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Ntwa ya Kanyarwanda

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Ntwa ya Kanyarwanda e ne e le kgotlhang kwa kgaolong e e kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Congo-Leopoldville, bogolo jang kgaolo e ntšha ya bokone jwa Kivu, gareng ga batho ba Banyarwanda[1][2] le ditlhopha tsa merafe ya mo gae kwa bokone jwa Kivu, e akaretsa ba Hunde le ba Nande,[3] e e nnileng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1963 go tsena 1966.[1]E ne e gwetlhilwe ke go gotlhagotlhana ka lobaka lwa dingwaga ga batho ba Banyarwanda (Hutu le Tutsi ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Congo-Leopoldville go tswa kwa Rwanda) ba ba neng ba na le tshusumetso le nonofo kwa Bokone jwa Kivu le dikgaolo tse di mabapi, ga mmogo le ditlhopha tsa mo gae di tshwana le tsa Hunde le Nande.

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Ka dingwaga tsa 1930, batsamaisi ba kolone ba Belgium kwa Belgian Congo le Ruanda ba ne ba tlhama thulaganyo ya go rotloetsa batho ba Ruanda go fudugela kwa botlhaba jwa Congo go fokotsa palo ya batho kwa Ruanda le go isa batho ba ba ka berekang mo go tsa temothuo kwa Congo.[4][5] Batho ba Ruanda ba ka nna dikete di le masome mabedi le botlhano ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong ya Masisi gareng ga dingwaga tsa 1937 le 1845, morago ga tla ba le dikete di le masome a marataro ka ngwaga wa 1949 go tsena 1955. Bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba fudugile e ne e le ba morafe wa Hutu, mme palo e, e ne e akaretsa badisa ba morafe wa Tutsi; botlhe ba ne ba bidiwa Banyarwanda.[5] Badisa ba Tutsi ba ba neng ba nnile kwa kgaolong eo pele ga nako ya bokolone ba ne ba akareditswe mo bathong bao.[6] Lefatshe le ba neng ba nna kwa go lone kwa Congo e ne e le legae la morafe wa Hunde mo ditsong, mme Banyarwanda ba ne ba gatelela gore ba eletsa go nna mo setšhabeng sa puso ya bone. Fa ba tsiboga, batho ba Belgium ba ne ba tlhama bogosi jwa Gishari,[7] bo eteletswe pele ke kgosi ya Tutsi.[4] Kgotlhang e ne ya tlhaga fa Banyarwanda ba leka go oketsa lefelo le kgosi ya lefelo leo a neng a le okametse, ka ngwaga wa 1957 batho ba Belgium ba ne ba phatlalatsa Gishari, ba tlogela batswakwa ba le mo pusong ya kgosi ya Hunde.[8] Ba ne ba duela dikgosi tsa morafe wa Hunde go bo ba dirisa lefatshe la bone, mme botsalano bo bo ne jwa baka kilo, ka Banyarwanda ba ne ba bona go sa tshwanela gore ba duelele lefelo le ba berekang mo go lone, fa ba Hunde ba ne ba dumela gore Banyarwanda ba leka go tila dituelo tsa madi tse di amogelesegileng mo molaong.[9] Kgotlhang e ne e se e kalo mo bokone jwa kgaolo ya Kivu, e e neng e nniwa ke palo e ntsi ya batho, ka jalo go sena lefatshe go feta mafelo a mangwe.[10] Ka ngwaga wa 1959, Banyarwanda ba ne ba feta batho ba merafe ya Hunde kwa dikgaolong tsa Masisi le Rutshuru.[4]

Mo dingwageng di le tharo tsa phetogo ya Rwanda go tswa ka ngwga wa 1959 go tsena 1962, batshabi ba morafe wa Tutis wa Rwanda ba le dikete di le masome a marataro ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kivu, ba oketsa letlhoko la lefatshe.[10] Ka ba ne ba na le khumo le thutego go gaisa ba ba tsileng pele ba Hutu, ba ne ba kgona go nna le lefatshe le lentsi ka go tsietsa.[4] ka nako ya boipuso jwa Republic of the Congo ka ngwaga wa 1960, seemo sa molao sa Banyarwanda se ne se bonwa se le marara ka jalo molaomotheo wa Loi Fondamentale o ne o sa bue ka sone. Bontsi jwa Banyarwanda ka jalo ba ne ba bonwa e le beng gae mme ba sa tsalelwa teng.[10] Bontsi ba ne ba tlhophiwa mo diofising tsa puso.[11] Morago ga boipuso, batho ba Banyarwanda ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba leka go tiisa thata ya bone mo kgaolong ya bokone jwa Kivu ka go rotloetsa phudugo e e seng ka fa molaong le go pateletsa dikgosi tsa koo go tswa mo Rutshuru. Beng gae ba ne ba tsiboga ka ditiro tse di tshwanang kwa kgaolong ya Masisi.[12] Batsamaisi ba morafe wa Hunde ba ne ba simolola go emisetsa ba morafe wa Hutu ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke batho ba Belgium, go lwela lefatshe mo go neng go le dikgoka go ne ga baka gore Banyarwanda ba latlhegelwe ke malwapa mo kgaolong yotlhe.[13] Ka ngwaga wa 1963, puso ya Congo e ne ya simolola go kgaoganya dikgaolo go di dira tse dipotlana.[11] Kwa Kivu, beng gae ba ne ba rotloetsa go kgaoganngwa, bogolojang ba Hunde le ba Nande, ba tshaba go etelelwa pele ke Banyarwanda.[14][15] Banyarwanda gantsi ba ne ba itlhophela go kopana ga kgaolo, ka ba ne ba le palo e ntsi ya toropo ya Goma mme gape ba na le kgatlhego kwa Bukavu.[16] Ko phelelong dikgaolo di le tharo di ne tsa tlhamiwa, di akaretsa ya bokone jwa Kivu (North Kivu).[14]

