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Nsala wa kwa Wala kwa kgaolong ya Nsongo

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Setshwantsho jaaka se gatisitswe mo bukeng ya taolo ya ga Kgosi leopold kwa Aforika

Nsala wa kwa Wala kwa kgaolong ya Nsongo ke senepe se se gatisitsweng ke Edmund Dene Morel mo bukeng ya gagwe ya taolo ya ga Kgosi Leopold mo Aforika, ka ngwaga wa 1904.[1] Setshwantsho se supa monna wa kwa Congo o o bidiwang Nsala a tlhatlhoba leoto le seatla tse di kgaogileng, tsa ga morwadie Boali, wa dingwaga tse tlhano. Senepe se se tserwe ke Alice Seeley Harris,[2] mosadi wa morongwa kwa motseng wa Baringa ka ngwaga wa 1904, Motsheganong a le lesome le bone.Se ne sa dirisiwa jaaka sedirisiwa mo letsholong la metswedi ya dikgang kgatlhanong le seemo se se ngomolang pelo kwa Congo Free State.

Ke bontlha jwa dipampiri tsa Harris, tsa lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba la mafatshefatshe.[3][4]

Setshwantsho se se supa monna a apere tshega a ntse mo thoko ga ntlo mo gare ga setshwantsho, a tserwe sene gone foo. O lebile fa pele ga gagwe, kwa tlase ga setshwantsho kwa molemeng, ke lebogo le looto lwa ngwana lo lo kgaotsweng. Mo letsogong la moja la setshwantsho, kwa morago, fa pele ga maribela, go na le banna ba bangwe ba babedi, ba le bone ba apereng ditshega, ba lebile o o tsayang senepe. Motho wa bone o kwa morago ga setshwantsho, kwa mojeng.[1]

Mmepe wa Congo Free State, o o gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1904. Dikompone tsa raba di supilwe, kwa ABIR go bonagala kwa legareng la sephatlo se se kwa godimo

Bokopano jwa kwa Congo jwa ngwaga wa 1885 bo ne jwa nna le ditlamorago tsa go neela Kgosi Leopold wa bobedi wa Belgium, Congo Free State go nna thoto ya gagwe. Ka nako ya Free State, batho ba ne ba patelediwa go roba raba. Go diragadiwa ga melao e go ne ga baka ditshotlo le palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba latlhegetsweng ke matshelo. Ka phelelo ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, go ne go na le batho ba le bantsi b ba neng ba batla raba, mo go neng ga dira gore tlhorontsho e, e direle Leopold madi a mantsi. Pele, tlhorontsho ele maduo a yone e ne e ganelwa kana e fitlhiwa.

Go ya ka dikakanyetso tsa basupi le dipalo tsa morago, palo ya dintsho tse di bakilweng ke molao wa bokolone ka nako ya Congo Free States di a farologanan, di simolola ka didikadike di le pedi le dikete tse pedi. Dikakanyetso tse di kwa godimo di supa fa palo ya batho e wetse tlase ka didikadike di le masome a mabedi le motso le dikete tse tlhano. ka ngwaga wa 1998, Adam Hochschild o ne a supa fa palo ya didikadike tse di lesome e ka tswa e le yone ya boammaruri.[5][6]

Pateletso e ne ya dirwa ke sesole sa free State, le sesole se se ikemetseng go stwa mo dikomponeng tsa raba tse di neng di tsaya karolo jaaka ya Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR). Masole a otlhe a ne a thapa batho go tswa mo Free States le ba ba tswang kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa Aforika.

Ka ngwaga wa 1877, barongwa ba ntlha ba kereke ya Baptist go tswa kwa Great Britain ba ne ba simolola tiro mo kgaolong eo. Ba ne ba kopana le ditlhopha tsa merafe ya America le Belgium go tswa mo dikerekeng tse difarologaneng.[7] Go ya ka Leopold le barongwa, bokolone kwa Congo bo ne bo dira ditlhabololo ebile bo ikaegile ka go fetogela kwa tumelong ya SeKeresete. Ba ne ba gatelela gore se se amana le ntwa kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya bokgoba, go ja nama ya batho le go nyala lefufa.[8][9][10][11]

