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Mopalo

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Malnutrition
Maina a mangweMalnourishment
An underfed child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado
SpecialtyCritical care medicine
DikaiProblems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and abdomen[1][2]
CausesEating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much, malabsorption[3][4]
Risk factorsNot breastfeed, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, measles[5]
PreventionImproving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, improving sanitation, empowerment of women[6][7]
TreatmentImproved nutrition, supplementation, ready-to-use therapeutic foods, treating the underlying cause[6][8][9]
Frequency821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)[10]
Deaths406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)[11]

Mopalo ke seemo sa botsogo se se bakwang ke go ja dijo tse mo go tsone dikotla di le nngwe kgotsa go feta di sa lekanang kgotsa di le dintsi thata mo e leng gore dijo tseo di baka mathata a botsogo. O ka akaretsa dikhalori, poroteine, dikhabohaetereite, mafura, dibitamini kgotsa diminerale.[1] Go tlhoka dikotla tse di lekaneng go bidiwa Mopalo fa go feta selekanyo go bidiwa phepelo e e feteletseng.[2] Mopalo gantsi o dirisiwa go kaya phepelotlase fa motho a sa bone dikhalori tse di lekaneng, poroteine, kgotsa dikotlapotlana.[2][12] Fa go tlhoka phepo go diragala ka nako ya boimana, kgotsa pele ga dingwaga di le pedi, go ka felela ka mathata a leruri a kgolo ya mmele le ya tlhaloganyo.[1] Go tlhoka phepo e e feteletseng, go go bidiwang tlala, go ka nna le megare e akaretsang : boleele jo bokhutshwane, mmele o mosesane, maatla a a bokoa thata, le maoto a a rurugileng le mpa.[1][2] Batho le bona gantsi ba tsenwa ke megare mme ba tsenwa ke serame kgapetsakgapetsa.[2] Dikai tsa tlhaelo ya dikotla tse dinnye di ikaegile dikotla tse dinnye tse di tlhaelang.[2]

Go sa ja entle gantsi go bakwa ke go tlhoka dijo tse di lekaneng tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo tse di ka jewang. Se gantsi se amana le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo tsa dijo le lehuma.[5] Go tlhoka go amusa go ka nna ga nna le seabe, fela jaaka go ka nna le malwetse a le mmalwa a a tshelanwang a a tshwanang le: gastroenteritis, nyumonia, malaria, le mmoko, tse di oketsang tlhaelo ya dikotla.[5] Go na le mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya Mopalo: Tlhaelo dikota tsa diporoteine le maatla le go tlhaela dijo.[12] Kotla e e kwa tlase ya diporoteine-maatla e na le mefuta e mebedi e e masisi: marasmus (go tlhoka diporoteine le dikhalori) le kwashiorkor (go tlhoka diporoteine fela).[2] Ditlhaelo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mmopamo di akaretsa : tlhaelo ya tshipi, ayodine, le bithamini A.[2] Ka nako ya boimana, ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegileng ya mmele, ditlhaelo di ka nna tsa tlwaelega thata.[13] Mo mafatsheng mangwe a tlhabologang,dikotla tse di feteletseng ka mokgwa wa bokima jo bo feteletseng e simolola go bonala mo baaging ba ba tshwanang le mmopamo. Dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang mmopamo di akaretsa anorexia nervosa le loaro le le fokotsang mmele.[14][15]

Maiteko a go tokafatsa dikotla ke mefuta mengwe e e nonofileng thata ya thuso ya tlhabololo . Go amusa go ka fokotsa selekanyo sa mopalo le dintsho mo baneng, mme maiteko a go rotloetsa mokgwa ono a oketsa selekanyo sa go amusa. Mo baneng ba ba botlana, go tlamela ka dijo (mo godimo ga mashi a lebele) fa gare ga dikgwedi di le thataro le dingwaga di le pedi go tokafatsa ditlamorago.[8] Gape go na le bosupi jo bo siameng jo bo tshegetsang tlaleletso ya dikotla tse dinnye di le mmalwa mo basading ka nako ya boimana le mo baneng ba ba botlana mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.[8] Go fitlhelela dijo kwa bathong ba ba di tlhokang thata, bobedi go isa dijo le go tlamela ka madi gore batho ba kgone go reka dijo mo teng ga mebaraka ya selegae go a atlega.[6] Go jesa baithuti fela kwa sekolong ga go a lekana.[6] Tlhokomelo ya mmopamo e e masisi mo teng ga legae la motho ka dijo tsa kalafi tse di siametseng go dirisiwa e a kgonega bontsi jwa nako.[8] Mo go ba ba nang le Mmopamo o o masisi o o aparatsweng ke mathata a mangwe a botsogo, go kgothalediwa gore ba alafelwe kwa bookelong.[8] Se gantsi se akaretsa go laola sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading le mogote, go samagana le go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le go jesa ka iketlo.[8][16] Dibolayamegare tsa ka gale gantsi di a kgothalediwa ka ntlha ya kotsi e e kwa godimo ya megare.[16] Dikgato tsa di telele di akaretsa: go tokafatsa mekgwa ya temothuo, go fokotsa lehuma, go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe, le go rututsha basadi.[6]

