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Mozambique

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Mozambique,[1] semmuso ke Rephaboliki ya Mozambique,[2] ke lefatshe le le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Aforika e e kgabagantsweng ke lewatle la

Sedumedi
(2020)[3]
Demonym(s)Mozambican
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian government[4][5][6]
• President
Daniel Chapo
Maria Benvinda Levy
LegislatureAssembly of the Republic
Formation
25 June 1975
• Admitted to the United Nations
16 September 1975
1977–1992
21 December 2004
Fatshe
• Total
801,590 km2 (309,500 sq mi) (35th)
• Water (%)
2.2
Batho
• 2024 estimate
34,881,007[7] (45th)
• Bokete
28.7/km2 (74.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
Increase $53.710 billionCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag (121st)
• Per capita
Increase $1,584[8] (187th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $21.936 billion[8] (128th)
• Per capita
Increase $647[8] (185th)
Gini (2019)Positive decrease 50.4[9]
high
MadiMetical (MZN)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CAT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideleft
Calling code+258
Internet TLD.mz

India kwa botlhaba, Tanzania kwa bokone, Malawi le Zambia kwa bokone-bophirima, Zimbabwe kwa bophirima, le Eswatini le Aforika Borwa kwa borwa le borwabophirima. Lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi le kgaogantswe ke Comoros, Mayotte, le Madagascar ke Mosele wa Mozambique kwa botlhaba. Motsemogolo le toropo e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke Maputo.

Fa gare ga lekgolo la bo7 le la bo11 la dingwaga, go ne ga nna le metse e le mmalwa ya boemakepe ya Seswahili mo lefelong leo, e e neng ya thusa gore go nne le setso le puo ya Seswahili. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bogare, ditoropo tseno di ne di etelwa ke bagwebi ba ba tswang kwa Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia le India. [11] Loeto lwa ga Vasco da Gama ka 1498 lo ne lwa tshwaya go goroga ga Bapotokisi, ba ba neng ba simolola kgato ka kgato go dira dikolone le go di tlhoma ka 1505.

Morago ga dingwaga di feta makgolo a le manè Mozambique e ntse e busiwa ke Bapotokisi, e ne ya bona boipuso ka 1975, mme go ise go ye kae ya nna People's Republic of Mozambique. Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi fela e sena go bona boipuso, naga eno e ne ya tsenelela mo ntweng e e matlhomahibidu le e e tsereng lobaka lo loleele ya selegae e e neng ya tswelela go tloga ka 1977 go ya go 1992. Ka 1994, Mozambique e ne ya tshwara ditlhopho tsa yone tsa ntlha tsa makoko a le mantsi mme fa e sale e ntse e le repaboliki ya poresidente e e tlhomameng, le fa gone e santse e lebane le botsuolodi jo bo seng bogale thata mo dikgaolong tse di kgakala thata le motsemogolo wa borwa le koo Boiselamo bo leng kwa godimo.

Mozambique e na le metswedi e mentsi ya tlholego, le fa gone ikonomi ya naga eno e ikaegile thata ka go tshwara ditlhapi - segolobogolo di-mollusk, di-crustacean le di-echinoderms - le temothuo e e nang le madirelo a a golang a dijo le dino, madirelo a dikhemikale, aluminiamo le oli. Lephata la bojanala le a gola. Aforika Borwa e sala e le molekane wa kgwebo wa Mozambique, e boloka kamano e e gaufi le Portugal [12]ka tebelelo ya mebaraka e mengwe ya Yuropa. Fa e sale ka 2001, kgolo ya GDP ya Mozambique e ntse e gola, mme fa e sale ka 2014/15, bobedi phokotsego e kgolo ya tiriso ya madi ya malapa le koketsego e kgolo ya go se lekalekane ga ikonomi e lemogilwe. Naga e sala e le nngwe ya dinaga tse di humanegileng le tse di sa tlhabologang mo lefatsheng,[13] e le mo maemong a a kwa tlase mo GDP ya motho a le mongwe, tlhabololo ya batho, dikgato tsa go tlhoka tekatekano le palogare ya boleele jwa botshelo.