Ka tshimologo ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi, dipego ka seemo sa kwa Congo Free State di ne tsa simolola go gapa leitlho la bophirima jwa lefatshe, ga nna le koketsego ya batho ba ba kgalang melao ya ga Leopold. Lekgotla la go fetola Confo le le neng le tlhamilwe ke Edmund Dene Morel, le supiwa fa le na le seabe se segolo. Barongwa le mekgatlho ya barongwa le yone e ne ya kgala seemo sa kwa Congo Free State ba bp ba gatisa le dipego ka kgang eo. Go simololwa ga go tsaya dinepe, go ne ga nna le seabe mo seemong se, ka dinepe di goroga kwa setšhabeng ka dipampiri tsa dikgang, dimakasine le tse dingwe. Kgonagalo ya go ntsifatsa dinepe le go nna teng ga dikapa dinepe tse di lobelo,[12] di le dinnye ebile di se tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo le gone go ne ga nna le seabe.[13] Leopold o ne a leka go fema go kgalwa ka go ipuelela le go bua le maftshe a mangwe. Ka ngwaga wa 1908, leopold o en a rekisetsa lefatshe la Belgium Congo Free State.

Maemelo a ABIR kwa kgampung ya Lopori-Maringa

ABIR e ne ya tshwara bokopano jwa go drisa botlhaswa didirisiwa tsa sekgwa[14] sa kgampu ya Lopori-Maringa. Lefelo le le supilweng mo senepeng, Baringa, le kwa nokeng ya Maringa kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa toropo ya basankusu. Ke kwa dinoka tsa Maringa le Lopori di kopanang teng, ebile ke lefelo la boremelelo jwa ditiro tsa ABIR, le le saleng le nna teng ka ngwaga wa 1893.[14] Morago ga go tlhantlhamolola kompone ka ngwag wa 1898, Congo Free State e ne ya nna le masome a matlhano (sephatlo) mo ABIR, ka mo go setseng go neelwa kompone e nngwe ya raba e e kwa Congo.[14] Raba e ne bonwa kwa kgaolong ya ABIR ka go betsabetsa ditlhare dingwe tsa mofine, bogolo jang tsa mofuta wa Landolphia owareinsis gentilii. Go kgaolwa ga dikalana tse go ne go dira gore go nne le komelelo nako tse dingwe ditlhare di swe.[15] Fa godimo ga foo, go kgaola dikala mo go ne go baka go swa ga dikala tsa raba. Ka ngwaga wa 1904, e senepe se se tserweng ka yone, go ne ga begiwa gore kwa mabolokelong a raba, di mile di le masome a matlhano go tswa kwa ABIR ga go na sepe. Ka jalo, selekanyo sa raba se se rekisediwang mafatshe a mangwe se ne sa wela tlase ka sephatlo sa lekgolo gareng ga ngwaga ya 1903 le 1904.[15][16]

Pele ga go sotliwa ga raba, bontsi jwa banni ba kgampu ya Lopor-Maringa ba ne ba dira temothuo, Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne go na le ba ba tshwarang ditlhapi le ba ba tsomang go itshetsa. Pele ga go tlhamiwa Congo Free State, kgaolo e e ne e itsege ka ditso tsa ntwa ya dibetsa le bokgoba mo lekgolong la dingwaga tse di lesome le boferabongwe. Ka dingwaga tsa 1880, kgaolo e ne ya itemogela ditlhaselo tsa gangwe le gape ke bagwebi go tswa Irebu, ba ba neng ba nala seabe mo thekong ya makgoba le dinaka tsa tlou.[17]

