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Ntwa ya Angola ya selegae

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Ntwa ya selegae ya lefatshe la Angola ke ntwa e e diragetseng kwa Angola ngwaga wa 1975 o simologa ,ya tswelela go fitlhelela ngwaga wa 2002. Ntwa e, e simologile ka bokhutshwane fela morago ga lefatshe la Angola le sena go tsaya boipuso mo go la Portugal ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1975. E ne e le kgaratlho ya dithata gareng ga matsholo a ditsuolodi a a kgatlhanong le bokolone, a People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) le le le kgatlhanong le go ikemela ga ditšhaba la National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

Makgotla a MPLA le UNITA a ne a na le metswedi e e farologaneng mo setšhabeng sa Angola le baeteledipele ba ba sa tsamaisaneng, le ntswa ba na le maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go fedisa molao wa bokolone. Lekgotla la boraro la National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), le ne le lole le la MPLA le la UNITA ka nako ya ntwa ya boipuso ya Angola, le ne le sena seabe mo ntweng ya selegae. Fa godimo ga foo, lekgotla la Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), mokgatlho wa ditlhopha tsa sesole tse di kgaoganeng, o ne a lwela boipuso jwa kgaolo ya Cabinda go tswa mo Angola. Ka thuso ya masole a lefatshe la Cuba le kemo nokeng ya Soviet, MPLA e ne ya kgona go fenya legato la ntlha la ntwa, ya leleka FNLA kwa Luanda, mme ya sala e le yone puso ya Angola ya boammaruri.[1] Lekgotla la FNLA le ne la phatlalala, mme la UNITA le le neng le engwe nokeng ke mafatshe a United States le Aforika Borwa a ne a tswelela ka dintwa tsa gangwe le gape kgatlhanong le puso ya MPLA kwa boremelelong jwa lone kwa botlhaba le kwa borwa jwa lefatshe.

Ntwa ya dingwaga di le masome mabedi le bosupa e ka kgaoganngwa ka dinako di le tharo tsa ntwa e e mašetla - go tswa ka 1975 go tsena 1991, 1992 go tsena 1994 le go tswa ka 1998 go tsena 2002 - ka dinako tse di reketlang tsa kagiso. Ka nako ya fa MPLA e bona phenyo ka ngwaga wa 2002, batho ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano le ba le dikete di le makgolo a robabobedi ba ne ba tlhokafetse, fa ba feta sedikadike ba ne ba fudusitswe.[2][3]Ntwa e e ne ya senya dikago tsa Angola, ya bo ya gobatsa tsamaiso, itsholelo le metheo ya tumelo.

Ntwa ya selegae ya Angola e ne e tlhomologile ka ntlha ya go kopanngwa ga diphaphang tse di dikgoka tsa selegae le go tsaya karolo ga sesole sa mafatshe a sele le sepolotiki. Ntwa e e supiwa e le kgotlhang e e emetseng ntwa ya United States le Soviet Union e e neng e bidiwa Cold War, ka Soviet Union le United States, le ba ba berekisanang le bone ebong Aforika Borwa le Cuba ba ne ba thusa makgamu a. Kgotlhang e ne ya kopakopana le ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la Democratic Republic of the Congo, le ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Meepo ya fa godimo ga lefatshe e santse e tlatsa lefatshe leswe e bo e nna le seabe mo dintshong tsa beng gae.[2]

Ba ba neng ba ba lwantsha thata

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Makgotla a mararo a Angola a na le metswedi mo makgotleng a a kgatlhanong le bokolone a dingwaga tsa 1950. [4]lekgotla la MPLA le ne le remeletse mo ditoropong kwa Luanda le mabapi.[4] Bontsi jwa maloko a lone e ne e le batho ba morafe wa Mbundu. Makgotla a mangwe one a FNLA le UNITA e ne e le a magae.[4] Lekgotla la FNLA le ne le na le batho ba merafe ya Bakongo go tswa kwa bokone jwa Angola. Lekgotla la UNITA, le e leng letlhogela la lekgotla la FNLA, maloko a lone a mantsi e ne e le batho ba morafe wa Ovimbundu, morafe o motona go fetisa e mengwe kwa Angola go tswa kwa Bie Plateau.[4]

