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Ntwa ya Kisangani

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Ntwa ya Kisangani e diragetse ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1997 ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo. Ditsuolodi tsa Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), di engwe nokeng ke Rwandan Patriotic Front, di ne tsa gapa toropo e e neng e sireleditswe ke sesole sa Zaire sa Zairean Armed Forces (FAZ) e e neng e le boikanyego mo go Mobutu Sese Seko.

Pele ga ntwa, sesole sa difofane, morafe wa Serbian le masole a Hutu a Rwanda a ne a sa lekana go emelela go sa batle go lwa ga FAZ. Morago ga ditlhaselo tse e seng tsa sepe di le mmalwa tsa Zaire kwa Firikgong ngwaga wa 1997, ditsuolodi tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke James Kabarebe di ne tsa goroga kwa toropong e ya Kisangani. Gareng ga Mopitlo a rogwa go tsena a le lesome, tlhaselo ya AFDL e ne ya kganelwa, dintlha tsoo pedi di nna le ditatlhegelo. Ka letsatsi la lesome le bone, tlhaselo ya ditsuolodi e ne ya losa masole le lekgamu la ga Mobutu, masole a ne a gapa kgaolo fa a boela morago. Batshabi ba morafe wa Hutu ba Rwanda ba ka nna kagolo a le mmalwa ba ne ba bolawa ke ditsuolodi mo dibekeng tse di latelang. Ntwa e e ne e tshwaya go fenngwa mo go neng go ka se tilwe ga FAZ mo diatleng tsa sesole sa ga Laurent Desire Kabila, o o gapileng Kinshasa ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1997.

Seemo

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Mmepe wa Zaire ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1997.

Kisangani kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire, ke toropokgolo ya boraro ka botona mo lefatsheng leo. Fa e sale ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1996 le go gapiwa ga motse wa Bukavu, ditsuolodi, ba e neng e le Banyamulenge ba enngwe nokeng ke masole a Rwanda, ba ne ba atumela go tswa kwa kgaolong ya dinoka tse ditona. Kisangani ke tsela e e isang kwa bophirima jwa Zaire le toropokgolo Kinshasa.[1] Masole a Rwanda a ne a tsere taolo ya itsholelo ya bontlha jwa Zaire, a ne a itebaganya le go tlhasela batho ba morafe wa Hutu ba ba anamang le kganyaolo ya Tutsi kwa Rwanda ba ba neng ba tshabetse kwa Zaire.[2] FAZ e ne ya rulaganya go bolotsa tlhaselo go tswa kwa toropong ya Kindu - botlhaba jwa Kisangani - gore ba kgone go gapa gape botlhaba jwa lefatshe.[3]

Sesole sa Zaire

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sengwe sa difofane tsa J-21 Jastreb

Ka ngwaga wa 1997 o simologa, Kisangani e ne ya nna diofisikgolo tsa FAZ ba eteletswe pele ke Mahele Lieko Bokungu mo ntweng ya bone kgatlhanong le ditsuolodi.[1] Makgotla a FAZ kwa toropong a ne a dirilwe ka masole a a setseng a lekgotla la masome a mararo le motso, ba masome a mane le borobabobedi ba ba ikemetseng,[4] le lekgotla la boramatlhale.[3] Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1997, palo yotlhe ya masole e ne e goletse kwa diketeng di le tharo go tsena di le nne, ba ba neng ba romilwe go tlhasela, go ya ka dipego tsa Zaire.[5]

Masole a Zaire a ne a thusiwa ke sesole sa morafe wa Hutu kwa Rwanda ebong Interahamwe ba le dikete tse thataro kgotsa maloko a pele a Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), ba ba neng ba tshabetse kwa Zaire morago ga kganyaolo ya Rwanda, ga mmogo le balwantwa ba Angola ba lekgotla la UNITA[6] kwa Wania Rukula, dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro le bone go tswa kwa Kinsangani, masole a lephata la botautona le le faphegileng ba ne ba abisa batshabi ba ba neng ba goroga ba Hutu ba ka nna sekete dibetsa.[7]