Kgotlhang

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Ka ngwaga wa 1963 o ya fifing, go gotlhagotlhana kwa bokone jwa Kivu go ne ga baka kgotlhang gareng ga batho ba Banyarwanda le beng gae.[14] Go ya ka Rene Lemarchand, ntwa e simologile fa batho ba merafe ya Hunde le Nande, ba gwetlhiwa ke go tlhamiwa ga kgaolo ya North Kivu, ba ne ba tsuologa kgatlhanong le Banyarwanda ba kwa Masisi.[1] Go ya ka Thomas Turner, Banyarwanda ba simolotse ntwa ka go bolotsa letsholo la go tsaya dithoto tsa bone tse di ba latlhegetseng.[13] Batho ba morafe wa Bashi ba ne ba utlwela Banyarwanda botlhoko. fa ntwa e santse e simologa, masole a Hunde ba ne ba tshuba dipolokelo tsa kgaolo ka maiteko a go senya ditokomane tsa Banyarwanda, ka jalo ba ba nyenyafatsa go nna batswakwa.[1] Merafe yoo mebedi e ne ya diragatsa dipolao, dipogiso le go fudusa batho ka dikgoka e le methale.[14] Tiriso dikgoka e ne ya oketsega thata ka ngwaga wa 1965.[16] Masole a mo gae ba ne ba ganyaola batho ba Hutu le Tutsi, mme baeteledipele ba dikgaolo dingwe ba ne ba tshwara baeteledipele ba Banyarwanda go bo ba ne ba tlhoka kutlo ka nako ya ditlhopho (ka ditlhopo di ne di rulaganyeditswe ngwaga wa 1965.)[17] Babereki ba sesole ba ne ba ganyaola Banyarwanda ba ka nna makgolo a mararo gaufi le Burungu.[6] Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1965, khuduthamaga ya North Kivu e ne ya fetisa molaomotheo o o neng o gwetlha go ntshiwa ga Banyarwanda mo kgaolong, ba supa fa ba sa utlwane le ditsuolodi.[18] Taolo e e ne ya phimolwa ke puso ya legare la Congo.[6] Kgotlhang e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 1966,[1] fa batho ba morafe wa Hunde ba ne ba atlega mo go gwetlheng lekgotla la tshireletso setšhaba la Armee Nationale Congoalise go thusa le go ganyaola kganetso ya Banyarwanda.[19]

Ditlamorago

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Joseph-Desire mobutu o ne a tsaya maemo a botautona jwa Congo ka ngwaga wa 1965. O ne a agisanya bontsi jwa dikgaolo tsa pele, di akaretsa ya Kivu.[20] Ka dingwaga tsa 1960 di ya fifing, Banyarwanda ba ne ba kgona go gapa mautlwelobotlhoko a gagwe, ka Mobutu o ne a batla kemo nokeng ya mefare e mebotlana go thatafatsa puso ya gagwe, ka ba ne ba ka dira go le gonnye fela go tshosetsa puso ya gagwe.[14][19][16] Molao wa Bakajika wa 1966, o ne wa dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne la puso, ka jalo puso e ne e kgona go le aba jaaka e eletsa. Se se ne sa baka gore lefatshe kwa bokone jwa Kivu le nne mo diatleng tsa bahumi ba Tutsi. Banyarwanda ba ne ba solofeditswe semmuso gore ba tla fewa boagedi ka molao wa 1972.[20][18] Ka ngwaga wa 1981, khansele ya molao e ne phimola molao ya o emisetsa ka molawana o o neng o tlhomamisa boagedi jwa batho ba bagolwagolwane ba bone e leng ba merafe e e nnileng kwa Congo pele ga ngwaga wa 1908. Fa molao o o ise ke o dirisiwe, o ne wa oketsa tlhaolele kgatlhanong le Banyarwanda.[21] Kgotlhang e e kwa tlase e ne ya diragala kwa Kivu ya bo ya tswelela mo dingwageng tsa 1980.[22]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Lemarchand, René (2009). The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. United States of America: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4120-4.
  2. ↑ Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War. United States of America: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.
  3. ↑ Stearns, Jason (2012). North Kivu The Background to Conflict in North Kivu Province of Eastern Congo. Rift Valley Institute. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-907431-06-7.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Lemarchand, René (2009). The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. United States of America: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4120-4.
  5. 1 2 Turner, Thomas (2007). The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality (2nd ed.). London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-688-9.
  6. 1 2 3 Nelson, Jack E. (1992). Christian Missionizing and Social Transformation: A History of Conflict and Change in Eastern Zaire (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-94246-5.
  7. ↑ Turner 2007, p. 113.
  8. ↑ Turner 2007, pp. 113–114.
  9. ↑ Turner 2007, pp. 114–115.
  10. 1 2 3 Autesserre, Séverine (2010). The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521191005.
  11. 1 2 Boone, Catherine (2014). Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107729599.
  12. ↑ Autesserre 2010, pp. 134–135.
  13. 1 2 Turner 2007, pp. 116–117.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Autesserre 2010, p. 135.
  15. ↑ Turner 2007, p. 116.
  16. 1 2 3 Turner 2007, p. 116.
  17. ↑ Boone 2014, p. 169.
  18. 1 2 Boone 2014, p. 169.
  19. 1 2 Turner 2007, p. 117.
  20. 1 2 Turner 2007, p. 117.
  21. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, pp. 15–16.
  22. ↑ Autesserre 2010, p. 137.
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