Palo ya batho ba lefatshe le e ka nna 34,777,605, go ya ka palobatho ya 2024, e e leng koketsego ya 2.96% ya palo ya batho go tloga ka 2023, e dirilwe ka bontsi ke batho ba Banthu. Le fa go ntse jalo, puo e le nngwe fela ya semmuso kwa Mozambique ke Sepotokisi, se se buiwang mo mafelong a ditoropo e le puo ya ntlha kgotsa ya bobedi ke bontsi jwa batho, mme ka kakaretso e le puo e e dirisiwang ke batho ba le bantsi ba kwa Mozambique ba ba nang le thutego ya semmuso. Dipuo tse di buiwang thata mo lefelong leno ke Se-Tsonga, Se-Makhuwa, Se-Sena, Se-Chichewa le Se-Swahili. Glottolog e na le lenaane la dipuo di le 46 tse di buiwang mo nageng eo, mme nngwe ya tsone ke puo ya diatla (Mozambican Sign Language/Língua de sinais de Moçambique). Bodumedi jo bogolo kwa Mozambique ke jwa Bokeresete, bo na le batho ba le mmalwa ba ba latelang Boiselamo le ditumelo tsa setso tsa Seafrika. Mozambique ke leloko la United Nations, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations (sekai se se sa tlwaelegang sa naga ya Commonwealth e e seng kolone ya maloba ya Boritane), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Non-Aligned Movement, Southern African Development Community, mme ke motlhatlhobi kwa La Francophonie.

Tlhamane

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Naga eno e ne ya bidiwa Moçambique ke Bapotokisi ka leina la Setlhaketlhake sa Mozambique, le le tswang mo go Mussa Bin Bique, Musa Al Big, Mossa Al Bique, Mussa Ben Mbiki kgotsa Mussa Ibn Malik, mogwebi wa Moarabia yo o neng a etela setlhaketlhake pele mme moragonyana a nna koo[14] mme o ne a santse a tshela fa Vasco da Gama a ne a etela setlhaketlhake seno ka 1498.[15]Toropo ya setlhaketlhake e ne e le motsemogolo wa kolone ya Portugal go fitlha ka 1898, fa e ne e fudusediwa kwa borwa kwa Lourenço Marques (e jaanong e leng Maputo).

Histori

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Batho ba ba buang seBantu ba ne ba fudugela kwa Mozambique ka lekgolo la bo 4 la dingwaga BC. [16] Go dumelwa gore magareng ga lekgolo la ntlha le la botlhano la dingwaga AD, makhubu a khudugo go tswa kwa bophirima le bokone a ne a feta mo mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Zambezi mme ka iketlo a tsena mo dipoeng le mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Afrika Borwa.[17] Ba ne ba tlhoma metse ya temothuo kgotsa mekgatlho e e neng e ikaegile ka go rua dikgomo. Ba ne ba tla le thekenoloji ya go nyerolosa le go betla tshipi.

Go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa mileniamo wa ntlha AD, dikgwebo tsa lewatle la India di ne tsa atologa go ya kwa borwa jwa Mozambique jaaka go supilwe ke toropo ya bogologolo ya boemakepe ya Chibuene. Go simolola ka lekgolo la bo 9 la dingwaga, go nna le seabe mo kgwebong ya Lewatle la India go ne ga dira gore go nne le ditoropo di le dintsi tsa boemakepe go ralala lotshitshi lotlhe lwa Afrika Botlhaba, go akaretsa le Mozambique ya segompieno. E re ka bontsi jwa metse eno e ne e ikemetse ka nosi, e ne ya nna le seabe se segolo mo setsong sa Seswahili se se neng se sa tswa go simologa. Gantsi batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba mo ditoropong ba ne ba amogela Boiselamo, e leng se se neng se dira gore go nne motlhofo go dira kgwebo. Mo Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, le Mozambique Island e ne e le maatla a kgaolo ka lekgolo la bo 15 la dingwaga.