Masole a Bosnia a eteletswe pele ke Dominic Yugo, a ne a thapiwa go thusa FAZ, mo lekgamung le le neng le filwe leina la White Legion.[8] Ba ne ba neetswe difofane tsa tlhoo tomo di le tharo le difofane tsa J-21 Jastreb,[9] ba tlhama le komopone ya dibetsa.[1]

Le fa go ntse jalo, ba Zaire ba ne ba kgobegile marapo, balwantwa ba pele ba FAR e ne e le bone fela ba ipaakanyedisteng go lwa.[10] Masole a Serbia, a latlhegetswe ke banna ba le bararo ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke tshepho[11] mme ebile ba supiwa ba ne ba dirisa dikgoka mo beng gae.[12][13] Ka mo go tshwanang, tshireletso e ikaegile ka meepo, se se dira gore go nne thata go tlwaela metsamao ya batho ba Rwanda le Congo.[14]

Ditsuolodi

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Masole a ga Kabila, a eteletswe pele ka James Kabarebe, a ne a ka nna dikete di le thataro.[15]

Ditsuolodi tsa AFDL di enngwe nokeng ke masole a Rwandan Patriotic Army (APR).[16] Go nna teng ga masole a go tswa kwa Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF)[17] go ne go sa tlhomamisege.[18] Balwantwa ba Katanga ba ka nna makgolo a matlhano go tsena dikete tse pedi ba eteletswe pele ke Stany Kalala le Gaston Munyangu ba ne ba kopana le ba sesole sa Angola le sesole sa ditsuolodi,[19] ba tla ka ditlhobolo tse ditona kwa sesoleng sa AFDL le APR[20]. Ditsuolodi di ne tsa thapa palo e ntsi ya balwantwa ba mo gae, bontsi jwa bone e le masole a bana ba ba neng ba bidiwa Kadogo.[21]

Diofisikgolo tsa toropokgolo

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FAZ e ne ya bolotsa ditlhaselo tse pedi ka ngwaga wa 1997 fa ba bona masole a ga Kabila a atamela kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire. Ditlhaselo tse e ne e le go tswa kwa Kisangani go ya Bafwasende le Walikale, ka masole a ka nna makgolo a matlhano go tsena makgolo a supa.[22] Ba ne ba fenngwa ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1997.[1]

Masole a FAZ a le dikete tse pedi a a tlhomilweng kwa toropong kwa Kindu a ne a tlogela toropo morago ga go e gapa, ba tlogela masole a pele a FAZ a le palo potlana fela go e kata.[23] Toropo e ne ya tsewa ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bosupa[24] go tsena Mopitlo a le malatsi a mabedi, morago ga dintwa.[25]

Setshwantsho sa noka ya Congo kwa godimo.

Toropo ya Kisangani e ne ya dikaganyediwa mo dibekeng di le mmalwa, ka ba ba kwa pele ba dira karolo ya kgolopswe go dikologa toropo.[26] Mo letlhakoreng la FAZ, masole a Hutu a Rwanda ke one fela a a neng a lwa, ba ka nna makgolo matlhano ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke botshelo mo ntweng e e tsileng pele ga ya bofelo.[27] Ditsuolodi di ne tsa retelelwa ke go kgabaganya noka ya Congo, ba kganetswe ke molelo wa ba kganetso. Go ya ka puisano le James Karabe e e gatisitsweng morago ga kgaogano ya gagwe le Kabila, moeteledipele wa AFDL o ne a akantsha gore ditsuolodi di iphitlhe mo ditlhareng go tshosetsa batlhasedi. Se sengwe se se gakologelwang ka ntwa ke gore masole a Katanga a ne a leka go kgabaganya noka ba sireleditswe ke moletlo wa setso mme ba latlhegelwa thata.[12]

Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le lesome, mophato wa masome a mane le borobabobedi o ne wa atlega mo go tshoganyetseng masole a AFDL/APR mo tseleng go ya Bafwasende.[3] Batlhasedi ba ne botsolosa tlhaselo go tswa kwa pele e e neng ya kgarameletsa ditsuolodi kwa morago dikhilomithara di le tlhano.[28]