Go ne go na le batho ba le di dikadike tse makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le motso ba ba sa jeng sentle mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabobedi( 2018) (10.8% ya palogotlhe ya baagi). Se ke phokotsego ya selekayo sa didikadike di le lekgolo,masome a supa le borataro (176 ) tsa batho fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990) fa 23% e ne e sa fiwe kgotsa e sa je sentle, mme koketsego ya batho ba ka nna didikadike tse masome a mararo le borataro fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,le lesome le botlhano, fa 10.6% e ne e sa je kgotsa fiwe dijo sentle. Ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go ne ga akayetswa gore batho ba bangwe ba le dibilione ba ne ba tlhaela dibitamini, le diminerale. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga akanyediwa gore go tlhoka dikotla tsa diporoteine le maatla go ne ga baka dintsho di le 323 000—e leng palo e e kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 510 000 ka ngwaga wa 1990.[11] Ditlhaelo tse dingwe tsa dikotla, tse di akaretsang go tlhaela iodine le go tlhoka madi ka ntlha ya go tlhaela tshipi, di felela ka dintsho tse dingwe gape di le dikete tse masome a robabobedi le boraro (83 000.) [11] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Mmopamo o o ne o le selekanyo sa1.4% ya dingwaga tsotlhe tsa botshelo tse di fetotsweng tsa bogole.[6][17] Go dumelwa gore sengwe se se bakang dintsho tsa bana ke go tlhoka dikotla, le fa gone dintsho tseno di sa kwalwe jalo ka sewelo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, go ne ga akanyetswa goro ka baka dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 1,5 tsa basadi le bana,[18] le fa bangwe ba akanyetsa gore palo e ka tswa e feta 3 . miliyone.[8] Tlaleletso ya 165 go ne ga fopholediwa gore bana ba le dimilione di le lesome ba ne ba sa gole sentle ka ntlha ya Mmopamo ka ngwaga wa 2013. Mmopamo o tlwaelegile thata mo mofatsheng a tlhabologang.[19] Ditlhopha dingwe di na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tlhoka dikotla, go akaretsa le basadi—segolobogolo fa ba imile kgotsa ba anyisa— bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano, le bagodi. Mo bagoding, go tlhoka dikotla go nna tlwaelo ka ntlha ya mabaka a mmele, a tlhaloganyo le a loago.[20]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "FFL2010".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Young, E.M. (2012). Food and development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-1-135-99941-4. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Dor2017".
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "PapadiaDiSabatino2014".
  5. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "WHO2014".
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "UK2012".
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "solcultivateplanet".
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Bh2013".
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "KastinBuchman2002".
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "UNFAO2018".
  11. 1 2 3 "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet (London, England). 388 (10053): 1459–1544. 8 October 2016. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. ISSN 1474-547X. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  12. 1 2 Essentials of International Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4496-6771-9. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  13. ↑ Arora, Mala; Konje, Justin C., eds. (2007). Recurrent pregnancy loss (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 978-81-8448-006-1.
  14. ↑ Caballero, Benjamin; Allen, Lindsay; Prentice, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of human nutrition (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-08-045428-3. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  15. ↑ Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-4557-3812-0. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  16. 1 2 Ann Ashworth (2003). Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154609-6.
  17. ↑ Murray, CJ (Dec 15, 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2197–223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4. PMID 23245608.
  18. ↑ Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. (December 2012). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMC 4156511. PMID 23245609.
  19. ↑ Liz Young (2002). World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-134-77494-4. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  20. ↑ Principles and practice of geriatric surgery (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 2011. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-4419-6999-6. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
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