Jump to content

Noka ya Orange

Go tswa ko Wikipedia
Noka ya Orange
Letsatsi le phirima kwa nokeng ya Orange gaufi le Upington kwa Kapa Bokone
MouthAlexander Bay
Basin countriesLesotho Aforika Borwa Namibia
Locationlewatle la Atlantic
Length2,432 km ([convert: unknown unit])*
Source elevation3,350 m ([convert: unknown unit])*
Avg. discharge[convert: invalid number] at mouth
Right tributariesNoka ya Caledon Noka ya Vaal Noka ya Fish (kwa Namibia


Noka ya Orange (e ka teme ya Afrikaans kgotsa Dutch e leng: Oranjerivier) ke noka e e kwa borwa jwa Aforika. Ke noka e telele go di fitisa tsotlhe kwa Aforika Borwa. Kgampu ya Orange, e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a mararo le bobedi, e tswa kwa Lesotho e tsena mo Aforika Borwa le Namibia go ya kwa bokone. E feta ka dithaba tsa Drankensberg kwa Lesotho, e elelela kwa bophirima e feta ka Aforika Borwa go ya lewatleng la Atlantic. Noka e ke bontlha bongwe jwa melelwane ya mafatshefatshe gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Lesotho le gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Namibia, ga mmogo le le melelwane ya dikgaolo di le mmalwa mo Aforika Borwa. Ga e fete ka ditoropo dipe tse ditona kwa ntle ga ya Upington. Noka ya Orange e na le seabe se setona mo itsholelong ya Aforika Borwa ka go ntsha metsi a go nosetsa le go fetlha motlakase. Noka e, e reeletswe ka lolwapa lwa Dutch lwa segosi lwa House of Orange, e fiwa leina le ke motsamai wa Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Maina a mangwe a akaretsa lefoko le le rayang noka fela, ka puo ya Khoekhoegowab le kwalwa e le !Garib, le ka Afrikaans le ranolwang e le Gariep,[1] Noka ya Groote kgotsa noka ya Senqu (kwa Lesotho), go tswa mo lefokong bontsho.[2] E itsiwe ka puo ya Se Zulu e le isAngqu.[3]

Go tsamaya ga yone

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Motsamao wa noka ya Orange, noka ya Caledon le noka ya Vaal. Mmepe o o supa Molelwane wa kelelo ya metsi. Kgampu ya Kalahari ga e a akarediwa ka metswedi mengwe ere ga e ise kwa dinokeng tse dingwe. Metswedi e mengwe e supa kgampu e e akaretsa dikarolo dingwe tsa Botswana (ka jalo le tsa Kalahari).

Noka ya Orange e ya kwa godimo kwa dithabeng tsa Drankensberg mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa le Lesotho, dikhilomithara di ka nna lekgolo, masome a robabongwe le boraro kwa bophirimwa jwa lewatle la Indian, e le bo kwa godimo jwa dimithara di le dikete tharo. Lefelo le noka e e leng kwa godimo thata kwa Lesotho go bidiwa Senqu. Dintlha dingwe tsa noka ya Senqu di a gatsela ka mariga ka ntlha ya go nna kwa godimo. Se se baka komelelo kwa tlase ga noka, mo go amang thata go nna teng ga dipodi le dikgomo.[4]

Noka ya Orange e tlaa bo e elelela kwa bophirima e kgabaganya Aforika Borwa, e tlhama tsela ya borwa-bophirima jwa kgaolo ya Free State. Mo kgaolong e, noka e elelela pele kwa letamong la Gariep morago e ye kwa letamong la vanderkloof. Go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Lesotho go ya kwa tlase ga letamo la Vanderkloof, noka e epegile thata. Kwa tlase gape, lefatshe le papetla, noka e dirisiwa thata mo go nosetseng.[5]

Kwa bophirima jwa Free State, kwa borwa bophirima kwa Kimberley, noka ya Orange e kopana le noka e e tshelang thata mo go yone ya Vaal, e e dirang bontlha jo bogolo jwa molelwane o o kwa bokone jwa kgaolo. Go tswa fa, noka e elelela kwa bophirima e feta sekgwa se se omeletseng sa borwa jwa kgaolo ya Kalahari le Namaqualand kwa Kapa Bokone go kopana le Namibia kwa boleleeleng jwa lefatshe jwa 20 degrees kwa botlhaba. Go tswa fa, e elelela kwa bophirima dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano, e tlhama molelwane wa mafatshefatshe gareng ga kgaolo e le kgaolo ya Namibia ya Karas. Noka e ka kgabaganngwa kwa Vioolsdrif kgotsa Noordoewer, kgotsa Alexander Bay kgotsa molelwane wa Orangemund fa o tlola ka tsela le kwa molelwaneng wa Sendlingsdrif fa o tlola ka sekepe.