Le ntswa ditsuolodi di ne di solofetswe go tsaya toropo, ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi tona Kengo Wa Dondo o ne a tswelela ka go ganetsa dipego tsa gore toropo e gaufi le go phutlhama.[29]

Tlhaselo le go gapa toropo

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Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le boraro, masole a FAZ le a pele a FAR a le mo maemong kwa Babagulu, dikhilomithara di le masome mane le borobabobedi go tswa mo toropong, a ne a fenngwa morago ga go dikaganyediwa ke ditsuolodi di kaediwa ke batho.[1][30] Mo motshegareng wa letsatsi la lesome le bone, ditsuolodi di ne tsa dira tlhaselo ya bofelo, ba eteletswe pele ke dikoloi tsa Angola tsa Katanga di tshotse dibetsa. Sesole sa masome a mararo le motso se ne sa ya kwa maemelong a difofane kwa Kisangani-bangoka.[27] Batlhasedi ba Serbia ba ne ba fula masole a Zaire, a a neng a leka go iphalotsa mo difofaneng tse di neng di le kwa maemelong.[31] Go ya ka dipego dingwe tsa Zaire ta semmuso, masole a mophato wa masome a mararo le motso a ne a fetola matlhakore,[32] selo se se ganediwang ke ditsuolodi.[33]

Babusi ba Zaire ba ne ba tswa mo toropong ka letsatsi la lesome le bone, fa masole a ne a gapa toropo mo mosong wa lesome le bone le lesome le botlhano pele ga ba tshaba. Batlhasedi ba ne ba tshaba kwa Zaire morago ga go tswa kwa maemelong a difofane ka letsatsi la lesome le bone. Ditsuolodi di ne tsa letsa dioura di le mmalwa pele ga di tsena mo toropong, se sa fa masole nako ya go iphalotsa. Batho ba ba neng ba tshogile ba ka nna dikete ba ne ba leka go kgabaganya noka ya Congo, mme kwa go tsenwang teng kwa Rwanda go ne go amogetswe ke baagi.[34]

Mo mosong wa letsatsi la lesome le botlhano, sesole sa France sa sefofane sa Transall se ne sa tlhomama kwa maemelong a magologolo a difofane go tshabisa batswakwa ba ba neng ba santse ba le mo toropong.[27] Motshegare wa letsatsi la lesome le botlhano, Mobutu o ne a amogela semmuso gore toropo e phutlhame. Go ya ka Joseph Kabila, morwa Laurent Desire Kabila ebile e le ramasole, masole a FAZ ale makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro a ne a ineela mo ditsuoloding, fa ditsuolodi tse pedi fela e le tsone di bolailweng.[35]

Ditlamorago

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Go tsamaya ga ba ba neng ba eme nokeng Mobutu go ne go bonwa e le kgololesego ke baagi ba toropo, go tshwaiwa ke segopotso sa ga Patrice Lumumba, rraagwe boipuso jwa Congo, o a neng a tshwerwe ke Mobutu a bolawa ka ngwaga wa 1960. Ba ne ba tsaya lefoko la Uhuru le le rayang kgololesego ka puo ya Swahili. Fa a goroga kwa toropong ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1997, Kabila o ne a tlotlomadiwa ke beng gae.[36]

maemelo a difofane a Bangoka ka 2017

Kisangani, kwa botlhaba jwa lefatshe, ke yone toropokgolo ya ntlha go ineela mo ditsuoloding. Go nna teng ga masole a Rwanda le Angola ka dibetsa tse ditona go ne ga tshwaya phetogo go tswa mo kgotlhang ya mo gae go nna ntwa ya kgaolo. Taolo ya maemelo a difofane a Bangoka le Simisini a ne a netefatsa go neelwa dibetsa tse di stwang kwa mafatshe a sele. Babereki ba Zaire ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go dumalana go palelwa ke go emisa ntwa, ba latlhegelwa ke didirisiwa tsa sesole di le dintsi. Kakanyo ya gore dibetsa tsa Europe ga dio mo Aforika e ne ya phirimisiwa: go thapiwa ga batlhasedi mo go turang go ne ga seka ga nna le mosola.

