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Ngwaga ya Aforika

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Ma Zambia a kamoso a gwetlha lepolotiki la phathi ya Conservative, ebong Iain Macleod kwa bokone jwa Rhodesia

Ngwaga ya Aforika ke metseletsele ya ditiragalo tse di diragetseng ka ngwaga wa 1960 - bogolo jang boipuso jwa mafatshe a le lesome le bosupa - mo go neng ga tlhoma kwa pele go gola ga Aforika o o kopaneng mo kgaolong ya Aforika. Ngwaga e e ne ya supa diphitlhelelo tse dikgolo mo makgotleng a boipuso jwa Aforika le go tlhagoga ga Aforika e le moanelwa mogolo mo United Nations. Ditlhabololo tse tsa sepolotiki di ne tsa baka dikakanyetso le tsholofelo ka bokamoso jwa Aforika ka bophara; mme gape Aforika o ne a simolola go itemogela tiriso dikgoka ya morago ga bokolone. Mo ngwageng e gape, go ne ga nna le tshimologo ya kganetso ya dibetsa mo pusong ya Aforika Borwa ya tlhaolele, ka diphetogo tsa polotiki mo Aforika le lefatshe ka bophara. Mo ngwageng, dikolone tsotlhe tsa French kwa bophirima jwa Aforika le Equitorial di ne tsa tsaya boipuso.

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Bere ya dikganelo: Firikgong 1960 kwa Algeria

O.H Morris wa lephata la Britain la dikolone o ne a bonela kwa pele ka Firikgong gore 1960 o tlaa nna ngwaga wa Aforika.[1] Mafoko ngwaga wa Aforika a dirisitswe ke Ralph Bunche ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1960. Bunche o ne a akanyetsa gore mafatshe a mantsi a tlaa tsaya boipuso mo ngwageng oo ka ntlha ya lobelo lo batho ba Aforika ba gololesegang mo bokoloneng ka gone.[2] Kgang ya ngwaga wa Aforika e ne ya gapa leitlho la metswedi ya dikgang mo mafatsheng.[3]

Kakanyetso ya ngwaga e ne e rotloediwa gape ke mafoko a "kgonagalo ya phetogo", a a builweng ke Harold Macmillan ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa 1960. Fa a bua kwa Cape Town, Macmillan o ne a amogela gore magosi a dikolone a tsile go retelelwa ke go tswelela a laola dikolone tsa one.[4] Mafoko a a ne a emetse kamogela ya batho ba maemo ba sepolotiki kwa Britain gore bogosi jwa Britain bo fedile ebile bo ka se kgone go tshegediwa. Se se ne sa gwetlha tsibogo go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikanya bogosi ba phathi ya Conservative. Ma Aforika le one a ne a tsiboga. Mo mafokong a ga tona wa mafatshe a sele wa kwa Guinea Caba Sory.[5]

Kgonagalo ya phetogo e e neng e builwe ke tona Macmillan, e na le matshosetsi a go feretlhega...ditlhobolo le digai di ka se tlhole di emelela  batho ba Aforika ba ba ikaeletseng go fedisa bokolone.

Boipuso

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Ka ngwaga wa 1960, palo ya mafatshe a a ipusang e ne ya oketsega go tswa kwa go borobabongwe (ka palo tsa batho tsa bo didikadike di le masome a robabongwe le botlhano) go ya kwa masome a mabedi le borataro (ka dipalo tsa batho di le didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi),ba tsaya boipuso ka bone go tswa mo mafatsheng a Belgium, France, Italy le United Kingdom.[6]

Go tswa France

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Lefatshe la France fa le tsibogela kgotlhang e e neng e le teng kwa Algeria bogolo jang ka mathata a Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1958, le ne la dira molaomotheo o mosha ka ngwaga wa 1958. Molaomotheo o, o ne o dira mafatshe a dikolone bontlha jwa setshaba sa France, mo go neng go fetola bogosi jwa France go nna lefatshe le le kopantseng mafatshe a mangwe.[7] Mafatshe otlhe a maloko a ne a dumalana kwa ntleng ga la Guinea, le le neng la tsaya boipuso ka 1958 fa le gana go tsena mo  bokopanong jwa mafatshe a batho ba ditso tsa French. Tshwetso ya lone e ne ya baka gore lefatshe la France le emise kemo nokeng yotlhe le nna sekai mo dikoloneng tse dingwe tsa France.[8] Ka Morule ngwaga wa 1959, moeteledipele o a neng a boa wa France ebony Charles Fe Gaulle o ne a dumela gore mafatshe a eleng maloko a ka tsaya boipuso fa a batla.[9] Otlhe a ne a dira jalo, ka bofefo bo jo gaisang ka fa France e neng e solofetse ka teng.[10]