Fa e sale e tlhamiwa ka dingwaga tsa 1950, boremelelo jwa MPLA ke mo gare ga batho ba morafe wa Ambundu le batho ba merafe e e farologaneng ba ba rutegileng ba ditoropo di tshwana le Luanda, Benguela le Huambo. Ka nako ya kgaratlho ya yone ya 1962 go tsena 1974, MPLA e e e engwe nokeng ke mafatshe a a farologaneng a Aforika le Soviet Union. Lefatshe la Cuba le ne la nna modirisani wa MPLA o mogolo, le romela batho le thuso kwa Angola. Kemo nokeng e, ga mmogo le ya mafatshe a mangwe a a farologaneng a kwa botlhaba jaaka East Germany,[5] e ne ya tswelela le ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae. Lefatshe la Yugoslavia le ne la fa MPLA dithuso tsa sesole tsa madi, di akaretsa didikadike di le lesome le bone tsa di dolara ka ngwaga wa 1977, ga mmogo le batho ba tshireletso kwa lefatsheng leo le go katisiwa ga sepolotiki ga batho ba Angola kwa Belgrade.[6] Moemedi wa United States kwa Yugoslavia o ne a kwala ka botsalano jwa Yugoslavia le MPLA,a akgela jaana: "Tito o akola seabe sa gagwe jaaka moeteledipele wa kgaratlho ya botsuolodi." Agostinho Neto, moeteledipele wa lekgotla la MPLA ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae, o ne a supa ka ngwaga wa 1977 fa thuso ya Yugoslavia e le ya gangwe le gape ebile e itshetletse, a e tlhalosa e le ya maemo a ntlha.[7] Go ya ka molaetsa o o faphegileng wa Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1978, mephato ya sesole ya a Potokisi e ne e le gareng ga mephato e le dikete di le masome mabedi e e tsereng karolo mo tlhaselong e kgolo kwa legareng le borwa jwa Angola.[8]

Lekgotla la FNLA ke letlhogela la MPLA,[9] pele le ne le itebagantse le go sireletsa dikgatlhego tsa batho ba morafe wa Bakongo le go ema nokeng go busolosa ditso tsa bogosi jwa Kongo. Le ne la gola go nna letsholo la go ikemela ga lefatshe, le engwe nokeng mo kgaratlhong ya lone kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Portugal ke puso ya ga Mobutu Sese Seko kwa Zaire. Ka ngwaga wa 1974, lekgotla la FNLA le ne la engwa nokeng ke lefatshe la China; mme thuso e ne ya busediwa morago kalefatshe la China le ne le ema nokeng lekgotla la UNITA ka nako ya ntwa ya boipuso ya Angola. lefatshe la United States le ne la gana go ema FNLA nokeng ka nako ya ntwa ya lekgotla leo kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Portugal, le e leng leloko la NATO, mme ba ne ba dumalana ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae.

Boremelelo jwa lekgotla la UNITA e ne e le batho ba morafe wa Ovimbundu ba legare la Angola, ba ba neng ba dira bongwe mo borarong jwa palo ya batho ba morafe oo, mme lekgotla le ne le na le metswedi gape mo bathong ba botlhaba jwa Angola. Lekgotla la UNITA le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 1966 ke Jonas Savimbi, o go fitlhelela ka nako eo e neng e le moeteledipele wa tlhwatlhwa wa FNLA. Ka nako ya ntwa ya go nna kgatlhanong le bokolone, lekgotla la UNITA le nela amogela kemo nokeng go tswa kwa bathong ba China. Fa ntwa ya selegae e ntse e tsweleltse, lefatshe la United States le ne la tsaya tshwetso ya go ema nokeng UNITA la bo la isa dithuso kwa UNITA mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Mo nakong eo, modirisanyi o mogolo wa UNITA e ne e le babusi ba tlhaolele ba Aforika Borwa.[10][11]

Metswedi ya kgotlhang

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Lefatshe la Angola jaaka mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika, le nnile lefatse le le ikemetseng ka go kgatelelo ya bokolone. Mmusi wa kolone ya Angola e ne e le leaftshe la Portugal, le le neng le le teng ebile le le matlhagatlhaga kwa kgaolong, ka ditsela tse di farologaneng makgolo a dingwaga a le mane.