Ntwa e e ne e le tiragalo ya botlhokwa mo ntweng ya Zaire. Go phutlhama ga toropo go ne ga koafatsa maemo a ga Mobutu le a ga Kabila. Kabila o ne a bonwa a le botlhokwa mo go rarabololeng ntwa ya Congo. Kemedi ya AFDL e ne ya lalediwa kwa Organization of African unity kwa Lome ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 1997. Le ntswa Mobutu a ne a gana go bua le Kabila, o ne a kopa gore ba tshware dipuisano. Tona Kengo wa Dondo o ne a seegelwa kwa thoko ke puso ya Zaire ka Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi morago ga go phutlhama ga toropo. A le mo kgatelelong ya France le America, Mobutu o ne a bitsa moganetsi wa gagwe wa bogologolo Etienne Tshisekedi go etelela pele puso ya bokopano jwa lefatshe, e e neng e seegela kwa ntle ba ga Mobutu. Kabila o ne a le kgatlhanong le tumalano ya go emisa ntwa ntle le Mobutu a tsamaya, a gana go tsena mo pusong. Go tshwarwa ga ga Kisangani go ne ga salwa morago ke ga ga Lubumbashi kwa Katanga, se se letla AFDL go tlhasela Kinshasa labofelo le go phutlhama ga puso ya ga Mobutu, e e neng e busitse lefatshe dingwaga di feta masome a mararo a sa ganediwe.[1]

letsholo la Rwanda le dikganyaolo tse di latelanang
Kampa ya batshabi kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire ka ngwaga wa 1994.

Kwa wane -Rugula (kwa lotshitshing lwa noka ya Zaire kwa botlhaba) batho ba morafe wa Hutu ba ka nna makgolo a mane le masome a supa ba en ba bolawa ke ditsuolodi ka nako ya borobabobedi mo bosigong jwa Mopitlo a le lesome le bone. Batshabi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba ganyaolwa ke ditsuolodi fa ba tsena kwa Kisangani. Batshabi ba ba tswang kwa Wane-Rugula ba ne ba tshaba ba kgabaganyetsa mo Zaire ka kgaolo ya Ubundu (borwa jwa Kisangani). Bangwe ba bone, bogolo jang ba FAR ba pele, ba ne ba leba kwa kgaolong ya Equateur, fa ba bangwe ba ne ba batla go ya ka go sireletsegileng kwa Kisangani. Lekgotla la AFDL/APR le ne la kganela go tswelela pele ga bone go ya Kisangani, batshabi ba itshetlela fa gare ga Kisangani le Ubundu. Dikampa tse pedi tsa kaese I le II di ne di nna batho ba ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano, fa batshabi ba le dikete di le masome a mararo ba ne ba ya kwa kampeng ya Biaro. Go fitlhelela koo go ne go se bonolo mo makgotleng a bopelotlhomogi, ka Moranang, batho ba ka nna lekgolo ba ne ba tlhokafala letsatsi le letsatsi ka ntlha ya seemo sa botshelo koo se se neng se sa iketla. Batshabi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba ne ba ganyaolwa ke beng gae le lekgotla la AFDL/APR mo dikgweding tse di latelang.[37]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