ABIR e ne e na le maemelo a aname le lefelo leo, maemelo mangwe le mangwe a itebagantse le kgaolo ebile a na le babereki ba le babedi kgotsa a le mongwe wa Europe ba ba neng ba amogela go ya ka selekanyo sa raba e e isitsweng, ebile madi a bone a kgaolwa fa go sa kgona go fitlhelelwa seelo.[18] Go ya ka palo ya banna mo motseng, maemelo a a ne a baya seelo sa raba motse mongwe le monwge, tse badisa ba ABIR ba neng ba neetswe tiro ya go e tsaya. Fa selekanyo se sa fitlhelelwe, badisa ba ne ba tshosediwa ka go kgaolwa ga dikamogelo, go kobiwa, go tshwarwa kgotsa go betswa. Fa badisa ba se kae ba ne ba tshola ditlhobolo tsa sešha, badisa ba ba kwa magaeng ba ne ba dirisa tsa bogologolo.[19] Badisa nako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go supa lebogo la moja go supa lerumo lengwe le lengwe le ba le dirisitseng, e le bosupi jwa gore a ba dira tiro ya bone.[20] ABIR e ne e na le kemo nokeng ya sesole sa lefatshe, se se neng se romela mephato ya kwa Basankusu go ritibatsa go gana gope mo go dingalo mo setšhabeng,[14][19] ga mmogo le go ema nokeng ditsamaiso le diteseletso tsa dibetsa.[21]

Le ntswa banna ba ba neng ba roba raba ba ne ba duelwa,[22] kompone e ne e na le dikgolegelo kwa banna ba ba reteletsweng ke go fitlhelela seelo ba neng ba golegwa teng ba bo ba patelediwa go bereka. Basadi ba bone le masika a a gaufi ba ne ba tshwarwa mo boemong, gore monna a kgone go tswelela a roba raba. Fa metse e retelelwa ke go fitlhelela seelo sa yone, bateteledipele ba bone ba ne ba tshwarwa.[22]

Motse wa Wala o ne o le kwa Nsongo Mboyo, kwa e leng setlhopha sa metse e e mo kgaolong e ABIR e leng kwa go yone. Go ya ka RGC,[23] lefelo le le kwa botlhaba jwa Baringa, kwa bokone jwa Maringa.[24] Ka ngwaga wa 1903, batho ba ka nna sekete go tswa kwa Nsongo Mboyo ba ba neng ab lekile go tshaba mo lefelong leo ba ne ba patelediwa go fudugela kwa kampeng ya pereko ya Lireko.[25] Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1904, batho ba le masome a ferabobobedi le boraro go ne go dumelwa ba bolailwe ke ABIR kwa Wala a le nosi.[26]

Tshekatsheko ya seemo sa mo gae ke barongwa ba Baringa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

John Harris, monna wa ga Alice Harris, o ne a fa maiphitlhelo fa pele ga lekgotla la potsisiso ka melato kwa Congo. Lekgotla le le ne le tlhomilwe ke Leopold ka ngwaga wa 1904. " Go ya ka kitso ya rona, ga go na modisa o o otlhailweng ke lefatshe go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1904 ka dipolao tse dintsi tse di dirilweng mo kgaolong.[27] Edgar Stannard, morongwa wa tsa botsogo kwa Baringa[2] o ne a bolelela lekgotla le gore badisa ba ABIR ba dirisa ditlhobolo tse ba diwang go di dirisa mo molaong, go kgalema ditlhaselo tsa kwa Nsongo.[27] Harris le Stannard ba ne gape ba supa fa batsamaisi ba ABIR ba betsa badisa fa ba sa bolaya palo e e lekaneng ya batho. John Harris o ne a supa ka ngwaga wa 1905 fa badisa ba kwa Nsongo ba itsege ka go ja nama ya batho.[28] Edgar Stannadrd o ne a boeletsa dipuo tsa banni ba Nsongo ba supa fa badisa ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba rometswe kwa ntle mme ba ne ba kobiwa mo ditirong ba tseelwa ditlhobolo ke batho basweu ka ntlha ya go retelelwa ke go bolaya batho ba bone. Ba ne ba tlhatlhamiwa ke badisa ba ba tswang kwa mafelong a aitsegeng ka go ja batho. Robert M. Burroughs o ne a re le ntswa Harris a bulegile tlhaloganyo, o santse a tlhalosa badisa e le batho ba ba seng kelotlhoko, ba sa tlhabologa ebile ba ja batho, a dirisa puo e e tshwanang le ba ba neng ba ema nokeng Free State, ka jalo a dira gore barongwa ba nne le bothata jwa go bona mafoko a beng gae e le ka fa barongwa ba buang ka teng.