Dipopego tsa lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mozambique ke naga ya bo 35 e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa dikilometara di le 801 537. Mozambique e mo lotshitshing lwa borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika mme e dikologilwe ke Eswatini kwa borwa, Afrika Borwa kwa borwabophirima, Zimbabwe kwa bophirima, Zambia le Malawi kwa bokone-bophirima, Tanzania kwa bokone le Lewatle la India kwa botlhaba. Mozambique e fa gare ga 10° le 27°S le 30° le 41°E.

Naga eno e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tse pedi ka Noka ya Zambezi. Go ela kwa bokone jwa Zambezi, karolo e tshesane ya lotshitshi e tlogelwa ke dithaba tse di kwa tengteng ga naga le dithota tse di kwa tlase. Dithaba tse di makgwakgwa di kwa bophirima; di akaretsa dithaba tsa Niassa, dithaba tsa Namuli kgotsa Shire, dithaba tsa Angonia, dithaba tsa Tete le lekgwamolelo la Makonde, le le apesitsweng ke dikgwa tsa miombo. Go ya kwa borwa jwa Zambezi, mafelo a a kwa tlase a atlhametse go feta le boalo jwa Mashonaland le Dithaba tsa Lebombo tse di kwa borwa jo bo kwa teng.

Ikonomi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mozambique ke nngwe ya dinaga tse di humanegileng thata le tse di sa tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng, le fa gone palogare ya kgolo ya GDP ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ne e le mo e ka nnang 8% magareng ga 1994 le 2006. Go tloga ka 2014/15 tiriso ya madi ya malapa e fokotsegile thata mme go na le koketsego e kgolo ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo ikonoming. IMF e tlhalosa Mozambique jaaka naga e e humanegileng e e nang le dikoloto tse dintsi. Mo patlisisong e e dirilweng ka 2006, dikwatara tse tharo tsa batho ba Mozambique ba ne ba re mo dingwageng tse tlhano tse di fetileng maemo a bone a ikonomi a ne a sa fetoga kgotsa a ile a nna maswe le go feta. Madi a semmuso a Mozambique ke metical (go tloga ka Diphalane 2023, US$1 e batla e lekana le 64 meticals) Dolara ya Amerika, ranta ya Afrika Borwa, le euro di amogelwa ka bophara le go dirisiwa mo dikgwebong.

Tuelo e e kwa tlase ya semolao e ka nna US$60 ka kgwedi. Mozambique ke leloko la Southern African Development Community (SADC).Tumelano ya SADC ya kgwebisano e e gololosegileng e ikaeletse go dira gore kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e nne le bokgoni jwa go gaisana ka go tlosa dituelo le dikgoreletsi tse dingwe tsa kgwebisano. Banka ya Lefatshe ka 2007 e ne ya bua ka 'go gola ga ikonomi ya Mozambique ka lobelo lo logolo.' Thutopatlisiso e e kopanetsweng ya mmuso le baamegi mo tshimologong ya 2007 e ne ya re 'Mozambique ka kakaretso e tsewa e le kgang e e atlegileng ya thuso.'

Kgolo e e boelang gape

Go fudusediwa ga batshabi ba ntwa ya selegae le phetogo e e atlegileng ya ikonomi go dirile gore go nne le kgolo e e kwa godimo: naga e ne ya itumelela go boela mannong ka tsela e e gakgamatsang, ya fitlhelela palogare ya kgolo ya ikonomi ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya 8% fa gare ga 1996 le 2006[18]le fa gare ga 6–7% go tloga ka 2006 go ya go 2006. Katoloso e e bonako mo isagong e ikaegile ka diporojeke di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tsa dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle, diphetogo tse di tswelelang tsa ikonomi, le tsosoloso ya makala a temothuo, dipalangwa, le bojanala.[19]Ka 2013 e ka nna 80% ya baagi e ne e thapilwe mo temothuong, bontsi jwa bona ba ne ba dira temothuo e nnye ya go iphedisa[20]e e neng e santse e sotlega ka ntlha ya mafaratlhatlha a a sa lekanang, mafaratlhatlha a kgwebo, le dipeeletso.[21] Le fa go ntse jalo, ka 2012, go feta 90% ya lefatshe le le ka lengwang la Mozambique le ne le sa ntse le sa lengwa.