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Metswedi

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Thom, William G. (September 1999). "Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence". Journal of Conflict Studies. 19 (2). ISSN 1715-5673.
  2. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2013). Great Lakes Holocaust : First Congo War, 1996–1997 (Africa@War ed.). Helion & Company (published September 19, 2013). p. 72. ISBN 978-1-909384-65-1.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cooper (2013, p. 47)
  4. ↑ Cooper (2013, p. 51)
  5. ↑ "Paris dément la présence de soldats français au Zaire". L'Orient- Le jour. January 7, 1997.
  6. ↑ Turner, Thomas (2002). Clark, John F. (ed.). Angola's Role in the Congo War », dans John F. Clark, The African Stakes of the Congo War. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 75–92. doi:10.1057/9781403982445. ISBN 978-0-312-29550-9.
  7. ↑ Projet Mapping (OHCHR) (2010, pp. 109–110)
  8. ↑ Pech, Khareen (2000). "The Hand of War: Mercenaries in the Former Zaire 1996–97 117". Abdel-Fatau Musah et J. Kayode Fayemi, Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma. Londres: Pluto Press. pp. 117–154. ISBN 0-7453-1476-7.
  9. ↑ Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Pit; Kyzer, Jonathan; Grandolini, Albert. "Zaire/DR Congo 1980 – 2001". acig.org. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  10. ↑ "RDC : l'histoire secrète de la chute de Mobutu - Jeune Afrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2025
  11. ↑ Pech (2000, p. 140)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Stearns, Jason (2012). Dancing in the Glory of Monsters : The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. PublicAffairs. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-61039-107-8.
  13. ↑ Projet Mapping (OHCHR) (2010, p. 146)
  14. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Scott (2012). "The White Legion Abandons Zaire". Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge University Press (published November 2012). pp. 231–272. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208727.007. ISBN 9781107026919.
  15. ↑ Cooper (2013, p. 50)
  16. ↑ Fitzsimmons (2012, p. 257)
  17. ↑ Kennes, Erik (1998). La guerre du Congo. p. 28.
  18. ↑ Kennes (1998, p. 20)
  19. ↑ Kennes (1998, p. 22)
  20. ↑ "MOBUTU ET KABILA RATENT LEUR RENDEZ-VOUS EN MER COMMENT LA GALAXIE KABILA PEUT ECLATER". Le Soir (in French). 1997-05-03. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  21. ↑ Projet Mapping (OHCHR) (2010, p. 73)
  22. ↑ Cooper (2013, p. 48)
  23. ↑ N'Sanda, Buleli Léonard (2001). "Le Maniema, de la guerre de l'AFDL à la guerre du RCD". Politique Africaine. 4 (84): 59–74. doi:10.3917/polaf.084.0059.
  24. ↑ Cooper (2013, p. 49)
  25. ↑ "Les rebelles zaïrois s'emparent de Kindu et menacent Kisangani, capitale du Haut-Zaïre". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1997-03-02. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  26. ↑ "Le chef des rebelles renouvelle son refus d'un cessez-le-feu au Zaïre". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1997-03-13. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Smith, Stephen. "La chute de Kisangani sonne le glas du pouvoir zaïrois. La 3e ville du pays pillée et abandonnée sans combat par l'armée". Libération (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2025
  28. ↑ Fitzsimmons (2012, p. 243)
  29. ↑ "Battle Looms for Key Zairean City Kisangani – Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 1997-03-12. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  30. ↑ Pomfret, John (1997-07-06). "In Congo, Revenge Became Rebellion". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  31. ↑ French, Howard W. (March 15, 1997). "Zaire Rebels Begin Attack On Key City of Kisangani". The New York Times.
  32. ↑ French, Howard W. (March 16, 1997). "MAJOR CITY'S FALL POSES DIRE THREAT TO ZAIRE'S RULERS". The New York Times.
  33. ↑ McKinley Jr., James C. (March 17, 1997). "A Fallen City, Seeking Peace, Greets Rebels". The New York Times.
  34. ↑ "RDC : le 15 mars 1997, les combattants de l'AFDL étaient accueillis en libérateurs par les habitants de Kisangani. Notre journaliste se souvient - Jeune Afrique.com". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2025
  35. ↑ "Les rebelles zaïrois marchent maintenant sur le Shaba". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1997-03-18. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  36. ↑ Langellier, Jean-Pierre (2017). Mobutu. Paris: Éditions Perrin. pp. 367–387. ISBN 978-2-262-04953-9.
  37. ↑ Projet Mapping (OHCHR) (2010, pp. 112–115)
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