  • Cameroon (kwa e neng e le Cameroun pele), ba tsere boipuso ka letsatsi la ntlha la ngwaga wa 1960 (ba agisana le bontlha jwa Cameroon wa dikolone tsa Britain ka ngwaga wa 1961).
  • Togo (kwa e neng e le French Togoland pele) le tsere boipuso ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa.
  • Bokopano jwa Mali bo tsere boipuso ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, jwa kgaogana go nna Mali le Senegal ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi.
  • Madagascar o tsere boipuso ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boratato.
  • Dahomey (kwa go neng ga fetolwa leina go nna Benin ka 1975) ba tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a rogwa
  • Niger a gololesega ka Phatwe a le malatsi a mararo
  • Upper Volta (kwa go fetoletsweng leina kwa Burkina Faso ka 1984), boipuso ka Phatwe a le malatsi a matlhano
  • Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivore) le tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a le malatsi a supa
  • Chad le tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a le lesome le motso
  • Central African Republic le tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a le lesome le boraro
  • Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) le tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a le lesome le botlhano
  • Gabon le tsere boipuso ka Phatwe a le lesome le bosupa
  • Mauritania, le tsere boipuso ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi

Mafatshe a, a ne a sala a ntse a le mo thotloetsong ya France, bogolo jang mo go tsa itsholelo.[11] Lefatshe la France gape le ne la nna le ditumalano tsa sepolotiki le bokopano jwa Mali le Madagascar, ba letla mafatshe ao go tswa mo bokopanong jwa France ba sa fedise botsalano jwa mafatshe a jwa sepolotiki (jaaka le ne le dirile ka Guinea). [12]Dikolone le dikompone tsa France di ne tsa dumalana ka tsamaiso eo, ka b ne ba tlaa nna ba ntse ba anywa sengwe mo mafatsheng a a gololesegileng go ipusa mo sešheng - mo go neng ga tswelela go dirisa CFA.[13]

Melaometheo e mešha e e neng e dirilwe ke mafatshe a e dirisa dikakanyo dingwe go tswa mo molaomotheong wa lefatshe la France, di akaretsa puso ya batho ka batho le ditshwanelo tsa batho botlhe ga mmogo le go nna le palamente ee nang le matona a puso a a nonofileng. Gangwe le gape ba dirisa puo e e tswang mo kitsisong ya mafatshefatshe ya ditshwanelo tsa setho. A gatelela gape Aforika o o tshwaraganeng go na le bosetšhaba.[14]

Go tswa Italy le United Kingdom

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Mafatshe a mabedi a tsere boipuso go tswa kwa bogosing jwa Britain ka ngwaga wa 1960: Somalia, ka go kopanngwa ga Somaliland le kgaolo ya Somalia le Nigeria.

Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le borataro (le gape e leng letsatsi la boipuso la Madagascar), British Somaliland o ne a ikemela go nna lefatshe le le ipusang la Somaliland. Malatsi a le matlhano morago, le ne la kopana le la Italian Trust Territory of Somalia go dira Somali Republic ka Phukwi a rogwa.

Lefatshe la Nigeria le ne le na le palo e ntsi ya batho le itsholelo e e gaisang mafatshe a mangwe mo Aforika. Le ne la tsaya boipuso ka Phalane a rogwa.

Ka ngwaga wa 1960 gape, Dominion of Ghana ba ne ba tlhopha go nna lefatshe le le ipusang, ka jalo ba fedisa ketelelo pele ya ga Mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa 1957 go tsena 1960, jaaka mohumagadi wa Ghana. Kwame Nrumah o a nenga buelela thata Aforika o o tshwaraganeng, ebile e le tona wa pele, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 1960.

Go tswa Belgium

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Batho ba Congo ba ne ba tshwenya ka go batla boipuso, kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 1960 Patrice Lumumba o ne a tshwarelwa go tlhotlheletsa tsuologo ka ngwaga wa 1959. Lefatshe la Belgium fa le lemoga gore lefatshe la Congo le tsile go ipusa, le ne la golola Lumumba la mo letla go tsenela bokopano jwa kwa Brussels go tswa ka Firikgong a le lesome le borobaboedi go stena a le masome mabedi le bosupa. Kwa bokopanong, letsatsi la Seetebosigo a le masome mararo le ne la beewa go nna letsatsi la boipuso jwa lefatshe la Republic of the Congo. Lumumba o ne a fenya palo e ntsi mo ditlhophong tsa Motsheganong a nna tonakgolo wa lefatshe leo ka Seetebosigo a le masome a mararo. Mowa wa tiragalo eo o ne wa gwetlha seopedi se se itumelelwang thata sa Congo Le Grand Kalle go kwala pina ya "Independance Cha Cha", e e neng ya ratiwa thata mo Aforika.