Kgaogano ya merafe

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Batho ba pele ba kgaolo e ba ne ba kgaogane ka ditlhopha tsa Khoisan. Ditlhopha tse di ne tsa kgaramelediwa kwa borwa kgotsa tsa tsewa ke merafe e mengwe kwa ditlhopha tse di saletseng di santseng di le teng, ke go goroga ka mmetela ga batho ba B antu ba ba neng ba tswa bokone le botlhaba.

Go goroga ka mmetela ga batho ba Bantu go simologile ka dingwaga di le makgolo matlhano pele ga ga Keresete, ba bangwe ba ne ba tswelela le phudugo ya bone mo kgaolong go tsena ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi. Ba ne ba tlhama makgotla a sepolotiki a magolo, a boremelelo jwa one bo neng bo le kwa bokone-bophirima jwa kwa go bidiwang Angola gompieno kwa go neng ga atologela kwa bokone kwa bophirima jwa kwa e leng Democratic Republic of the Congo gompieno, kwa borwa le bophirima jwa Republic of the Congo le kwa borwa jwa Gabon.

Magosi a Ndongo le a Matamba le one a botlhokwa mo ditsong, a a kwa borwa jwa bogosi jwa Kongo kwa kgaolong ya Ambundu. Fa godimo ga foo, bogosi jwa Lunda bo ne jwa tsaya bontlha jwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Angola kwa borwa botlhaba jwa DRC wa gompieno. Kwa borwa jwa kgaolo, le bokone jwa Namibia wa gompieni, go ikadile bogosi jwa Kwanyama, ga mmogo le magosi a mabotlana kwa dithabeng tse dikgolo tsa legare. Makgotla a otlhe a sepolotiki e ne e le sesupo sa kgaogano ya merafe e e neng ya simolola ka bonya mo bathong ba Bantu ebile a le botlhokwa mo go golaganyeng dikgaogano tse, le go tlhama ditshupo tsa merafe tse dišha.

Bokolone jwa Sepotokisi

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Kwa phelelong ya lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, batho ba Portugal ba ba neng ba itshetlela ba ne ba kopana le bogosi jwa Kongo, ba tswelela ka go nna kwa kgaolong eo ba akola thotloetso ya ngwao le tumelo morago ga foo. Ka ngwaga wa 1575, lefatshe la Portugal le ne la atolosa manno le boemelo jwa dikepe bo bidiwa Saint Paul kwa Luanda kwa lotshitshing lwa bogosi jwa Kongo kwa borwa, mo lefelong le le tlhamilweng ke batho ba morafe wa Ambundu. Maemelo a mangwe a Benguela, a ne a tlhamiwa kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa, mo kgaolong e e neng e nniwa ke bagolwagolwane ba batho ba Ovimbundu.

  1. ↑ Africa, Problems & Prospects: A Bibliographic Survey. U.S. Department of the Army. 1977. p. 221.
  2. 1 2 "Angola (1975–2002)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  3. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (4 December 2000). "Refworld | Angola: Current political and human rights conditions in Angola". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Angola General Conflict Information". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  5. ↑ Storkmann, Klaus (2012). Geheime Solidarität : Militärbeziehungen und Militärhilfen der DDR in die "Dritte Welt" (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links. ISBN 978-3-86153-676-5. OCLC 799999321
  6. ↑ Gleijeses, Piero. "The Cubans in Angola." Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991, University of North Carolina Press, 2016, pp. 76–78.
  7. ↑ Gleijeses, Piero. "Collapse of the Portuguese Empire." Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa; 1959–1976, Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2009, pp. 243–244.
  8. ↑ Kalley, Jacqueline A.; Schoeman, Elna (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. p. 9.
  9. ↑ See John Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, vol. I, Anatomy of an Explosion (1950–1962), Cambridge/Mass. & London: MIT Press, 1968. Several attempts at constituting a common front, including the FNLA, the MPLA and minor anti-colonial grooups, failed in 1960–1962. See also Lúcio Lara (ed.), Um amplo movimento: Itinerário do MPLA através de documentos de Lúcio Lara, vol. II, 1961–1962, Luanda: Ed. Lúcio Lara, 2006.
  10. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Psychology Press. p. 1292. ISBN 978-1-57958-388-0.
  11. ↑ Scherrer, Christian P. (2002). Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War. Greenwood Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-275-97224-0.
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