Noka ya Vaal
| Vaal / IHai | |
|---|---|
 Noka ya Vaal go tswa mo tseleng ya N3, kwa godimo ga letamo la Vaal. E dira molelwane wa Mpumalanga le Free State | |
 Molomo wa noka ya Vaal | |
| Mouth | Noka ya Orange |
| Basin countries | Aforika Borwa |
| Location | Free State Gauteng Kapa Bokone Mpamalanga |
| Length | 1,458 km (906 mi) |
| Source elevation | 1,241 m (4,072 ft) |
| Left tributaries | Noka ya Vet |
Noka ya Vaal ke noka e e tshelang thata kwa nokeng ya Orange kwa Aforika Borwa. Noka e, e na le motswedi gaufi le Breyten kwa kgaolong ya Mpumalanga, kwa botlhaba jwa Johannesburg dikhilomithara di ka nna masome a mararo kwa bokone jwa Ermelo le di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane fela go tswa kwa lewatleng la Indian.[1] E elelela kwa bophirima kwa e kopanang teng le noka ya Orange kwa borwa bophirima jwa Kimberley kwa Kapa Bokone. E dikhilomithara di le sekete, makgolo a mane, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi ka boleele, e dira molelwane fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa Mpumalanga, Gauteng le Bokone Bophirima mo lotshitshing lwa yone lo lo kwa bokone, le Free State kwa borwa.
Ke noka ya boraro ka botona kwa Aforika Borwa morago ga noka ya Orange (e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi le makgolo a mabedi) le noka ya Limpopo (e e boleele jwa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano) e ne e tlhamelwa go nna motswedi wa boremelelo wa metsi kwa kgaolong ya Witswatersrand morago ga go kgatlhegela gouta mo go golo ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe.[2] Letamo la Vaal le mo nokeng ya Vaal kwa Deneysville kwa borwa jwa molelwane wa Gauteng le Free State. Noka ya Vaal ke yone e telele mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa.
Lefoko Vaal ke lefoko la puo ya Dutch, le le fetolwang ke Maburu kgotsa Griquas[3] ka nako ya pele ya morafe wa Khoekhoe, ka dinako tse dingwe le kwalwa gotwe Tky-Gariep.[4] Mafoko a Vaal le a Tky a raya go tlhjoka go kgatlhisa, mo go neng go tewa mmala wa metsi, o bonala thata ka nako ya paka ya merwalela fa noka e tletse ka motlhaba. Kwa godimo ga noka go ne go bididwa iLigwa (ka Se Ndebele), Ikwa kgotswa Igwa ka seZulu, ilikwa (ka SeSwati), lekwa (ka Sesotho), kgotsa Cuoa ke ba Khoekhoe, mafoko a otlhe a raya dipoa tse e fetang ka tsone.[4]
Ditso
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mo ditsong, noka e ne e tlhama bokone jwa molelwane wa bogosi jwa Basotho jwa Moshoeshoe I ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome leborobabongwe, ya tloga ya nna molelwane gareng ga magosi a mabedi a Maburu: South African Republic le Orange Free State. Leina Transvaal le tswa mo leineng la noka e, le raya go feta noka ya Vaal. Se e ne e le go supa tlotla mo dikoloneng tsa Kapa le Natal, tse e neng e le tsone boremelelo jwa batho ba Yuropa ka nako eo, kwa borwa jwa Vaal.
Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, go ne ga nna le phudugo e ntsi ya batho ba fudugela kwa Witwatersrand go batla gouta. Noka ya Vaal e ne ya felela e nna one motsweei mogolo wa metsi kwa Witwatersrand. Batho pele ba ne ba dirisa metsi a a tswang kwa didbeng tsa Zuurbekom kwa Gauteng. Didiba tse di ne tsa felela di kgala batho ba tlhoka motswedi o mosha o ba ka o dirisang mo go tsa selegae, temothuo le madirelo.[5]
Diporojeke tsa metsi di ne tsa simololwa ke mohama o o ikemetseng go mekamekana le go golela pele ga palo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi. Diporojeke tse di ne di akaretsa ya Braamfontein ya 1893 le Sivewright Concession ka 1887 e e neng e diriwa ke ba kompone ya Johannesburg ya metsi. Metsi a ne a tura ka jalo go se motlhofo go a bona o baaging ba le bantsi.[6]
Lekgotla la Rand Water
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Lekgotla la Rand Water le tlhamilwe ka 1903 go okamela ditsamaiso tsa mohama o o ikemetseng ka maikaelelo a go sekaseka go phatlaladiwa ga metsi le kgopo leswe. Lekgotla le ne la simolola go bereka semmuso ka 1905, le isa metsi ka bontsi kwa Witwatersrand. Malokoa lekgotla a ne a akaretsa matona a puso go tswa kwa khanseleng ya Johannesburg, baokamedi ba meepo le baeteledipele ba bangwe kwa Witwatersrand.[6]
Rand Water e ne ya tsibogela go tlhoka metsi ka go direla banni ba Witwatersrand melao ka ngwaga wa 1913. E ne ya dira diporojeke tse ditona go tsibogela letlhoko le le tsweletseng ka go golela pele la metsi. Ka ngwaga wa 1914 go tsena 1998, lekgotla le ne la ikgolaganya le maphata a puso le mohama o o ikemetseng go kgarametsa porojeke ya noka ya Vaal le didiba (1914 go tsena 1924). Porojeke ya Noka ya Vaal e ne e le lenaneo la go okamela phatlalatso ya metsi. Lekgotla la Rand Water le ne gape la tlhama motshine o o pompang metsi wa Vereeniging ka 1924, wa Zwartkopies, letamo la Vaal ka 1938, motshine wa Zuikerbosch ka 1949 le porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho ka 1998.[6]
Kgampu ya noka
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Metsi a pula le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a tsena mo makgobokgobong, makadiba le melatswana, kwa dikopanang teng,noka ya Vaal e simolola teng. Noka e, e elelela kwa bophirima kwa letamong la Grootdraai gaufi le Standerton kwa Mpumalanga. Mo tsamaong ya yone go ya letamong la Vaal kwa Vereeniging, noka e kopana le metswedi e mengwe. Noka ya Little Vaal e simolola kwa mokgatsheng gaufi le Ermelo, gaufi le Memel kwa Free State kwa noka ya Klip e simologang teng. Noka ya Watervals e simolola kwa Secunda, kwa Mpumalanga. Noka ya Wilge e kile ya boe kopana le noka ya Vaal pele ga go agiwa letamo la Vaal ka 1938; gompieno metsi a tlhamalalela kwa letamong.[5] Noka ya Kromelmboogspruit e kopana le Vaal gaufi le sediba sa Vaal.
Letamo la Vaal
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Tsebe kgolo: Letamo la Vaal
Ka metsi a noka ya Vaal a tshologa ka bontsi, matamo a matona a agilwe mo tseleng ya yone go baya metsi. Pele ga noka e tlhomamisiwa go nna motswedi mogolo wa bontlha jwa Gauteng, matangwana a le mmalwa a ne a agiwa ke balemi barui go nosetsa.
Fa kago ya letamo la Vaal e fediwa ka 1938, letamo le ne la dira gore go nne le metsi ngwaga otlhe le fa noka e sa tlala. Letamo le ne le amogela metsi go tswa mo mafelong a a farologaneng le diporojeke tse di farologaneng.[5]
Porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Diporojeke di le pedi tsa neelano a metsi di ne tsa simolodisiwa go isa metsi kwa itsholelo ya lefatshe e neng e remeletse teng (kwa go neng go bidiwa Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging pele) ka go isa metsi kwa nokeng ya Vaal go tswa kwa mafelong a mangwe ka dingwaga tsa 1970 go tsena 1990. Tse di akaretsa porojeke ya Lesotho le ya KwaZuluNatal ya Tugela-Vaal.[7] Porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal e feditswe ka 1974 go ntsha metsi kwa nokeng ya Tugela kwa Kwazulu Natal ka mesele, diphaepe le matamo go isa mo mafaratlhatlheng a noka ya Vaal.[5]
Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Porojeke ya metsi ya kwa Lesotho e simolodisitswe semmuso ka 1997 e akaretsa tsamaiso ya kago ya dikarolo tse tharo e e tlaa ntshang metsi kwa Lesotho e isa kwa nokeng ya Vaal, e akaretsa matamo a matona a le mane. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1954, khansele e e tlhabololang ditswammung e ne ya ntsha molao kakanyetso wa gore lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le tseye metsi kwa Lesotho. Dipuisano gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi di simolotse ka dingwaga tsa 1970 di ya fifing. Tumalano ya ditlhabololo tsa porojeke e ne ya bewa monwana ka Phalane a le masome mabedi lebone ngwaga wa 1987 ke baemedi ba Lesotho, Aforika Borwa, lekgotla la European union, lekgotla la United Nations le World Bank. Go ne ga akanyediwa fa go tlaa lopa di bilone di robabongwe le motso go dira setlha sa ntlha sa porojeke.[6]
Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le duela la Lesotho didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano ngwaga le ngwaga go sa kgathalesege gore a ba dirisitse metsi otlhe kgotsa nnyaa.[6]
Tlholego kwa kgampung
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Go ya ka Hogan karolo e e kwa molomong wa kgampu e na le digagabi tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leo fela, kwa tlase go na le diphologolo tsa maoto a mane tse di bonwang koo fela.[8]
Madirelo le temothuo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Metsi a giwa kwa Vaal go kgona go emelelana le letlhoko la madirelo la lefelo la Johannesburg le mafelo a a mabapi le bontlha jwa Free State. Ka ngwaga wa 1881, kompone ya Kimberley ya metsi e ne ntsha metsi kwa Vaal e a isa kwa masimong a Kapa ka madi a sheleng e le nngwe dilithara di le lekgolo.[9][10]
Ka e le bontlha jwa porojeke ya Vaal-Hartz, ke motswedi o o botlhokwa thata mo go nosetseng. Metsi a a giwang kwa Vaal a nosa batho ba le didikadike di le lesome le bobedi kwa Gauteng le mafelo a a mabapi.[11]
Tiriso ya nako eno
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Bontsi jwa metsi a noka ya Vaal kwa letamong la Vaal a dirisediwa tsa meepo le madirelo jaaka meepo ya magala le ditirelo tsa kgothetso tsa Sasol, ga mmogo le tiriso mo ditoropong le go fetlha motlakase. Kwa tlase ga letamo, metsi a diisiwa mo ditoropong, le ntswa a se mantsi,a dirisiwa gape mo meepong le mo madirelong, go nosetsa le go fetlha motlakase.[12] Gangwe le gape noka e itemogela kgotlhelesego kwa godimo,s e se bo se ama metsi kwa tlase. Ka 2019, lefelo la go tlhatswa metsi kwa mmasepaleng wa Lekwa kwa Standerton le ne le mo seemong se se sa nnang sentle se baka kgotlhelesego. Go thusa badirisi ba metsi a a kwa tlase, metsi a a phepha a ne a pompelwa mo nokeng go tswakanya seelo sa letswai, ka jalo go ne go senngwa metsi a mantsi a a neng a nste a tlhokiwa.[13] Ka 2021, pego e e ntshitsweng ke komiti ya Aforika Borwa ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e ne ya lemoga fa noka e kgotlhelesegile mo go feteletseng, go akaretsa le go tsena ga metsi a a leswe mo nokeng.[14][15]
Bojanala
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Noka ya Vaal e na le metsi a dikhilomithara di le masome matlhano, a go kgonwang go tsamaiwa mo go one ka mekoro. Kgampu ya noka ka jalo e itemogela ditiragalo tsa metsi tsa itloso bodutu tse di kgatlhang bajanala ba mo gae le ba batswakwa mo ngwageng. Ditiragalo di akaretsa go pagama mekoro le metshameko.
Deneysville ke toropo kwa Free State kwa letlhakoreng la noka ya Vaal e e itsegeng ka go thuma, go pagama dikepe, go tshwara ditlhapi le metshameko e mengwe ya metsi.
Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007
- ↑ "9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018". Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2026
- ↑ Thompson, G. (1827). Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I. Henry Colburn, London. p. 74.
- 1 2 du Plessis, E.J. (1973). Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. pp. 326, 221. ISBN 0-624-00273-X.
- 1 2 3 4 "Water Origination". Home. Rand Water. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Crooks, J. (2004). "Background / History of Rand Water". Home. Rand Water. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2026.
- ↑ "Rivers of South Africa. Manzi's News. Accessed 31 March 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2026
- ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2013. Vaal River. ed. P. Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ↑ "The Kimberley Waterworks". The Cornishman. No. 155. 30 June 1881. p. 6.
- ↑ "The Kimberley Waterworks". The Cornishman. No. 156. 7 July 1881. p. 4.
- ↑ "State of the Environment of South Africa (SOESA), Annual National State of the Environment Report". Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2026
- ↑ "Upper Vaal WMA: Overview of water resources availability and utilisation. Department of Water Affairs. Accessed 2 April 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2026
- ↑ Saba, Athandiwe (11 November 2019). "Tens of millions spent on repairs but sewage still flows in the Vaal". Mail&Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2026
- ↑ Mnguni, Elkington Sibusiso (2022). "Pollution of the Vaal River System in South Africa: A Case Study" (PDF). WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 257: 17 – via Wits Press.
- ↑ Bhengu, Lwandile. "Flow of raw sewage into Vaal River a violation of human rights, SAHRC rules". News24. Retrieved 11 June 2026