Morwalela

Morwalela ke go phophoma ga metsi (kgotsa ka sewelo diedi tse dingwe) tse di inelang lefatshe le gantsi le omileng.[1] Ka tlhaloganyo ya "metsi a a elelang", lefoko le le ka dirisiwa gape le go goroga ga lekhubu la lewatle. Merwalela e tshwenya thata mo temothuong, mo boenjenering jwa loago le mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba. Diphetogo tse batho ba di dirang mo tikologong gantsi di oketsa bogale le makgetlho a morwalela. Dikai tsa diphetogo tsa batho ke diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe jaaka go rengwa ga dikgwa le go tlosiwa ga mafelo a a metsi, diphetogo mo tseleng ya metsi kgotsa ditaolo tsa morwalela jaaka ka dikhuti. Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa lefatshe le tsone di tlhotlheletsa dilo tse di bakang merwalela, e leng phetogo ya loapi e e bakang go gakala ga modikologo wa metsi le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.[2]: 1517 Sekai, phetogo ya loapi e dira gore ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di nne teng kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla.[3] Seno se dira gore go nne le merwalela e e tseneletseng le go oketsa kotsi ya morwalela.[4][5]
Mefuta ya tlhago ya merwalela e akaretsa morwalela wa dinoka, morwalela wa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, morwalela wa matshitshi le morwalela wa ditoropo o ka dinako dingwe o itsiweng jaaka morwalela wa tshoganyetso. Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle o ka akaretsa ditsetla tsa dithulaganyo tsa morwalela wa noka le wa lotshitshi mo mafelong a molomo wa lewatle. Gape go na le go tlatswa ga lefatshe ka bomo le le neng le tla nna le omile. Seno se ka direga ka maikaelelo a temothuo, a sesole kgotsa a go laola dinoka. Sekai, morwalela wa temothuo o ka diragala mo go baakanyeng masimo a mmidi go jala raese e e tshelang mo metsing mo mafatsheng a le mantsi.
Morwalela o ka diragala jaaka go phophoma ga metsi go tswa mo mafelong a metsi, jaaka noka, letsha kgotsa lewatle. Mo maemong ano, metsi a feta kgotsa a thuba dikhuti, mme seno se felela ka gore mangwe a metsi ao a tswe mo melelwaneng ya one e e tlwaelesegileng.[6] Morwalela o ka diragala gape ka ntlha ya go kokoanngwa ga metsi a pula mo mmung o o tletseng. Se se bidiwa morwalela wa lefelo. Bogolo jwa letsha kgotsa metsi a mangwe ka tlhago bo farologana go ya ka diphetogo tsa paka tsa pula le go nyerologa ga kapoko. Diphetogo tseo tsa bogolo le fa go ntse jalo ga di tsewe e le morwalela ntle le fa di tlatsa dithoto kgotsa di nwetsa diphologolo tsa mo gae.
Morwalela o ka diragala gape mo dinokeng fa seelo sa kelelo se feta bokgoni jwa mosele wa noka, segolobogolo kwa dikhuting kgotsa dithapo mo tseleng ya metsi. Gantsi merwalela e baka tshenyo mo magaeng le mo dikgwebong fa dikago tseno di le mo dipoeng tsa tlholego tsa morwalela wa dinoka. Batho ba ne ba ka kgona go tila tshenyo ya morwalela wa dinoka ka go katoga dinoka. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba mafatshe a le mantsi ka tlwaelo ba ntse ba nna le go berekela gaufi le dinoka ka gonne gantsi naga e sephaphathi e bile e nonne. Gape, dinoka tseno di dira gore go nne motlhofo go tsamaya le go fitlhelela kgwebo le madirelo.
Morwalela o ka senya dithoto mme gape wa baka ditlamorago tse dingwe. Tseno di akaretsa mo pakeng e khutshwane go anama mo go oketsegileng ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ka metsi le malwetse a a tshelanwang ke ditshidinyana, sekai malwetse ao a a anamisiwang ke menang. Morwalela gape o ka baka go fuduga ga baagi ka nako e telele.[7] Morwalela ke karolo ya thuto ya thuto ya metsi le boenjenere jwa hydraulic.
Bontsi jwa baagi ba lefatshe bo nna gaufi le matshitshi a magolo,[8] fa ditoropo tse dintsi tse dikgolo le mafelo a temothuo a le gaufi le dipoa tsa morwalela.[9] Go na le kotsi e kgolo ya go oketsega ga merwalela ya matshitshi le ya melatswana ka ntlha ya maemo a loapi a a fetogang.[10]
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ MSN Encarta Dictionary, Flood Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.
- ↑ Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. doi:10.17226/21852. ISBN 978-0-309-38094-2. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Mahendran, Roobavannan; Koirala, Sujan; Konoshima, Lisako; Yamazaki, Dai; Watanabe, Satoshi; Kim, Hyungjun; Kanae, Shinjiro (September 2013). "Global flood risk under climate change". Nature Climate Change. 3 (9): 816–821. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..816H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1911. ISSN 1758-6798.
- ↑ "How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal". United Nations Environmental Program. 3 March 2020. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) Flood Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ "WHO | Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet". WHO. Archived from the original on December 31, 2004. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ Neumann, Barbara; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Zimmermann, Juliane; Nicholls, Robert J. (2015-03-11). "Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment". PLOS ONE. 10 (3) e0118571. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018571N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4367969. PMID 25760037.
- ↑ "Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report". Geneva Association. 2020-11-24. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.
- ↑ Dieperink, C.; Hegger, D. L. T.; Bakker, M. H. N.; Kundzewicz, Z. W.; Green, C.; Driessen, P. P. J. (2016-10-01). "Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review". Water Resources Management. 30 (13): 4467–4481. Bibcode:2016WatRM..30.4467D. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7. ISSN 1573-1650. S2CID 54676896.