Mo dikhilomithareng tse di makgolo a robabobedi tsa bofelo tsa motsamao wa yone, noka ya Orange e amogela metsi go tswa mo melatswaneng (e tshwana le noka ya Fish), le mekgatshanyana e le mmalwa e metona e ya kwa go yone. Mo kgaolong e, sekaka sa Namib se felela kwa bokone jwa lotshitshi lwa noka, ka jalo, ka tlwaelesego, selekanyo sa metsi a a okediwang ke dinoka tse se sennye thata. Fa, moalo wa noka o epegile thata gape. Diphororo tsa Augrabies di mo ntlheng e ya noka ya Orange, kwa noka e yang kwa teng di mithara di le masome matlhano le borataro sebaka sa dikhilomithara di le lesome le borobabobedi.[6]

Noka ya Orange e tshela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic gareng ga ditoropo tse dipotlana tsa Oranjemund kwa Namibia le Alexander Bay kwa Aforika Borwa, sebaka se se lekanang le fa gare ga Walvis Bay le Cape Town. Molomo wa noka ya Orange ke lefelo le le tletseng dimela tse di farologaneng gape le na le mefuta ya dinonyane e le masome a matlhano le bosupa fa dinonyane ka bongwe ka bongwe tse di gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete , magkolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1985) di le dikete di le masome mabedi, makgolo a marataro, masome a matlhano le boraro go tsena dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro, makgolo a marataro, masome a matlhano le boraro. Ke lefelo le le makgobokgobo le le leng botlhokwa go ya ka tumalano ya mafatshefatshe ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe( 1971) kwa Ramsar, Iran, ka e le lengwe la mafelo a se kae a a makgobokgobo mo lotshitshing lo lo omeletseng kwa Borwa bophirima jwa Aforika.[7] Dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le boraro go tswa mo molomong wa yone, e fitlhilwe ke metsi a a elelang ka bontsi le motlhaba ebile ga e tsamaege ka sebaka se seleele. Noka e, e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a mararo le bobedi.[4]

Dikgaolo tse e isang metsi kwa go tsone le pula

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka paka ya komelelo, selekanyo sa metsi mo nokeng se ya kwa tlase thata ka ntlha ya go elela mo go ntsi le go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi. Kwa motsweding wa noka ya Orange, pula e na ka bokete jwa di mili mithara di le dikete pedi ka ngwaga, mme pula e a fokotsega fa noka e elelela kwa bophirima; kwa molomong wa yone, pula e kwa tlase ga di milimithara di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga. Dintlha tse di bakang go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi di oketsegela kwa pele kwa bophirima. Ka paka ya metsi (selemo), noka ya Orange e nna morwalela o mosetlha. Motlhaba o montsi o o mo metsing o gomagometsa matshosetsi a lobaka lo loleele mo diporojekeng tse di mo nokeng e.[8]

Lefelo le noka ya Orange e isang metsi kwa go lone (le akaretsa Vaal) le sephara sa dikhilomithara di le dikete di robabongwe, makgolo a supa le boraro, ka jalo le lekana le 77% wa lefatshe kwa Aforika Borwa (dikhilomithara di le sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo mabedi, masome a mabedi le bongwe). Le fa go ntse jalo, dikhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo, makgolo a marataro le borataro jwa mafelo ao a kwa ntle ga lefatshe kwa Lesotho, Botswana le Namibia.[9]

Dinoka tse di tshelang mo Orange

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  • Noka ya Vaal - dikhilomithara di le sekete, makgolo a mane, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi
  • Noka ya Caledon - dikhilomithara di le makgolo a marataro, masome a mane le bobedi
  • Noka ya Khubelo - dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le bone