Ka 2013, athikele ya BBC e begile gore go simolola ka 2009, Mapotokisi a ne a ntse a boela kwa Mozambique ka ntlha ya ikonomi e e golang kwa Mozambique le seemo se se bokoa sa ikonomi kwa Portugal.[22]

Diphetogo tsa ikonomi

Dikgwebo tse di fetang 1 200 tse bontsi jwa tsone e leng tse dinnye tsa puso di dirilwe tsa poraefete. Dipaakanyo tsa go dira gore dikgwebo di nne tsa poraefete le/kgotsa go golola lekala di dirilwe mo dikgwebong tse di setseng tse di amanang le puso, go akaretsa le ditlhaeletsano ka megala, maatla, boemakepe, le diterena. Puso e ne e tlhopha gangwe le gape mmeeletsi wa togamaano wa kwa ntle fa e dira gore setlamo sa puso se nne sa poraefete. Mo godimo ga moo, go ile ga fokodiwa madi a a duelelwang mo melelwaneng, mme le go laolwa ga melelwane go ile ga tokafadiwa le go fetolwa. Puso e tlhagisitse lekgetho la boleng jo bo okeditsweng ka 1999 jaaka karolo ya maiteko a yona a go oketsa lotseno lwa selegae.[23]

Bonweenwee

Mokoro wa setso o o tsamayang ka saile kwa Ilha ya Moçambique

Ikonomi ya Mozambique e ile ya reketlisiwa ke matlhabisaditlhong a le mantsi a bonweenwee. Ka Phukwi 2011, puso e ne ya tshitshinya melao e mešwa e e kgatlhanong le bonweenwee go dira gore go utswa madi, go rekisa ka tlhotlheletso le go utswa madi a setšhaba e nne bosenyi, morago ga ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa bogodu jwa madi a setšhaba. Se se dumetswe ke Lekgotla la Ditona la naga. Mozambique e ne ya bona ditona tse pedi tsa pele molato wa go utswa. Mozambique e ne e le mo maemong a bo 116 mo ​​dinageng di le 178 mo tshupaneng ya bonweenwee jwa lefatshe lotlhe ya lekgotla le le lwantshanang le bonweenwee la Transparency International. Go ya ka pegelo ya USAID e e kwadilweng ka 2005, "bogolo le bogolo jwa bonweenwee kwa Mozambique ke selo se se tshosang."[24]

Ka 2012, puso ya porofense ya Inhambane e ribolotse tiriso e e sa siamang ya madi a setšhaba ke mokaedi wa Kantoro ya Porofense e e Kgatlhanong le Diokobatsi, Calisto Alberto Tomo. O fitlhetswe a dirisane mmogo le mmalamatlotlo kwa Ofising e e Kgatlhanong le Diokobatsi, Recalda Guambe, go utswa meticais e e fetang 260,000 magareng ga 2008 le 2010.[25]Puso ya Mozambique e tsere dikgato tsa go rarabolola bothata jwa bonweenwee, mme go ka lemogiwa ditiragalo dingwe tse di siameng, jaaka go fetisiwa ga melaotlhomo e le mmalwa e e kgatlhanong le bonweenwee ka 2012.[26]

Metswedi ya tlhago

Setlhogo se segolo: Intaseteri ya diminerale ya Mozambique

Ka 2010–2011, Anadarko Petroleum le Eni di ribolotse lefelo la gase la Mamba Borwa, dipolokelo tse di ka busediwang tsa dikhubikimitara di le dibilione di le 4 200 (maoto a dikhubiki di le dibilione di le 150) tsa gase ya tlholego mo Lebedibeng la Rovuma, kwa ntle ga lebopo la Porofense ya Cabo Delgado e e kwa bokone. Fa seno se sena go tlhamiwa, se ka dira gore Mozambique e nne nngwe ya dinaga tse dikgolo tse di tlhagisang gase ya tlholego e e dirilweng seedi mo lefatsheng. Ka Ferikgong 2017, difeme di le 3 di ne tsa tlhophiwa ke puso go dira diporojeke tsa tlhabololo ya gase ya tlholego mo lefelong la gase la Rovuma. GL Africa Energy (UK) e ne ya abelwa nngwe ya dithendara. E rulaganya go aga le go dirisa polante e e dirisang gase ya 250 MW.[27]Tlhagiso e ne e rulaganyeditswe go simolola ka 2018.[28]Mozambique jaanong e rulaganyeditswe go simolola go romela LNG kwa ntle lefatshe ka bophara ka 2024. Ka 2019, ditlhabololo mo Rovuma Basin, e e bidiwang Porojeke ya LNG ya Mozambique, di kokoantse $19 bilione go tswa mo setlhopheng sa babeeletsi go tlisa LNG eno kwa mmarakeng kwa bofelong. Bontsi jwa porojeke le ditiro tse di amanang le yone di abetswe setlamo, TotalEnergies.[29]