Lefatshe leo moragonyana le ne la nna mo dipharagobeng, Lumumba a thankgolwa ka Lwetse a le lesome le bone. O ne a bogisiwa abo a bolawa.[15] Nako e e salang morago ya go tlhoka go itshetlela, nako tse dingwe e bidiwa mathata a Congo.

Ditiragalo tsa kwa Congo di ne tsa baka mo pampiri ya dikgang ya London Daily Express - e e neng e rata bokolone go tswa bogologolong - go latofatsa "ngwaga ya Aforika" mme e re ngwaga wa 1961 e nne ngwaga wa go lemoga.[16]

Aforika Borwa

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Polao kwa Sharpeville; setshwantsho ka Godfrey Rubens - kganyaolo ya Sharpeville e ne ya lemotsha bontsi jwa batho ka tlhaolele

Kganyaolo ya Sharpville kwa Aforika Borwa e diragetse ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le motso ka ngwaga wa 1960, e gwetlha kganetso le megwanto ya mafatshe a a emang le la Aforika Borwa. [17]Tiragalo e gantsi e inolwa e le tshimologo ya kgogakgogano kgatlhanong le puso ya tlhaolele.[18] Balweladitshwanelo ba Aforika Borwa le baithuti ba e tlhalosa e le phetogo ,o kganetsong, e tshwaya phelelo ya go tlhoka tiriso dikgoka.[19] Bangwe ba re seabe sa yone se segolo se tsile mo go direng batho basweu ba Aforika Borwa gore ba itse ka bosetlhogo jo batho bantsho ba Aforika Borwa ba tshwarwang ka bone.[20]

Ka Phalane a le malatsi a matlhano, molao o ne wa fitisiwa kwa Aforika Borwa, o o neng o feids bogosi, mo go neg go raa gore lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le tlogela lekgotla la mafatshe a selekane mo ngwageng o o latelang ka ntlha ya melao ya lone.

United Nations

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Ka Phalane, tautona wa Ghana Kwame Nkrumha o ne a buisa lekgotla la United Nations, kwa a neng a bua ka seabe sa Aforika mo lefatsheng ka bophara le seabe sa isago sa lefatshe ka bophara mo Aforika.[21] Nkrumah o ne a gatelela nonofo e ntšha ya Aforika, a bolela fa Aforika a sa eletse go ipusolosetsa mo mafatsheng a Yuropa a a neng a dirile mafatshe a Aforika dikolone, mme a tlaa tswelela ka go batla kgololesego le fa go ntse jalo:

Nngwe ya dintlha tsa nako ya rona ke seabe sa go itharabologelwa ga Aforika mo lefatsheng gompieno. Go tuma ga bosetshaba jwa Aforika go emelela dilo tsotlhe tse di diragetseng pele, e bo e gwetlha babusi ba dikolone go baakanya seemo ka go duelela dingwaga tsa tshiamololo le tlolo molao tse di dirilweng kgatlhanong le Aforika. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, Aforika ga a battle go ipusolosetsa. Go kgatlhanong le popego ya gagwe go tshwara ka pelo. Batho ba rona ba fetsa didikadike tse pedi ba ikuela ka lentswe le le lengwefela. Mme ba reng? Ga re kope loso lwa ba ba neng ba re gateletse ; ga re eleletse beng ba rona ba bokgoba bosula, re dira kopo e e tshwanetseng; lentswe la rona le utlwala go kgabaganya mawatle le dithaba, dithabana le mekgatsha, mo dikakeng le mo bophareng jwa kwa batho ba nnang teng, le kopa kgololesego ya Aforika. Aforika o batla kgololesego ya gagwe. Aforika o tshwanetse go gololesega. Ke kopo e e motlhofo, mme gape ke lotshwao lo lo bonesang tsiboso e khibidu mo go ba ba ka itlhokomolosang.[22]

Nkrumah o ne a gwetlha go emisiwa ga boeteledipele jwa batho basweu, bogolo jang kwa Aforika Borwa.[23] Mo matsenong, mafoko a a gatisitsweng a puo e, W.E.B Di Bois o kwala jaana: "...ga go na pelaelo ya gore Kwame Nkrumah ke lentswe la Aforika. Ke gore go feta motho ope o o tshelang, o bua ka dikakanyo tsa kgaolo e e lefifi le gore kgaolo e e gatela kwa pele mo dikganngnyneng tsa mafatshe.[24]