Matamo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leina

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bangwe ba banni ba ntlha koo pele ga bokolone ba ne ba bitsa noka e Nū!arib, ba raya bontsho jwa yone, kgotsa dinako tse dingwe bare ke Kai !Arib ("Noka e kgolo"), lefoko le le tswang mo temeng ya Afrikaans ya Gariep,[10] e ranolwa gotwe "Groote Rivier".[6] Leina la teme ya Dutch la noka e la pele e ne e le thanolo eo fela, Groote Rivier, go yara noka e kgolo. Noka e biditswe Noka ya Orange ke Colonel Robert Gordon, mookamedi wa sesole wa kompone ya United East India kwa Cape Town, mo loetong lwa go ya kwa teng ga Cape Town ka 1779.[6] Gordon o reeletse noka e ka William V wa Orange. Tumelo e e seng boammaruri mme e tlwaelesegile ke ya gore noka e,e reilwe leina ka ntlha ya mmala o o borokwa wa yone, o o sa tshwaneng le wa e e tshelang mo go yone ya Vaal, e e tsayang leina la yone mo go Hai!arib "noka e e phatsimang". Fa e sale ka phelelo ya puso ya tlhaolele, leina Gariep le dirisitswe thata mo dipuisanong kwa Aforika Borwa, le ntswa leina Orange le itsege thata mo mafatsheng a mangwe.[6] Kwa Lesotho kwa noka e yang kwa godimo teng, e itsege ka leina la noka ya Senqu, le tswa mo leineng la pele la Khoemana.

Tshupo e e tserweng kwa noka e obegang teng ka godimo ga thaba, ka nako ya morwalela ka ntlha ya dipula tse di namagadi

Komiti ya maina a tsa tikolo ya kwa Kapa Botlhaba e supile kgatlhego mo maikelelong a go fetola leina go tswa mo go la bokolone, mo bontlheng joo jwa noka jo bo dirang molelwane garenng ga kgaolo ya Kapa Botlhaba le Free State, dikakanyetso e nnile IGqili kgotsa Senqu.[11][12] Kgatlhego e e tsentswe mo pampiring ya dikgang ya Aliwal Weekblad e supa fa leina la gompieno le amana thata le ditso tsa go gatelelwa mo bokoloneng ka jalo ga le a tshwanela go ka bo le ntse le dirisiwa gompieno.[12]

Grootslang

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo mainaneng a Aforika Borwa, Noka ya Orange e amanngwa le Grootslang, selo se se tshwanang le noga e tona, e gantsi e amangwang le diteemane tsa noka eo. Go tlhalosiwa fa Grootslang e tshelela mo logageng lo lo tletseng ditswammung lo lo kopaneng le noka ya Orange ka phaepe e diteemane di tsenang mo nokeng ka yone ka bonya ka bonya.[13] Mafelo a mangwe a go bolelwang e le a go nnang setshedi se teng a akaretsa letangwana le le kwa tlase ga King George kwa diphororong tsa Aughrabies, kwa le gone go bolelwang e le motswedi wa diteemane,[13] le lejwe le letona mo gare ga noka. Mo polelong e, go bolelwa fa Grootslang e e ja dikgomo mo lotshitshing lwa noka.[14]

Itsholelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Borogo jwa Hertzof kwa godimo ga noka ya Orange kwa molelwaneng o o kwa borwa bophirima jwa Free State: ela tlhoko masalela a borogo jwa Frere mo molemeng

Ka e le kwa bontsi jwa metsi a Aforika Borwa a yang teng, noka ya Orange e na le seabe se setona mo go tsa temothuo, madirelo le meepo. Go thusa ka se, go dirilwe diporojeke tse pedi tse ditona, porojeke ya Noka ya Orange le porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho. Mo ditsong, noka e ne e na le seabe se setona mo diteemaneng tsa Aforika Borwa, diteemane tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe di bonwe mo motlhabeng wa Noka ya Orange. gompieno, meepo e e rekisang diteemane e direla mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange le gaufi le molomo wa yone, fa ditetla tsa lookwane le gase di neetswe dikompone di le dintsi.[15]

Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go nna teng ga diphologolo tse di borai le metsi a a kwa godimo ka selemo, noka e dirisiwa go itlosa bodutu ga go kgweetsa mekoro. Go kgweetsa mekoro kwa nokeng ya Orange go tumile thata mo dikompone dingwe di dirisang dikampa tsa tsone mo lotshitshing lwa noka go berekela teng. Maeto a a tumileng thata ke lwa malatsi a mane le lwa malatsi a marataro mo nokeng go bapa le mogogoro kgotsa kwa tlase ga diphororo tsa Augrabies kgotsa go bapisa lefelo la Richtersveld.[16]

Porojeke ya Noka ya Orange

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Porojeke ya Noka ya Orange ke nngwe ya diporojeke tse ditona tsa mofuta oo kwa Aforika Borwa. E simolotswe ke puso ya ga Hendrik Verwoerd ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele. Porojeke e e diretswe go dirisa metsi a noka ya Orange gotswela batho mosola - mo kwa ntle ga noka ya Vaal, e leng 14.1% fela ya metsi a Aforika borwa - mo go ne go dira gore go kgone go fitlhelelwa seelo sa letlhoko la metsi kwa Aforika Borwa. Maikaelelo magolo a porojeke e ne e le go:[17][18]

  • go ritibatsa go ela ga noka
  • go fetlha motlakase wa metsi
  • go nna le motswedi wa metsi mo badirising ba kwa kgampung ya noka ya Orange, le
  • go dira gore go nne le metsi kwa mafelong a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi kwa Kapa Botlhaba, jaaka mekgatsha ya Great Fish le Sundays.