Bojanala

Setlhogo se segolo: Bojanala kwa Mozambique

Bajanala ba Yuropa mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle, kwa Inhambane, kwa Mozambique[30]

Tikologo ya tlholego ya naga, diphologolo tsa naga, le boswa jwa hisitori di tlamela ka ditšhono tsa bojanala jwa lebopo, jwa setso, le jwa tikologo.Mozambique e na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa kgolo mo palogotlheng ya dikumo tsa yona tsa selegae (GDP).[31]

Mabopo a bokone a a nang le metsi a a phepa a siametse bojanala,[patlisiso ya ntlha?] bogolo jang a a kgakala thata le mafelo a ditoropo, jaaka Ditlhaketlhake tsa Quirimbas le setlhopha sa ditlhaketlhake sa Bazaruto.[98] Porofense ya Inhambane e ngoka bathuthusi ba boditšhabatšhaba ka ntlha ya mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa lewatle le go nna teng ga dishaka tsa maruarua le marang a manta.[99] Go na le diphaka tsa bosetšhaba di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Gorongosa.[32]

Dipalangwa

Ditlhogo tse dikgolo: Dipalangwa kwa Mozambique le Dipalangwa tsa terena kwa Mozambique

Setimela sa mouwane kwa Inhambane, 2009

Setlamo sa difofane sa bosetšhaba sa Mozambique, LAM Mozambique

Go na le ditsela tse di fetang dikilometara di le 30 000, mme bontsi jwa mafaratlhatlha a tsone ga bo a tsenngwa sekontiri. Fela jaaka baagisani ba yona ba Kgweranoditšhaba, pharakano e dikologa ka fa molemeng, le fa e sa tsewa ke Maesemane. Go na le boemelafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba kwa Maputo, boemelafofane jo bongwe jo bo tsentsweng ditsela di le 21, le ditsela tse di fetang 100 tsa difofane .ips e e nang le ditsela tse di sa tsenngwang ditsela. Go na le ditsela tsa metsi tse di ka tsamaisiwang ka sekepe di le 3 750 km. Go na le dikgolagano tsa terena tse di direlang ditoropo tse dikgolo le go golaganya naga le Malawi, Zimbabwe le Aforika Borwa.

Tsamaiso ya terena ya Mozambique e ne ya tlhamiwa mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo go tswa kwa boemakepeng jo bo farologaneng jo bo tharo jo bo mo lotshitshing jo bo neng bo dira jaaka ditheminale tsa mela e e farologaneng go ya kwa nageng e e kwa morago. Diporo tseno e ne e le dintlha tse dikgolo ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Mozambique, di ne tsa senngwa ke RENAMO, mme di a tlhabololwa. Bothati jo bo tshegediwang ke puso, e leng Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (Maemakepe le Diterena tsa Mozambique), bo okametse thulaganyo ya diterena le maemakepe a a golaganeng le one, mme bontsi jwa botsamaisi bo dirilwe kwa ntle. Mong le e mong mola o na le phaseje lona ntshetsopele.