  1. 1 2 Morel, Edmund Dene (1904). King Leopold's rule in Africa. London: W. Heinemann.
  2. 1 2 Grant, Kevin (2001). "Christian critics of empire: Missionaries, lantern lectures, and the Congo reform campaign in Britain". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 29 (2): 27–58. doi:10.1080/03086530108583118. ISSN 0308-6534.
  3. ↑ Thompson, T. Jack (2007-06-29). "Capturing the Image: African Missionary Photography as Enslavement and Liberation" (PDF). Day Associates Lecture. Yale University.
  4. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa (1st Mariner Books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00190-3.
  5. ↑ "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  6. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa (1st Mariner Books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00190-3.
  7. ↑ Descamps, Édouard (1903). New Africa: An essay on government civilization in new countries and on the Foundation, Organization and Administration of the Congo Free State. London: St. Dustan's House. pp. 334–336.
  8. ↑ Sliwinski, Sharon (2006). "The Childhood of Human Rights: The Kodak on the Congo". Journal of Visual Culture. 5 (3): 333–363. doi:10.1177/1470412906070514. ISSN 1470-4129.
  9. ↑ Moncheur, Baron (1904). "Conditions in the Congo Free State". The North American Review. 179 (575): 494–503. ISSN 0029-2397. JSTOR 25105298.
  10. ↑ Guinness, Henry Grattan (1904). Congo Slavery: A brief survey of the Congo Question from the humanitarian point of view. London: R. B. M. U. Publication Department. pp. 29–31.
  11. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa (1st Mariner Books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00190-3.
  12. ↑ Thompson, T. Jack (2007-06-29). "Capturing the Image: African Missionary Photography as Enslavement and Liberation" (PDF). Day Associates Lecture. Yale University.
  13. ↑ Burroughs, Robert M. (2011). Travel writing and atrocities: eyewitness accounts of colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo. Routledge research in travel writing. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-99238-1. OCLC 436030550.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Harms, Robert (2005). "King Leopold's Bonds". In Goetzmann, William Nelson; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert (eds.). The origins of value: the financial innovations that created modern capital markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 343–357. ISBN 978-0-19-517571-4.
  15. 1 2 Harms, Robert (1975). "The End of Red Rubber: A Reassessment". The Journal of African History. 16 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1017/S0021853700014110. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 181099.
  16. ↑ Harms, Robert (2005). "King Leopold's Bonds". In Goetzmann, William Nelson; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert (eds.). The origins of value: the financial innovations that created modern capital markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 343–357. ISBN 978-0-19-517571-4.
  17. ↑ Harms, Robert (1983). "The World Abir Made: The Margina-Lopori Basin, 1885-1903". African Economic History (12): 125–139. doi:10.2307/3601320. ISSN 0145-2258. JSTOR 3601320.
  18. ↑ Harms, Robert (1975). "The End of Red Rubber: A Reassessment". The Journal of African History. 16 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1017/S0021853700014110. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 181099.
  19. 1 2 Harms (1983, pp. 132–133)
  20. ↑ Harms, Robert (2005). "King Leopold's Bonds". In Goetzmann, William Nelson; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert (eds.). The origins of value: the financial innovations that created modern capital markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 343–357. ISBN 978-0-19-517571-4.
  21. ↑ Doyle, Arthur Conan (1909). The Crime of the Congo. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 49.
  22. 1 2 Harms (1983, p. 134)
  23. ↑ Hunt, Nancy Rose (2013). "An Acoustic Register: Rape and Repetition in Congo". In Stoler, Ann Laura (ed.). Imperial debris: on ruins and ruination. Durham; London: Duke University Press. pp. 55, 65. ISBN 978-0-8223-5348-5.
  24. ↑ "Données du RGC". archive.ph. 2013-12-22. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  25. ↑ Harms (1983, p. 136)
  26. ↑ Kiernan, Ben (2011). "From Irish Famine to Congo Reform: Nineteenth-Century Roots of International Human Rights Law and Activism". In Provost, René; Akhavan, Payam (eds.). Confronting genocide. Ius gentium : comparative perspectives on law and justice. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-481-9839-9. OCLC 648933063.
  27. 1 2 Congo reform association (1905, p. 22)
  28. ↑ Morel (1904, p. 446)
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