Letamo la Gariep gaufi le Colesberg ke kago ya boremelelo e e bayang metsi kwa nokeng ya Orange. Go tswa fa, metsi a isiwa kwa mafelong a mabedi, kwa bophirima mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange go ya kwa letamong la Vanderkloof le kwa borwa go kgabaganya mosele wa Orange-Fish kwa Kapa botlhaba.[19]

Motlakase wa metsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Letamo la Gariep ke lone le letona thata mo nokeng ya Orange kwa Aforika Borwa, ke bontlha jo bo botlhokwa jwa porojeke ya Orange.

Eskom e na le metshine e e fetlhang motlakase kwa letamong la Gariep le la Vanderkloof. Motshine o o kwa letamong la Vanderkloof ke one wa ntlha kwa Aforika Borwa go diriwa kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Ditoropo tsa Oviston le Oranjekrag di tlhametswe go dira gore nne le kago le tiriso ya dikago tse disha.[20]

Botlhaba jwa letamo kwa Oviston

Go nosetsa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Diporojeke di le mmalwa mo lotshitshing lwa noka
masimo a moretlwa kwa nokeng ya Orange

Go agiwa ga matamo a Gariep le Vanderkloof go dirile gore go kgone go nosediwa ga lefatshe la diheketara di le dikete tsa temothuo lwa letamong la Vandekloof. Diporojeke tse dikgologolo tsa go nosetsa jaaka tsa Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas le Vioolsdrift le tsone di anywile sengwe ka ntlha ya gore go laola tsamaiso ya metsi jaanong go a kgonega. Mo letlhakoreng la Namibia la noka, masimo a Aussenkehr a ntsha meretlwa ka thuso ya metsi a a tswang mo nokeng ya Orange.[21]

Mo dingwageng tse di sa tswang go feta, mafelo a a dirang mofine mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange a botlhokw thata. Go nosetsa kwa Kapa Botlhaba le gone go ile magoletsa, eseng ka gore metsi a oketsegile fela, mme gape e le ka gore a oketsegile boleng. Kwa ntle ga tokafalo e, balemi ba dinamune le losika lwa yone mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Sundays ba ka bo ba tsweletse ka go latlhegelwa.[22][23]

Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho e ne e tlhamelwa go tlatsa metsi a noka ya Vaal. Metsi a a isiwa kwa Aforika Borwa ka mosele o o fetang kwa tlase ga molelwane wa Lesotho le Aforika Borwa kwa nokeng ya Caledon le kwa tlase ga noka ya Little Caledon kwa borwa jwa Clarens kwa Free State, e tshela metsi kwa nokeng ya Ash dikhilomithara di le masome mararo kwa bokone. Porojeke e ne ya kgonagala fa letlhoko la metsi kwa Guateng le ya kwa seelong se se neng se sa kgone go fitlhelelwa ke diporojeke tse dingwe jaaka ya Tugela le Vaal, e e neng e dirisa letamo la Sterkfonteingaufi le Harrismith kwa Free State.[24]

Diteemane tse di kgwilweng ke metsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 1867, teemane ya ntlha go bonwa kwa Aforika Borwa, teemane ya Eureka,e bonwe gaufi le Hopetown mo nokeng ya Orange. Morago ga dingwaga tse pedi, teemane e kgolwane e e itsegeng e le naledi ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya bonwa mo lefelong leo, se se baka gore batho ba le bantsi ba tabogele koo. Se se ne sa ema ka ntlha ya go tabogela meepo ya diteemane kwa Kimberly ka 1871, le ntswa diteemane di ne di ntse di bonwa kwa nokeng ya Orange. Gompieno, meepo e e rekisang e le mmalwa e berekela kwa bofelelong jwa noka, le kwa lotshitshing lwa molomo wa yone. Meepo ya diteemane e bereka gape fa gare ga noka.

Go kgweetsa mekoro

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Go kgweetsa mekoro ko nokeng ya Orange go tlwaelesegile mo bajanaleng

Ka nako ya dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo le Motsheganong, ka go a bo go le dipula tse di namagadi gape matamo a butswe, mokgweetsi wa mokoro o ka tsamaya sebakasa dikhilomithara di le masome mararo ka letsatsi. Boteng jwa noka bo tumile thatam ka gore go na le popego e ntle, Maeto a thekiso a teng, batho ba tswa kwa toropong ya molelwane wa Vioolsdrif.