Go tloga ka 2005 go ne go na le dikhilomitara di le 3,123 tsa seporo, se se nang le dikhilomitara di le 2,983 tsa selekanyo sa 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), se se tsamaelanang le dithulaganyo tsa terena tse di mabapi, le mola wa dikhilomitara di le 140 wa seporo sa 762 mm (2 ft 6 in],[33]. Seporo se se fa gare sa Beira–Bulawayo le tsela ya seporo sa Sena di golaganya boemakepe jwa Beira le dinaga tse di dikologilweng ke lewatle tsa Malawi, Zambia le Zimbabwe. Kwa bokone jwa seno boemakepe jwa Nacala le jone bo golagantswe ke seporo sa Nacala go ya kwa Malawi, mme kwa borwa boemakepe jwa Maputo bo golagantswe ke seporo sa Limpopo, seporo sa Goba le seporo sa Ressano Garcia go ya kwa Zimbabwe, Eswatini le Aforika Borwa. Dinetweke tseno di golagana fela ka dinaga tse di mabapi. Tsela e ntšhwa ya go rwala magala magareng ga Tete le Beira e ne e rulagantswe go tsena mo tirisong ka 2010,[34] mme ka Phatwe 2010, Mozambique le Botswana di ne tsa saena memorantamo wa kutlwano go tlhama seporo sa dikilometara di le 1,100 se se fetang kwa teng kwa Zimbabwe, go rwala magala go tswa kwa Serule water kwa Point3 go ya kwa1. Setoko se sešwa se se tsamayang se tlametswe ke bodirelo jwa Lefika la Gauta la India [35]go dirisiwa Dikopanyi tsa Setheo sa Buffer[36] le diboriki tsa mowa.

Tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe

Mosadi a ga metsi ka paka ya komelelo mo motsweding o o kgotlelegileng kwa Kgaolong ya Machaze kwa Porofenseng ya Bogare jwa Manica

Tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe kwa Mozambique e tlhaolwa ke maemo a a kwa tlase a phitlhelelo ya motswedi o o tokafaditsweng wa metsi (e e fopholediwang go nna 51% ka 2011), maemo a a kwa tlase a phitlhelelo ya kgeleloleswe e e lekaneng (e e fopholediwang go nna 25% ka 2011) le bontsi jwa boleng jo bo kwa tlase jwa tirelo. Ka 2007 puso e tlhalositse leano la tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe kwa metseselegaeng, kwa 62% ya baagi ba nnang teng. Mo mafelong a ditoropo, metsi a tlamelwa ke batlamedi ba bannye ba ba sa tlhomamang le ke batlamedi ba semmuso.

Go simolola ka 1998, Mozambique e ne ya fetola karolo e e tlhomameng ya lekala la tlamelo ya metsi kwa ditoropong ka go tlhama setheo se se ikemetseng sa taolo se se bidiwang CRA, khamphani e e tshotseng dithoto e e bidiwang FIPAG le tirisanommogo ya puso le poraefete (PPP) le setlamo se se bidiwang Aguas de Moçambique.[37] PPP e ne e akaretsa mafelo ao a motsemogolo le a ditoropo tse dingwe di le nne tse di neng di kgona go fitlhelela dithulaganyo tsa semmuso tsa tlamelo ya metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, PPP e ne ya fela fa dikonteraka tsa taolo ya ditoropo di le nne di ne di fela ka 2008 le fa molekane wa kwa ntle wa khamphani e e direlang motsemogolo ka fa tlase ga konteraka ya khiro a ne a ikgogela morago ka 2010, a bolela gore o latlhegetswe thata. Le fa tlamelo ya metsi ya ditoropo e amogetse tlhokomelo e kgolo ya pholisi, puso ga e ise e nne le leano la kgeleloleswe ya ditoropo. Baabi ba kwa ntle ba tlamela ka matlole a a ka nnang 87.4% ya dipeeletso tsotlhe tsa setšhaba mo lephateng leno.