Ka Morule a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1960, bokopano jwa UN bo ne jwa baya monwana kitsiso ya go neela mafatshe le batho ba dikolone kgololesego mo seemong sa boipuso. Mafoko a a tlhomamisa gore batho botlhe ba na le tshwanelo ya go ikemela, le gore go etelelwa pele ke babusi ba kwa ntle go akaretsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho. Mafoko a a ne a fetisiwa go sena o o tlhophileng kgatlhanong. Lefatshe la United States le babusi ba dikolone ba supa ba ne ba seka ba tlhopha; Zelma George , motho montsho wa America mo baemeding ba US, o ne a ema go supa kemo nokeng ya gagwe mo kitsisong eo.[25]

Ditiragalo tse di tsamaelanang

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Bokopano jwa bobedi jwa batho ba Aforika fela, bo bo tshwerweng ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano go tsena masome a mararo le motso, bo ne bo dira pitso ya boipuso jo bo feletseng jwa Aforika le go tlhamiwa ga banka ya Aforika.[26][27]

Ka metshameko ya di olympics ya 1960 kwa Rome, motabogi wa lefatshe la Ethiopia Abebe Bikila o ne a fenya lobelo lo lo leele a nna motho wa ntlha o montsho wa Aforika go amogela seetsele sa gauta sa metshameko ya olympics. Katlego ya gagwe e ne e gatelela go tlotlofatsa Aforika le go tsenya Aforika leitlho ga mafatshe a mangwe.[28][29]

Ditlamorago le boswa

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Mogwanto wa boipuso kwa Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1960

Ngwaga ya Aforika e ne ya fetola seemo saa Aforika mo lefatsheng ka bophara, ka go dira gore lefatshe le lemoge go nna teng ga mafatshe a Aforika e le sengwe se se ka elwang tlhoko mo seraleng sa mafatshefatshe.[30] E ne e tshwaya go simologa ga sebaka se se itebagantseng le Aforika mo dithutong tsa Aforika, go tshwaiwa ke go tlhamiwa ga Cahiers d'Etudes africanes le padi ya ditso tsa Aforika.[30][31]

Ngwaga ya Aforika e ne e tlotlomatsa batho bantsho ba Americs, ba ka bo bone baneng ba le mo letsholong la ditshwanelong tsa setho mo United States.[32]  Pampiri ya Baltimore Afro American e solofetse fa go nna go tlaa fenya kgaogano kwa borwa jwa United States, e ne ya kwala jaaka:" moshwadile wa phetogo o o okameng Aforika, o utlwala le mo United States."[33] Professor James H. Meriwether, fa a leba kwa morago mo ngwageng ya Aforika o kwala jaana: "ditiragalo tsa 1960 di thatafaditse dikamano gareng ga batho bantsho ba America le mathata a mafatshe ka bophara kgatlhanong le ketelelelopele ya batho basweu, fa ba dira seo ba lebile Aforika."[34] Thata thata ba ba ganetsang kgaogano mo borwa jwa United States ba ka tswa ba simolotse go leba kwa Aforika Borwa gore ba rotloetsege.[35]

Mafoko ngwaga ya Aforika a ne a dirisiwa gape ka ngwaga wa 2005, ka go baya leitlho Aforika a mafatshe a a kwa bophirima ka nako ya bokopano jwa masome a mararo le motso jwa G8.[36][37]

Ka ngwaga wa 2010, mafatshe a Aforika a le mantsi a ne a ipelela dingwaga di le masome a matlhano tsa boipuso ka ngwaga ya Aforika.[4][15]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