Diphologolo tsa naga

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tlhapi ya smallmouth yellowfish ke tlhapi e e tlwaelesegileng thata e bonwa kwa nokeng ya Orange le Vaal fela.

Noka ya Orange ga e na le diphologolo tse ditona. E kwa ntle ga lefelo le dikwena tsa Nile di nakwa go lone, le ntswa dikubu di kile tsa bo di le dintsi koo, di ne tsa tsomiwa go fitlhelela di fela ka lekgolo la dingwga di le lesome le borobabongwe.[25] Noka ya Orange ga e na ditshedi le dimela tse di kalo. Dipatlisiso go tswa ka 1995 go tsena 2001 kwa boteng jwa noka ya Orange di bone mefuta ya ditlhapi e le lesome le borobabongwe go tswa mo malwapeng a ditlhapi a le borobabobedi a a farologaneng. Mefuta e e seng ya lefelo leo e e gatisitsweng ke patlisiso e ke ya Cyprinus Carpio le Oreochromis mossambicus, tse tsa bofelo di oketsegile thata ka dingwaga tsa 1980[26] di simologa. Mofuta o mongwe o o tswang kgakala ke wa trout, o bonwa kwa nokeng e e kwa Lesotho.

Diphororo tsa Twin kwa Diphororong tsa Augrabies

Mefuta e supa e bonwa fela mo mafaratlhatlheng a noka ya Vaal-Orange:[27]

  • Rock-catfish
  • Maluti redfin
  • Namaquab barb
  • River Sardine
  • Smallmouth yellowfish
  • Largemouth yellowfish
  • Orange River mudfish

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Travel, Wild Africa. "Wild Africa Travel: Orange River". www.wildafricatravel.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026
  2. ↑ "Orange River Basin". www.dwa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026
  3. ↑ Doke, C.M (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (in English and Zulu). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-85494-027-8.
  4. 1 2 "Orange River | Physical Features & Exploration | Britannica".Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 May 2026. Retrieved 10 June 2026
  5. ↑ "Orange River | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa". www.cedarberg-travel.com. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  7. ↑ Anderson, Mark D; Kolberg, Holger; Anderson, P Corné; Dini, John; Abrahams, Abe (September 2003). "Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status". Ostrich. 74 (3–4): 159–172. Bibcode:2003Ostri..74..159A. doi:10.2989/00306520309485389. ISSN 0030-6525.
  8. ↑ "The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin[p". Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2026-06-10.
  9. ↑ "Orange River | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  10. ↑ the surrounding area was once known as "Transgariep" ("the land across the Gariep") but the name has long been obsolete. See Karel Schoeman, Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840, Protea Boekhuis, 2012 (ISBN 9781869190163)
  11. ↑ "New name looms for NC River". Diamond Fields Advertiser. 13 June 2013. p. 11.
  12. 1 2 "Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River". Polity. 6 June 2013.
  13. 1 2 Green, Lawrence G. (1948). Where Men Still Dream. Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town. pp. 125–126.
  14. ↑ Cornell, F. C. (1920). The Glamour of Prospecting. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London. p. 142.
  15. ↑ Sowman, Merle; Sunde, Jackie; Lambrecht, Michael (2023). "Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa". One Ocean Hub. Retrieved 10 June 2026
  16. ↑ "4-Day Orange River Adventure". Orange River Rafting. Retrieved 10 June 2026
  17. ↑ "Orange River - People, Economy, Borders | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  18. ↑ "Research Portal". ujcontent.uj.ac.za. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  19. ↑ "Orange River - Tourist Information". SA Places. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  20. ↑ "Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage". www.eskom.co.za. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  21. ↑ "Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science". 7 March 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  22. ↑ "Wine in the desert". wine.co.za. 30 January 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  23. ↑ "The Scheme". GFRWUA. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  24. ↑ "Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study". Internet Geography. Retrieved 10 June 2026.
  25. ↑ Shortridge, Guy Chester (1934). The Mammals of South West Africa: A Biological Account of the Forms Occurring in that Region. W. Heinemann.
  26. ↑ Næsje, T. F.; Hay, C. J.; Nickanor, N.; Koekemoer, J.; Strand, R.; Thorstad, E. B. (2007). Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001. Trondheim: NINR. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-82-426-1791-0.
  27. ↑ Beekman, Hans E. (30 May 2006). Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change. UNEP/Earthprint. ISBN 978-92-807-2574-2.
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noka_ya_Orange&oldid=51958"