Dipalopalo

Setlhogo se segolo: Dipalopalo tsa Mozambique

Diporofense tse di kwa bokone-bogare jwa Zambezia le Nampula ke tsone tse di nang le batho ba le bantsi thata, ka batho ba ka nna 45%. Ba-Makua ba ba fopholediwang go nna dimilione di le nnè ke bone ba ba laolang kwa karolong e e kwa bokone jwa naga; Ba-Sena le Ba-Shona (bontsi jwa Ba-Ndau le Ba-Manyika) ba tlhageletse thata mo mokgatšheng wa Zambezi,mme batho ba Batsonga ba laola borwa jwa Mozambique. Ditlhopha tse dingwe di akaretsa Makonde, Se-Yao, Seswahili, Se-Tonga, Se-Chopi le Se-Nguni (go akaretsa le Se-Zulu). Batho ba Bantu ba dira 97.8% ya baagi, mme ba bangwe botlhe ba dirilwe ka lotso lwa Mapotokisi, Maaforika a Yuropa (batho ba mestiço ba lotso lo lo tlhakaneng lwa Bantu le Mapotokisi), le Maindia.[38]Batho ba ka nna 45 000 ba lotso lwa Baindia ba nna kwa Mozambique.[39]

Ka nako ya puso ya bokoloniale ya Mapotokisi, palo e nnye e kgolo ya batho ba lotso lwa Mapotokisi ba ne ba nna ruri mo e ka nnang mo mafelong otlhe a naga,[40] mme batho ba Mozambique ba ba nang le boswa jwa Mapotokisi ka nako ya boipuso ba ne ba ka nna 360,000.[41] Bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tswa mo nageng morago ga boipuso go tswa mo Portugal ka 1975.[42]Go na le diphopholetso tse di farologaneng tsa bogolo jwa batho ba Mozambique ba China, go simolola ka 7,000 go ya go 12,000 go tloga ka 2007.[43]

Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2011, palogotlhe ya seelo sa tsalo e ne e le bana ba le 5.9 mo mosading mongwe le mongwe, ka 6.6 kwa metseselegaeng le 4.5 kwa ditoropong.[44]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ /ˌmoʊzæmˈbiːk/ ⓘ; Portuguese: Moçambique, pronounced [musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]; Chichewa: Mozambiki; Tsonga: Muzambhiki; Swahili: Msumbiji
  2. ↑ República de Moçambique, pronounced [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ][1]
  3. ↑ "National Profiles". Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  4. ↑ Tempolete:Cite SSRN
  5. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  6. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. S2CID 73642272. Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.
  7. ↑ "Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer". Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IMFWEO.MZ
  9. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  10. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF) (in Sekgoa). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  11. ↑ Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017
  12. ↑ "African Development Bank and Portugal sign EUR 400 million guarantee agreement to underpin Lusophone Compact, © 2022 African Development Bank, Amba Mpoke-Bigg, Retrieved 06.09.2022". 5 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.[2]
  13. ↑ Investing in rural people in Mozambique Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ifad.org
  14. ↑ History. ilhademo.net
  15. ↑ M. D. D. Newitt (1972). "The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche". The Journal of African History. 13 (3). Cambridge University Press: 398. doi:10.1017/S0021853700011713. JSTOR 180586. Retrieved 14 July 2024.[3]
  16. ↑ Lander, Faye; Russell, Thembi (2018). "The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198941. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398941L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198941. PMC 6002040. PMID 29902271.[4]
  17. ↑ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: [5]
  18. ↑ "Mozambique | Þróunarsamvinnustofnun Íslands" (in Icelandic). Iceida.is. 1 June 1999. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  19. ↑ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain:
  20. ↑ Mozambique Archived 27 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Canadian International Development Agency (29 January 2013). Retrieved 6 April 2013
  21. ↑ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain:
  22. ↑ Akwagyiram, Alexis (5 April 2013) Portugal's unemployed heading to Mozambique 'paradise' Archived 29 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News Africa. Retrieved 6 April 2013
  23. ↑ "Mozambique proposes new anti-corruption laws". Agence France-Presse. 27 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
  24. ↑ "Mozambique proposes new anti-corruption laws". Agence France-Presse. 27 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
  25. ↑ "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Mozambique — African Destinations". Great Adventures Safaris. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  27. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  28. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  29. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  30. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  31. ↑ "Mozambique – Economy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021
  32. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  33. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  34. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  35. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  36. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  37. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  38. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique
  39. ↑ "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  40. ↑ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  41. ↑ "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  42. ↑ "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  43. ↑ "Mozambique: Australian Company Plans New Coal Mine in Tete By 2010". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  44. ↑ "Golden Rock workshop exports locos to Mozambique". Business Line. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.


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