo maemong a ga Tautona, mme ka lefatshe le nnile le lekoko le le lengwe fela le le busang ga go na ditlhotlhomiso tse dintsi tsa gore ke mang yo o nnang Tautona le gore ke mang yo o kgonang go gakolola le go dumela ditiro dingwe tsa ga Tautona.[13] Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba kope gore go tlhophiwe Tautona ka tlhamalalo gore Tautona a rwale maikarabelo a mantsi ke batho mmogo le ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba.[13]

Kganetso e nngwe ke tsela e molaomotheo o tshwarang merafe le molao wa merafe ka yone.[14] Molaomotheo o tshegetsa tsamaiso ya merafe, go akaretsa le Ntlo ya Dikgosi kgotsa setlhopha sa bagakolodi ba merafe; le fa go ntse jalo, bangwe ba bolela gore seno se rata merafe e e maatla ka tsela e e sa siamang go tlogela merafe e mennye gore e busiwe ke setlhopha se se sa emeleng dikgatlhego tsa bone.[14] Kgang e e bolela gore molaomotheo o tshwanetse go baakanngwa go akaretsa tsela e e bonolo le e e siameng ya go kgaoganya maatla mo merafeng, segolobogolo ka gonne dikgaogano tsa ga jaana di tlhodilwe le molaomotheo ka 1966.[14]

Jacqueline Solway, Mpho Molomo, le Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo, gareng ga barutegi ba bangwe, ba akgola molaomotheo wa Botswana ka go bo o gatetse pele thata mo nakong ya one mo maitekong a one a go nna le tekatekano ya bong le ya batho ba ba kwa tlase; le fa go ntse jalo, go na le barutegi ba ba reng Molaomotheo o tlhoka tiro e e botlhokwa gore o kgone go lekalekana le go nna tshiamo.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

  1. ↑ "Botswana : Constitution and politics | The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org.
  2. ↑ Mafela, Lily (2007-12-15). "Batswana Women and Law". Cahiers d'études africaines. 47 (187–188): 523–566. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.7962. ISSN 0008-0055.
  3. ↑ Griffiths, J.E.S. (1970). JSTOR 40980765 "A Note on Local Government in Botswana"]. Botswana Notes and Records. 2: 64–70
  4. ↑ Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship?". History. 75: 207–231.
  5. 1 2 3 Barry, Morton. Historical dictionary of Botswana. Ramsay, Jeff, Based on (work): Morton, Fred, (5th ed.). Lanham, Maryland. ISBN 9781538111321. OCLC 1037884220.
  6. ↑ Sebudubudu, David (December 2011). "Wealth Sharing for Conflict Prevention and Economic Growth: Botswana Case Study of Natural Resource Utilization For Peace and Development". University of Botswana.
  7. ↑ Poteete, Amy. (2018). Renegotiation of Executive Powers and Executive–Legislative Relations in Botswana.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2002)". Constitute. Retrieved 22 Phalane 2025.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Holm, John D. "Botswana: A paternalistic democracy." World Affairs 150.1 (1987): 21–30.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Scribner, Druscilla, and Priscilla A. Lambert. "Constitutionalizing difference: A case study analysis of gender provisions in Botswana and South Africa." Politics & Gender 6.1 (2010): 37–61.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Bauer, Gretchen, and Jennie E. Burnet. "Gender quotas, democracy, and women's representation in Africa: Some insights from democratic Botswana and autocratic Rwanda." Women's Studies International Forum. Vol. 41. Pergamon, 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Solway, Jacqueline S. "Navigating the neutral state: Minority rights in Botswana." Journal of Southern African Studies 28.4 (2002): 711–729.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Molomo, Mpho G. "Democracy under siege: the Presidency and executive powers in Botswana." (2000).
  14. 1 2 3 4 Nyati-Ramahobo, Lydia. "From a phone call to the high court: Wayeyi visibility and the Kamanakao Association's campaign for linguistic and cultural rights in Botswana." Journal of Southern African Studies 28.4 (2002): 685–709.

Tse di kwa ntle

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