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Metswedi

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  1. ↑ William Henry Chamberlin, "Africa's Year", 5 January 1960, ProQuest 132636547.
  2. ↑ Paul Hoffmann, "Bunche says '60 is year of Africa", New York Times, 16 February 1960, p. 15; ProQuest 115051135.
  3. ↑ Daniel Schwartz, "1960: The Year of Africa", CBC, 8 June 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Manuel Manrique Gil, "1960–2010: 50 years of 'African independences Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine'", On Africa, 4 January 2010.
  5. ↑ "Obsolete URL"(PDF). etd.ohiolink.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
  6. ↑ Foderaro, Independent Africa (1976), p. 53.
  7. ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2008). "POSSIBILITY AND CONSTRAINT: AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE". The Journal of African History. 49 (2): 167–196. doi:10.1017/S0021853708003915. ISSN 1469-5138.
  8. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), p. 24. "The break with France was absolute; according to a hastily devised plan, French civil servants were to leave within two months. Guinea would receive no more help from the French administration, and no more equipment credits. Overnight, Guinea found itself penniless... Guinea's daring vote of 'No' became a burning pang of conscience for all French-speaking countries."
  9. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), p. 25. "As early as December 10, 1959, at the sixth session of the Executive Council of the Community, de Gaulle agreed that international sovereignty should be granted to any state which requested it, and that new agreements on co-operation might be negotiated between African states and France. The race for independence had started."
  10. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), p. 28
  11. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), p. 35. "France was able to change its political, economic, and military status in Black Africa, and yet retain the former colonies within its sphere of influence... If France played its cards well, Africa would still be a market in which it retained a highly privileged position—a ready market for French manufactured goods and itself exporting a wide range of raw materials (notably groundnuts, palm oil, tropical timber, iron, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, and uranium."
  12. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), pp. 29–30.
  13. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), pp. 35–36.
  14. ↑ De Lusignan, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence (1969), pp. 75–77.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Abayomi Azikiwe, "50th Anniversary of the 'Year of Africa' 1960", Pan-African News Wire, 21 April 2010.
  16. ↑ Henry S. Hayward, "Belgium Gives Bitter Lesson", Christian Science Monitor, 28 December 1960, p. 1. ProQuest 510203664.
  17. ↑ Imran Garda, "Sharpeville: Legacy of a massacre", Al Jazeera, 22 March 2010.
  18. ↑ David Smith, "Sharpeville 50 years on: 'At some stage all hell will break loose'", The Guardian, 19 March 2010.
  19. ↑ Lodge, Sharpeville (2011), pp. 167–168.
  20. ↑ Lodge, Sharpeville (2011), p. 168. "[...] more ameliorationist perceptions shaped a parallel course of liberal scholarship both within and outside South Africa; for its constituents, Sharpeville's 'epoch-making' significance was in making the 'reality' of black urbanization and industrialization obvious to white South Africans."
  21. ↑ Ryan M. Irwin, "Imagining nation, state, and order in the mid-twentieth century", Kronos 37(1), 2011.
  22. ↑ Kwame Nkrumah, speech to United Nations, excerpted on Democracy Now.
  23. ↑ Ryan Irwin, The Gordian Knot: Apartheid and the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960–1970 Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, dissertation submitted at Ohio State University, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Nkrumah at the United Nations"
  25. ↑ Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain (1989), p. 61.
  26. ↑ Richard Gott, John Major and Geoffrey Warner (eds), Documents on International Affairs 1960. London: Oxford University Press, 1964; pp 349 et seq.
  27. ↑ I.U. Alimov, "All-African Peoples' Conferences", Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1979.
  28. ↑ Tim Judah, "The Glory Trail Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine", The Guardian, Retrieved 31 July 2025
  29. ↑ Bahru Zewde, "[www.crasc-dz.org/IMG/ARB%20Pdf/entete%20The%20year...Africa%20by%20Bahru%20Zewde.pdf 'The Year of Africa']", Africa Review of Books 6(2), September 2010.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 John Lonsdale, "African Studies, Europe & Africa Archived 9 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine", afrika spectrum 40(3), 2005.
  31. ↑ Johannes du Bruyn, "The "Forgotten factor" sixteen years later: some trends in historical writing on precolonial South Africa", Kleio 16(1), 1984; doi:10.1080/0023208848538004.1.
  32. ↑ Sarah E. Wright, "The Lower East Side: A Rebirth of World Vision", African American Review 27(4), Winter 1993; JSTOR 3041894. "We were also at one with the seething ghettos of the North, our ears attuned to Malcolm's message. And it was the year of Africa. We throw ourselves into solidarity work for the great freedom movements of the Congo, fought to head off the assassination of Lumumba, linked arms and hearts with the South African freedom struggle, supported the arms struggle of Angola and Mozambique against Portuguese rule, were in the forefront of bringing a consciousness of Africa to our people."
  33. ↑ "Winds Of Change Are Blowing", Baltimore Afro-American, 26 March 1960.
  34. ↑ Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans (2002), p. 182.
  35. ↑ Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans (2002), p. 194.
  36. ↑ William Brown, "Debating the Year of Africa", Review of African Political Economy 34(111), JSTOR 20406359.
  37. ↑ Rosalind McLymont, "The Year of Africa; Buzz without bling is just buzz", Network Journal 12(8), July/August 2005; ProQuest 222667478. "The world's wealthiest nations are calling 2005 the "Year of Africa." They're turning their attention, collectively and individually, to doing something about a continent they proclaim to be mired in poverty, H.I.V./AIDS, war and bad governance. Heads of state, business leaders, rock stars, philanthropists – everybody, it seems, has an Africa plan."
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