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Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane

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Motlobo wa ditso wa Boritane o o bonweng go tswa kwa lefaufaung ka 2015

Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane ke mabolokelo a matlotlo a setšhaba a a diretsweng ditso tsa batho, botaki le setso o o mo kgaolong ya Bloomsbury kwa Lontone. Kgobokanyo ya yone ya ditiro di le didikadike di robabobedi ke yone e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.[1] E kwala kgang ya setso sa batho go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha gompieno.[2] O tlhomilwe ka 1753, Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane e ne e le motlobo wa ntlha wa bosetshaba.[3] Ka 2023, motlobo o amogetse baeti ba le 5,820,860, 42% go feta ngwaga o o fetileng. Setlhopha se le sengwe se ne sa e tsaya e le kgogedi e e tumileng thata ya bojanala kwa United Kingdom.[4]

Kwa tshimologong, motlobo o ne o ikaegile thata ka dikokoanyo tsa ngaka le ramaranyane wa Anglo-Irish Sir Hans Sloane.[5] E ne ya bulelwa setshaba ka 1759, kwa Montagu House, mo setsheng sa kago ya gone jaana. Katoloso ya motlobo mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mabedi le masome matlhano tse di latelang e ne e le ka ntlha ya bokolone jwa Borithane mme ya felela ka go tlhamiwa ga ditheo di le mmalwa tsa makala, kgotsa ditheo tse di ikemetseng, ya ntlha e ne e le Natural History Museum ka 1881. Dingwe tsa ditheko tsa yone tse di itsegeng thata, tse di jaaka Greek Elgin Marbles le Rosetta Stone ya kwa Egepeto, di na le dikgotlhang tsa lobaka lo loleele le dikopo tsa go busediwa kwa gae.[6][7]

Ka 1973, British Library Act 1972[8] e ne ya kgaoganya lephatla la metlobo go tswa kwa Motlobong wa ditso wa Borithane, mme e ne ya tswelela go tshola British Library e jaanong e kgaoganeng mo phaposing e le nngwe ya go bala le kago jaaka motlobo go fitlha ka 1997. Motlobo ke mokgatlho wa setshaba o e seng wa lephata o o tshegediwang ke Lephata la Setso, Metswedi ya Dikgang le Metshameko. Fela jaaka metlobo yotlhe ya bosetshaba ya UK, ga e duele madi a go tsena kwa ntle ga dipontsho tsa kadimo.[9]

Ditso

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Sir Hans Sloane

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Sir Hans Sloane

Le fa gompieno e le motlobo wa dilo tsa botaki jwa setso le dilo tsa bogologolo, Motlobo wa Borithane o ne wa tlhongwa jaaka "motlobo wa lefatshe lotlhe". Motheo wa one o mo thatong ya ngaka le moithutatlholego wa Moesemane le Mo-Ireland Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), ngaka le ramaranyane yo o nnang kwa Lontone go tswa kwa Ulster. Mo tsamaong ya botshelo jwa gagwe, mme segolobogolo morago ga go nyala motlholagadi wa mojadi wa mohumi wa Jamaica,[10] Sloane o ne a kokoanya kokoanyo e kgolo ya dilo tse di kgatlhang, mme ka a ne a sa eletse go bona kokoanyo ya gagwe e thubega morago ga loso, o ne a e tlogelela Kgosi George II, ka ntlha ya setshaba, ka madi a a kana ka £20,000 ( a a lekanang le £3,846,793 ka 2023)go duelwa bajaboswa jwa gagwe ke Palamente[11] —ka bomo e le kwa tlase thata go feta boleng jo bo fopholediwang jwa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diatla, jo ka nako eno bo fopholediwang go £50,000 (a a lekanang le £9,616,983 ka 2023) kgotsa go feta go ya ka metswedi mengwe, le go fitlha go £80,3000 (£15,387,173 ka 2023) kgotsa le go feta.[12][13]

Ka nako eo, kokoanyo ya ga Sloane e ne e na le dilo di ka nna dikete tse masome a supa le motso o le mongwe tsa mefuta yotlhe[14] go akaretsa le dibuka di ka nna diketse tse masome a mane tse di gatisitsweng, mekwalo ya seatla e le dikete di supa, dikai tse dintsi tsa ditso tsa tlholego go akaretsa le bokete jwa dimela di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mararo le metso e supa tse di omisitsweng, ditshwantsho tse di gatisitsweng le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng go akaretsa le tsa ga Gre Albürer D, le dilo tsa bogologolo go tswa ka Sudan, Egepeto, Greece, Roma, Ancient Near, Far East le kwa Amerika.[15]

Motheo (1753)

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Ka ngwaga wa 1753, Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa, King George II o ne a amogela mogopolo wa palamente wa go aga mabolokelo a matlotlo a lefatshe.[16] Molao wa motlobo wa kwa Britain wa 1753 o ne wa oketsa metlobo ya dibuka e mengwe e le mebedi mo e e neng e setse e kokoantswe ke Sloane, metlobo e ke wa Cottonian o o dirilweng ke Sir Robert Cotton ka dinako tsa puso ya ga Queen Elizabeth wa ntlha, le motlobo wa Harleian, o e leng kgobokanyo ya bagolwane ba kwa Oxford. Di ne tsa kopanngwa ka ngwaga wa 1757 ke motlobo wa bogologolo wa ba bogosi, o jaanong o bidiwang Royal Manuscripts o o simolotsweng ke ba kwa bogosing kwa Britain.[17] Dikokoano tse tsotlhe ka bone jwa tsone di ne di akaretsa dibuka tse e leng matlotlo gompieno mo motlobong wa British di akaretsa Lindisfame Gospels le lokwalo lo lo setseng lo le nosi wa Beowulf.

Ntlo ya Montagu ka ngwaga wa 1715

Motlobo wa British e ne e e le wa ntlha wa mefuta e ya metlobo - e le wa setšhaba, e se wa kereke kgotsa kgosi epe, o buletswe setšhaba ba sa lopiwe sepe ebile o ikaelela go kgobokanya sengwe le sengwe. Kgobokanyo ya ga Sloane le fa e ne e akaretsa dilo di le dintsi, e ne e sekametse thata ka fa go tsa maranyane.[18] Go tsenya dikwalo tsa ga Cotton le Harley go ne ga tsisa tsa ditso le thuto, se sa raya gore motlobo o jaanong o ne o nna mabolokole a matlotlo a setšhaba le motlobo wa dibuka.[19]

Kobotlo ya go batla go itse (1753 - 1778)

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Setlhopha sa batlhokomedi se ne sa tsaya tshwetso ya go dirisa ntlo e e mantlontlo ya Montagu go direla motlobo o mo go yone, se ne se rekile ntlo e mo lolwapeng lwa Montagu ka dikete di le masome mabedi a di ponto. Setlhopha se se ne sa se ka sa dumalana le go dirisa ntlo ya kwa Buckingham, ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa ya yone le lefelo le e leng mo go lone, morago e ne ya fetolwa go nna ntlo ya segosi ya Buckingham.[20]

Letlapa la Rosetta kwa sebontshing kwa British Museum ka ngwaga wa 1874

Morago ga go reka ntlo ya Montagu, mafelo a go bontsha botaki le kamore ya go bala ya baithuti si ne tsa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1759, Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano.[21] Ka nako e dikgobokanyo tse dintsi e ne e le tsa motlobo wa dibuka, o o neng o le mo bontsing jwa dikamore tse di kwa moalong o o kwa tlase wa ntlo eo, le dilo tsa ditso tse di neng di tsere lotlhakoe lotlhe lwa moalo wa bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa 1763, batlhokomedi ka fa tlase ga thotloetso ya ga Peter Collinson le William Watson ba ne ba fira moithuti wa pele wa kwa Carl Linnaeus ebong Daniel Solander go tlhomaganya dibuka tsa ditso go ya ka tsamaiso ya kwa linnaena, ka jalo ba dira motlobo o lefelo la go ithuta le le neng le kgona go tsenwa ke baitseanape ba ditso ba kwa Europe.[22] Ka ngwaga wa 1823, Kgosi George wa bone o ne a abela motlobo kgobokanyo ya King's Library e e neng e kgobokantswe ke kgosi George wa boraro[23], palamente e ne ya a fa tetla ya buka nngwe le nngwe e e gatisitsweng mo lefatsheng leo, se se dira gore motlobo o kgone go gola. Dingwaganyana morago ga motheo wa one, motlobo wa Britain o ne wa amogela dimpho tse dingwe, di akaretsa kgobokanyo ya ga Thomason ya ntwa ya selegae le metshameko ya ga David Garrick e e sekete. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1772, motlobo wa reka dilo tsa bogologolo ka diponto di le dikete di ferabobedi mo kgobokanyong ya ntlha ya ga Sir William Hamilton ya dinkgwana tsa kwa Greece.[24]

Botshwakga le maatla (1778-1800)

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thekete ya go tsena kwa motlobong wa British, kwa Lontone Mopitlo a le malatsi a le mararo, ngwaga wa 1790

Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1778, dilo tse di neng di bontshiwa go tswa kwa mawatleng a a kwa borwa tse Captain James Cook a neng a di kgobokantse le babatlisisi ba bangwe di ne tsa gapa leitlho la baeng ka ee e le dilo tse di tswan kwa mafelong a asa itsagaleng. Kgobokanyo ya dibuka, madi a tshipi, tsedi gatisitsweng le ditshwantsho tsa ga Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode ka ngwaga wa 1800 di dirile go le gontsi go tsosolosa serodumo sa motlobo; mme ntlo ya kwa Montagu e ne ya tlala go bo go supa gore go a go nna dingalo go tsisa dilo tse dingwe.[25]

Motlobo wa Britain gompieno

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Lefelo la Great Court le dirilwe ka ngwaga wa 2001, le dikaganyeditse kamore e go balelwang mo yone ya pele.

Gompieno motlobo o ga o sa tlhole o na le dikgobokanyo tsa ditso le dibuka tse o neng o na le tsone pele, gompieno di kwa motlobong wa dibuka wa British library. Le fa go ntse jalo, motlobo o tsweletse ka go kgobokanya tse di supang dingwao tsa lefatshe, tsa bogologolo le tsa gompieno.

Kamore e go balelwang mo go yone e e dirilweng ke motlhami wa dipolane Syney Smirke e butswe ka ngwaga wa 1857. Dingwaga di ka lekgolo le masome a matlhano, babatlisisi ba ne ba tla fa go bona motlobo o. Kamore e e balelang e tswetswe ka ngwaga wa 1997 fa motlobo wa dibuka wa setšhaba o fudugela kwa kagong e ntšha ya St. Pancras. Gompieno e fetotswe go nna lefelo la lekgotla la bopelotlhomogi la Waletr and Leonore Annenberg Centre.

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ van Riel, Cees (30 October 2017). "Ranking The World's Most Admired Art Museums, And What Big Business Can Learn From Them". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Among the national museums in London, sculpture and decorative and applied art are in the Victoria and Albert Museum; the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings. The National Gallery holds the national collection of Western European art to about 1900, while art of the 20th century on is at Tate Modern. Tate Britain holds British Art from 1500 onwards. Books, manuscripts and many works on paper are in the British Library. There are significant overlaps between the coverage of the various collections.
  3. ↑ "History of the British Museum". The British Museum. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "British Museum is the most-visited UK attraction again". BBC News. 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane". The British Library. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  6. ↑ "The Big Question: What is the Rosetta Stone, and should Britain return". The Independent. 9 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Tharoor, Kanishk (29 June 2015). "Museums and looted art: the ethical dilemma of preserving world cultures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  8. ↑ "British Library Act 1972". legislation.gov.uk. 1972. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  9. ↑ "Admission and opening times". British Museum. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo e le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  10. ↑ "BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the Building of Britain". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. E nopotswe ke Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  11. ↑ "Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum". Fathom. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le marataro ka 2025.
  12. ↑ "Introducing Sir Hans Sloane – the Sloane Letters Project". E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  13. ↑ "Sir Hans Sloane's Will of 1739 – The Sloane Letters Project". sloaneletters.com. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  14. ↑ "General history". British Museum. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  15. ↑ de Beer, Gavin R. (1953). Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum. London. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.
  16. ↑ The question of the use of the term 'British' at this period has recently received some attention, e.g. Colley (1992), 85ff. There never has been a serious attempt to change the museum's name.
  17. ↑ Letter to Charles Long (1823), BMCE115/3,10. Scrapbooks and illustrations of the Museum. Wilson, David M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, p. 346.
  18. ↑ "The British Museum Images". Bmimages. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  19. ↑ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 38.
  20. ↑ Wilson, David, M. (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press. p. 25.
  21. ↑ Cavendish, Richard (January 2009). "The British Museum opened on January 15th, 1759". History Today. Vol. 59, no. 1. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  22. ↑ Rose, ED (15 April 2018). "Specimens, slips and systems: Daniel Solander and the classification of nature at the world's first public museum, 1753–1768" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science. 51 (2): 205–237. doi:10.1017/S0007087418000249. PMID 29655387. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  23. ↑ "Collection Guides – King's Library". Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  24. ↑ Hoock, Holger (2010). Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War and the Arts in the British World, 1750–1850. Profile Books. p. 207. ISBN 9781861978592. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  25. ↑ BMCE1/5, 1175 (13 May 1820). Minutes of General Meeting of the Trustees, 1754–63. Wilson, David M. (2002). The British Museum: A History, p. 78.
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